test 2 Flashcards
The release of what stress hormone causes MAP to contract?
The release of ____________, a stress hormone, causes MAP, ______________, to contract producing bumps and causing the hair to stand up.
The release of what stress hormone causes MAP to contract?
The release of adrenaline, a stress hormone, causes musculi arrectores pilorum or MAP, small muscles connecting the skin to the hair follicle, to contract producing bumps and causing the hair to stand up.
How does piloerection help animals thermoregulate?
Piloerection creates __________ and minimizes heat loss through ___________ and through ___________. It creates an _____________ layer of motionless air on the surface of the skin. This makes it possible for animals to thermoregulate and to compensate for a cold environment without increasing their metabolism.
Fear causes the “fight or flight” response in the sympathetic nervous system which causes adrenaline to be released. Puffing of fur can make prey appear larger which can ward off predators. It can also be a social warning of impending aggression. Erect hair can act as a shock absorber which is helpful for the animal in making an escape.
Feeling intense emotion can trigger the sympathetic nervous system to release adrenaline which in turn causes piloerection. Listening to music or watching horror films can elicit these intense emotions.
How does piloerection help animals thermoregulate?
Piloerection creates insulation and minimizes heat loss through radiation and through convection. It creates an insulating layer of motionless air on the surface of the skin. This makes it possible for animals to thermoregulate and to compensate for a cold environment without increasing their metabolism.
Fear causes the “fight or flight” response in the sympathetic nervous system which causes adrenaline to be released. Puffing of fur can make prey appear larger which can ward off predators. It can also be a social warning of impending aggression. Erect hair can act as a shock absorber which is helpful for the animal in making an escape.
Feeling intense emotion can trigger the sympathetic nervous system to release adrenaline which in turn causes piloerection. Listening to music or watching horror films can elicit these intense emotions.
What is the main gland humans produce pheromones from?
Humans produce hormones in ____________ scent (sweat) glands and _________ glands which include genitals, nipples and cheeks.
What is the main gland humans produce pheromones from?
Humans produce hormones in axillary scent (sweat) glands and apocrine glands which include genitals, nipples and cheeks.
Primer pheromones affect _____________ responses like puberty.
Primer pheromones affect long term physiological responses like puberty.
What are three different ways that insects adapted to avoid the effects of hypothermia?
They can ____________________.
Avoiding the cold includes ___________ or finding microhabitats to remain in. Insects that migrate include butterflies, dragonflies, beetles, moths, and locusts.
What are three different ways that insects adapted to avoid the effects of hypothermia?
They can avoid the cold, tolerate it metabolically, or hibernate.
Avoiding the cold includes migrating or finding microhabitats to remain in. Insects that migrate include butterflies, dragonflies, beetles, moths, and locusts.
Why would a phospholipid membrane with many unsaturated bonds be dangerous for an insect at higher temperatures?
Their cell membranes would have more unsaturated phospholipids so that membranes wouldn’t ____________. Also, as temperatures rise, the phospholipid membranes and proteins that insects use to tolerate the cold, could _____________ in the warmer temperatures, which would lead to lower rates of winter survival
Why would a phospholipid membrane with many unsaturated bonds be dangerous for an insect at higher temperatures?
Their cell membranes would have more unsaturated phospholipids so that membranes wouldn’t become too rigid. Also, as temperatures rise, the phospholipid membranes and proteins that insects use to tolerate the cold, could unravel and loose structure in the warmer temperatures, which would lead to lower rates of winter survival
How does the presence of a fracture plane affect the lizards fitness in terms of its physiology?
Separation at these locations _______ bone and muscle damage.
How does the presence of a fracture plane affect the lizards fitness in terms of its physiology?
Separation at these locations minimizes bone and muscle damage.
- What might be some reasons that tails do not grow back the same as the original tail?
Regrown tails are different than the original. A _________________ tube supports the tail, as vertebrae have been lost and cannot be regrown. Regenerated muscles ___________ to the skeleton. Muscles are supplied with fewer branches of spinal nerves. Each of these three factors results in a tail with _________ movement
- What might be some reasons that tails do not grow back the same as the original tail?
