test 2 Flashcards
The release of what stress hormone causes MAP to contract?
The release of ____________, a stress hormone, causes MAP, ______________, to contract producing bumps and causing the hair to stand up.
The release of what stress hormone causes MAP to contract?
The release of adrenaline, a stress hormone, causes musculi arrectores pilorum or MAP, small muscles connecting the skin to the hair follicle, to contract producing bumps and causing the hair to stand up.
How does piloerection help animals thermoregulate?
Piloerection creates __________ and minimizes heat loss through ___________ and through ___________. It creates an _____________ layer of motionless air on the surface of the skin. This makes it possible for animals to thermoregulate and to compensate for a cold environment without increasing their metabolism.
Fear causes the “fight or flight” response in the sympathetic nervous system which causes adrenaline to be released. Puffing of fur can make prey appear larger which can ward off predators. It can also be a social warning of impending aggression. Erect hair can act as a shock absorber which is helpful for the animal in making an escape.
Feeling intense emotion can trigger the sympathetic nervous system to release adrenaline which in turn causes piloerection. Listening to music or watching horror films can elicit these intense emotions.
How does piloerection help animals thermoregulate?
Piloerection creates insulation and minimizes heat loss through radiation and through convection. It creates an insulating layer of motionless air on the surface of the skin. This makes it possible for animals to thermoregulate and to compensate for a cold environment without increasing their metabolism.
Fear causes the “fight or flight” response in the sympathetic nervous system which causes adrenaline to be released. Puffing of fur can make prey appear larger which can ward off predators. It can also be a social warning of impending aggression. Erect hair can act as a shock absorber which is helpful for the animal in making an escape.
Feeling intense emotion can trigger the sympathetic nervous system to release adrenaline which in turn causes piloerection. Listening to music or watching horror films can elicit these intense emotions.
What is the main gland humans produce pheromones from?
Humans produce hormones in ____________ scent (sweat) glands and _________ glands which include genitals, nipples and cheeks.
What is the main gland humans produce pheromones from?
Humans produce hormones in axillary scent (sweat) glands and apocrine glands which include genitals, nipples and cheeks.
Primer pheromones affect _____________ responses like puberty.
Primer pheromones affect long term physiological responses like puberty.
What are three different ways that insects adapted to avoid the effects of hypothermia?
They can ____________________.
Avoiding the cold includes ___________ or finding microhabitats to remain in. Insects that migrate include butterflies, dragonflies, beetles, moths, and locusts.
What are three different ways that insects adapted to avoid the effects of hypothermia?
They can avoid the cold, tolerate it metabolically, or hibernate.
Avoiding the cold includes migrating or finding microhabitats to remain in. Insects that migrate include butterflies, dragonflies, beetles, moths, and locusts.
Why would a phospholipid membrane with many unsaturated bonds be dangerous for an insect at higher temperatures?
Their cell membranes would have more unsaturated phospholipids so that membranes wouldn’t ____________. Also, as temperatures rise, the phospholipid membranes and proteins that insects use to tolerate the cold, could _____________ in the warmer temperatures, which would lead to lower rates of winter survival
Why would a phospholipid membrane with many unsaturated bonds be dangerous for an insect at higher temperatures?
Their cell membranes would have more unsaturated phospholipids so that membranes wouldn’t become too rigid. Also, as temperatures rise, the phospholipid membranes and proteins that insects use to tolerate the cold, could unravel and loose structure in the warmer temperatures, which would lead to lower rates of winter survival
How does the presence of a fracture plane affect the lizards fitness in terms of its physiology?
Separation at these locations _______ bone and muscle damage.
How does the presence of a fracture plane affect the lizards fitness in terms of its physiology?
Separation at these locations minimizes bone and muscle damage.
- What might be some reasons that tails do not grow back the same as the original tail?
Regrown tails are different than the original. A _________________ tube supports the tail, as vertebrae have been lost and cannot be regrown. Regenerated muscles ___________ to the skeleton. Muscles are supplied with fewer branches of spinal nerves. Each of these three factors results in a tail with _________ movement
- What might be some reasons that tails do not grow back the same as the original tail?