Regrown tails are different than the original. A cartilaginous tube supports the tail, as vertebrae have been lost and cannot be regrown. Regenerated muscles do not connect to the skeleton. Muscles are supplied with fewer branches of spinal nerves. Each of these three factors results in a tail with restricted movement
Diagram the anatomy of different types of neurons and what parts make up each functional region
There are 3 neuron functional classes: _______ neurons input signals from stimuli, _____ integrate signals, _______ neurons output signals to initiate a response
Diagram the anatomy of different types of neurons and what parts make up each functional region
There are 3 neuron functional classes: sensory neurons input signals from stimuli, purkinje integrate signals, motor neurons output signals to initiate a response
- Describe how signals are received, integrated, and conducted by neurons
The _________ is the signal integration region. It integrates all graded potentials to determine if a signal is conducted. If the threshold potential is reached then an action potential is conducted
The axon is the signal conduction region. The opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels causes an action potential and the characteristic depolarization and hyper polarization patterns following a stimulus. Signals are conducted as a series of action potentials. Signal strength increases the frequency, not amplitude, of action potentials. Some axons are insulated by a myelin sheath that increases conduction speed.
Neurons have diverse forms but all have 4 functional regions.
The dendrites and cell body form the signal reception region. In this region graded potentials are formed by the opening of ion channels, which regionally depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane potential. The amplitude of a graded potential increases with increasing stimulus but these are short distance signals
Neurons have diverse forms but all have 4 functional regions.
The dendrites and cell body form the signal reception region. In this region graded potentials are formed by the opening of ion channels, which regionally depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane potential. The amplitude of a graded potential increases with increasing stimulus but these are short distance signals
Compare agonists and antagonists and explain how they can elicit responses from cells that change a cell’s sensitivity to chemical messengers
________ are chemicals that bind to and activate receptors.
_______ are chemical that bind to but do not activate receptors
Compare agonists and antagonists and explain how they can elicit responses from cells that change a cell’s sensitivity to chemical messengers
Agonists are chemicals that bind to and activate receptors.
Antagonist are chemical that bind to but do not activate receptors
Explain how hair cells function to send signals and give examples of different areas on the body of animals they may be located
Hair cells have many __________ that detect movement and send signals to an associated neuron. When movement is toward the largest _________ neurotransmitters are released and when movement is away ___________ neurotransmitters are released.
Hair cells are located in the ears of many animals and on the surface of the body in aquatic animals like fish and amphibians to detect water movement.
Explain how hair cells function to send signals and give examples of different areas on the body of animals they may be located
Hair cells have many microvilli that detect movement and send signals to an associated neuron. When movement is toward the largest kinocilium neurotransmitters are released and when movement is away fewer neurotransmitters are released.
Hair cells are located in the ears of many animals and on the surface of the body in aquatic animals like fish and amphibians to detect water movement.
Vertebrate ears consist of an_________(pinna and auditory canal), middle ear (________), and inner ear (_________)
The middle ear transmits sound from the outer ear via 3 _________
The _________ of the inner ear is fluid filled and attached to the oval window. Hair cells are attached to the basilar membrane, which moves with vibrations and is stiffer near the oval window. Hair cells closer to the oval window detect high frequency sounds and hair cells farther from the oval window detect low frequency sounds.
Louder noise generate greater movement of the basilar membrane
Vertebrate ears consist of an outer ear (pinna and auditory canal), middle ear (small bones), and inner ear (fluid filled membranous sacs and canals)
The middle ear transmits sound from the outer ear via 3 smallbones to the oval window.
The cochlea of the inner ear is fluid filled and attached to the oval window. Hair cells are attached to the basilar membrane, which moves with vibrations and is stiffer near the oval window. Hair cells closer to the oval window detect high frequency sounds and hair cells farther from the oval window detect low frequency sounds
The vestibular system in the inner ear detects equilibrium. Hair cells detect _____________, using 3 semicircular canals on 3 perpendicular planes, and linear acceleration/gravity
The vestibular system in the inner ear detects equilibrium. Hair cells detect angular acceleration, using 3 semicircular canals on 3 perpendicular planes, and linear acceleration/gravity
Compare and contrast the mechanisms behind olfaction and gustation in vertebrates and invertebrates
________ and __________ are detected similarly in invertebrates, but they are both evolutionary distinct, often through sensilla. But there is more diversity in invertebrates.
Invertebrates _________ evolve independently with vertebrates. They use the __________, _______, and wing margin to taste.
Compare and contrast the mechanisms behind olfaction and gustation in vertebrates and invertebrates
Olfaction and gustation are detected similarly in invertebrates, but they are both evolutionary distinct, often through sensilla. But there is more diversity in invertebrates.
Invertebrates gustation evolve independently with vertebrates. They use the end of legs, vaginal parts, and wing margin to taste.
Compare and contrast the mechanisms behind olfaction and gustation in humans and dogs
Vertebrate olfaction occurs in the nose using sensory neurons with protein receptors that directly send information to the olfactory bulb. Each neuron has only one type of protein receptor but each receptor can recognize _________ leading to the detection and differentiation of many smells.
Dogs also have __________ that detect larger, less volatile molecules. They can detect _________. Dogs have more genes committed to coding olfactory cells, they have ____________ of cells and are able to detect more kinds of cells. The olfactory bulbs of the dog brain make up about an eighth of its mass. However, dogs have _______ taste buds.
Compare and contrast the mechanisms behind olfaction and gustation in humans and dogs
Vertebrate olfaction occurs in the nose using sensory neurons with protein receptors that directly send information to the olfactory bulb. Each neuron has only one type of protein receptor but each receptor can recognize multiple chemicals leading to the detection and differentiation of many smells.
Dogs also have vomeronasal organs that detect larger, less volatile molecules. They can detect pheromones. Dogs have more genes committed to coding olfactory cells, they have more kinds of cells and are able to detect more kinds of cells. The olfactory bulbs of the dog brain make up about an eighth of its mass. However, dogs have less taste buds.
Discuss types of electromagnetic receptors and how they work
____________ receptors - detect forms of electromagnetic energy
Photoreceptors - vision
Thermoreceptors - temperature
Pit organs of some snakes detect infrared wavelengths (sensitive thermoreceptor)
Electroreceptors - electrical fields common to aquatic animals Detect abiotic features and other animals Modification of lateral line in fish \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - magnetic fields magnetic mineral in olfactory neurons of \_\_\_\_\_\_
Discuss types of electromagnetic receptors and how they work
Electromagnetic receptors - detect forms of electromagnetic energy
Photoreceptors - vision
Thermoreceptors - temperature
Pit organs of some snakes detect infrared wavelengths (sensitive thermoreceptor)
Electroreceptors - electrical fields Magnetorecetors - magnetic fields magnetic mineral in olfactory neurons of trout common to aquatic animals Detect abiotic features and other animals Modification of lateral line in fish
Compare and contrast the 4 basic eye types
Animals may have four different types of eyes that are capable of varying vision complexity.
___________:
Limited ability to detect
Sense of direction, light and dark
Cup-shaped eyes Improved ability to detect: Sense of direction Light and dark May form crude image
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Improved ability to detect \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Limited image resolution Improved directional range Good closeup vision but poor distance vision
Compare and contrast the 4 basic eye types
Animals may have four different types of eyes(flat-sheet, cup-shaped,vesicular, convex) that are capable of varying vision complexity.
Flat sheet eyes:
Limited ability to detect
Sense of direction, light and dark
Cup-shaped eyes Improved ability to detect: Sense of direction Light and dark May form crude image
Vesticular eyes Improved ability to detect Convex eyes Limited image resolution Improved directional range Good closeup vision but poor distance vision
Label anatomical features on a vertebrate eye and explain the function of each part
The _______ ,where photoreceptors are located, on the back of the eye. In vertebrates the rods and cones face backwards and interneurons, which process visual stimuli and send messages to the optic nerve, are located in front of the photoreceptors.
Label anatomical features on a vertebrate eye and explain the function of each part
The retina ,where photoreceptors are located, on the back of the eye. In vertebrates the rods and cones face backwards and interneurons,which process visual stimuli and send messages to the optic nerve, are located in front of the photoreceptors.
Discuss diversity of color vision and evolution
Animals have evolved with _________ numbers of cones sensitive to different wavelengths of light resulting in varying color vision. Humans have trichromatic color vision.
Discuss diversity of color vision and evolution
Animals have evolved with different numbers of cones sensitive to different wavelengths of light resulting in varying color vision. Humans have trichromatic color vision.