Regrown tails are different than the original. A cartilaginous tube supports the tail, as vertebrae have been lost and cannot be regrown. Regenerated muscles do not connect to the skeleton. Muscles are supplied with fewer branches of spinal nerves. Each of these three factors results in a tail with restricted movement
Diagram the anatomy of different types of neurons and what parts make up each functional region
There are 3 neuron functional classes: _______ neurons input signals from stimuli, _____ integrate signals, _______ neurons output signals to initiate a response
Diagram the anatomy of different types of neurons and what parts make up each functional region
There are 3 neuron functional classes: sensory neurons input signals from stimuli, purkinje integrate signals, motor neurons output signals to initiate a response
- Describe how signals are received, integrated, and conducted by neurons
The _________ is the signal integration region. It integrates all graded potentials to determine if a signal is conducted. If the threshold potential is reached then an action potential is conducted
The axon is the signal conduction region. The opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels causes an action potential and the characteristic depolarization and hyper polarization patterns following a stimulus. Signals are conducted as a series of action potentials. Signal strength increases the frequency, not amplitude, of action potentials. Some axons are insulated by a myelin sheath that increases conduction speed.
Neurons have diverse forms but all have 4 functional regions.
The dendrites and cell body form the signal reception region. In this region graded potentials are formed by the opening of ion channels, which regionally depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane potential. The amplitude of a graded potential increases with increasing stimulus but these are short distance signals
Neurons have diverse forms but all have 4 functional regions.
The dendrites and cell body form the signal reception region. In this region graded potentials are formed by the opening of ion channels, which regionally depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane potential. The amplitude of a graded potential increases with increasing stimulus but these are short distance signals
Compare agonists and antagonists and explain how they can elicit responses from cells that change a cell’s sensitivity to chemical messengers
________ are chemicals that bind to and activate receptors.
_______ are chemical that bind to but do not activate receptors
Compare agonists and antagonists and explain how they can elicit responses from cells that change a cell’s sensitivity to chemical messengers
Agonists are chemicals that bind to and activate receptors.
Antagonist are chemical that bind to but do not activate receptors
Explain how hair cells function to send signals and give examples of different areas on the body of animals they may be located
Hair cells have many __________ that detect movement and send signals to an associated neuron. When movement is toward the largest _________ neurotransmitters are released and when movement is away ___________ neurotransmitters are released.
Hair cells are located in the ears of many animals and on the surface of the body in aquatic animals like fish and amphibians to detect water movement.
Explain how hair cells function to send signals and give examples of different areas on the body of animals they may be located
Hair cells have many microvilli that detect movement and send signals to an associated neuron. When movement is toward the largest kinocilium neurotransmitters are released and when movement is away fewer neurotransmitters are released.
Hair cells are located in the ears of many animals and on the surface of the body in aquatic animals like fish and amphibians to detect water movement.
Vertebrate ears consist of an_________(pinna and auditory canal), middle ear (________), and inner ear (_________)
The middle ear transmits sound from the outer ear via 3 _________
The _________ of the inner ear is fluid filled and attached to the oval window. Hair cells are attached to the basilar membrane, which moves with vibrations and is stiffer near the oval window. Hair cells closer to the oval window detect high frequency sounds and hair cells farther from the oval window detect low frequency sounds.
Louder noise generate greater movement of the basilar membrane
Vertebrate ears consist of an outer ear (pinna and auditory canal), middle ear (small bones), and inner ear (fluid filled membranous sacs and canals)
The middle ear transmits sound from the outer ear via 3 smallbones to the oval window.
The cochlea of the inner ear is fluid filled and attached to the oval window. Hair cells are attached to the basilar membrane, which moves with vibrations and is stiffer near the oval window. Hair cells closer to the oval window detect high frequency sounds and hair cells farther from the oval window detect low frequency sounds
The vestibular system in the inner ear detects equilibrium. Hair cells detect _____________, using 3 semicircular canals on 3 perpendicular planes, and linear acceleration/gravity
The vestibular system in the inner ear detects equilibrium. Hair cells detect angular acceleration, using 3 semicircular canals on 3 perpendicular planes, and linear acceleration/gravity
Compare and contrast the mechanisms behind olfaction and gustation in vertebrates and invertebrates
________ and __________ are detected similarly in invertebrates, but they are both evolutionary distinct, often through sensilla. But there is more diversity in invertebrates.
Invertebrates _________ evolve independently with vertebrates. They use the __________, _______, and wing margin to taste.
Compare and contrast the mechanisms behind olfaction and gustation in vertebrates and invertebrates
Olfaction and gustation are detected similarly in invertebrates, but they are both evolutionary distinct, often through sensilla. But there is more diversity in invertebrates.
Invertebrates gustation evolve independently with vertebrates. They use the end of legs, vaginal parts, and wing margin to taste.
