test 1 Flashcards
Identify subtypes of epithelial tissue based on their shape and layers
Proper - _______
________- forms glands, secrete hormones and other substances
Proper - covers and line outer and inner body
Glandular - forms glands, secrete hormones and other substances
Shape -
_______ - flat - smaller, cheaper
_______- cube - absorb nutrients
________ - columns - accommodate more machinery
Shape of connective tissue
Squamous - flat - smaller, cheaper
Cuboidal- cube - absorb nutrients
Columnar - columns - accommodate more machinery
Layers of connective tissue
_____ - 1 layer
_____ - multiple layers
_______ - mostly layer, cells different shapes/size
Layers of connective tissue
Simple - 1 layer
Stratified - multiple layers
Pseudostratified - mostly layer, cells different shapes/size
All connective tissue:
Develops from ______
May be ______ or ______
Extracellular matrix(made of 2 components) Ground substance - \_\_\_\_\_\_ - flexible \_\_\_\_\_\_ - structure, support
All connective tissue:
Develops from mesenchyme
May be vascular or avascular
Mostly composed of nonliving jelly-like material (extracellular matrix)
Extracellular matrix(made of 2 components)
Ground substance - protein and starch - flexible
Fibers - structure, support
4 types of connective tissue:
Proper, ______, bone, blood
blast :
cyte:
blast: immature, secrete ground and fibers
cyte - mature
Describe how energy consumed is not all assimilated by the body
Food must be ______ and absorbed. When there is a gross energy input. The ______ part of the energy turns into feces. Among the digestible energy, _____ energy turns into urine and some of the energy is lost because of ______ action. At the end, one gets the net energy.
Describe how energy consumed is not all assimilated by the body
Food must be broken down through digestion and absorbed. When there is a gross energy input. The indigestible part of the energy turns into feces. Among the digestible energy, metabolizing energy turns into urine and some of the energy is lost because of specific dynamic action. At the end, one gets the net energy.
Mouth
____- ______ breakdown
Salivary glands makes enzymes (____, _____) and mucus (to wet food for chemoreception)
Mouth
Chewing- mechanical breakdown
Salivary glands makes enzymes (lipase, amylase) and mucus (to wet food for chemoreception)
______
Propel bolus-peristalsis
Esophagus
Propel bolus-peristalsis
Stomach
Churning, hydrolysis, storage
Infolding pockets lined with
______ cells - HCl, acidic, denature proteins
______ cells - pepsinogen combine to HCL to create pepsin _____ - proteases - break down enzyme
Mucous cells - mucin, coating to prevent degradation
Stomach
Churning, hydrolysis, storage
Infolding pockets lined with
Parietal cells - HCl, acidic, denature proteins
Chief cells - pepsinogen combine to HCL to create pepsin Pepsin - proteases - break down enzyme
Mucous cells - mucin, coating to prevent degradation
small intestine: 1st part duodenum: liver produce bile, stored in gallbladder. Prevent fats from clumping. Pancreas: \_\_\_\_\_ (reduce carb to glucose) lipase \_\_\_\_\_\_: trypsinogen, chymotrypisnogen (brush border) nucleases
small intestine: 1st part duodenum: liver produce bile, stored in gallbladder. Prevent fats from clumping. Pancreas: amylase (reduce carb to glucose) lipase proteases: trypsinogen, chymotrypisnogen (brush border) nucleases
2nd part jejunum (most absorption)
Transported into intestinal cell (_______) then into blood capillary, fats mostly to ______ (lymphatic system) then to veins than arteries and redistributed
3rd part ______(absorption of vitamins)
Bile salts (recycled back to liver)
2nd part jejunum (most absorption)
Transported into intestinal cell (active transport) then into blood capillary, fats mostly to lacteals (lymphatic system) then to veins than arteries and redistributed
3rd part ileum(absorption of vitamins)
Bile salts (recycled back to liver)
Explain the function of the appendix and causes for stomach ulcers
appendix
Darwin thought it is _______ of cecum
Some animals have cecum, and appendix
Widespread - evolved at least twice
House gut microbes to _______ infection
Stomach ulcers caused by _______ bacteria
Causes inflammation-weakening of wall or changing _______ that control gastric acidity
Explain the function of the appendix and causes for stomach ulcers
appendix
Darwin thought vestigial remnants of cecum
Some animals have cecum, and appendix
Widespread - evolved at least twice
House gut microbes to recolonize after gastrointestinal infection
Caused by helicobacter pylori bacteria
Causes inflammation-weakening of wall or changing regulation of hormones that control gastric acidity
The length of the digestive tract is relatively _______ in herbivores than in carnivores. Plant material is more difficult to digest because it contains ________, which requires break down by symbiotic microbes.
The length of the digestive tract is relatively longer in herbivores than in carnivores. Plant material is more difficult to digest because it contains cellulose, which requires break down by symbiotic microbes.
Herbivores may be ____(4 chambered stomach, foregut) or _____(hindgut fermenters)
Herbivores may be ruminant(4 chambered stomach) or non ruminant (hindgut fermenters)
foregut ______ has enlarge stomach, house microbes in enlargement of _______. regurgitated to mouth to be re-chewed (cud), cycle repeated until chemical and physical breakdown reach point where particles sink down in fluid
_____, but extract _____ protein
foregut fermentator has enlarge stomach, house microbes in enlargement of forestomach. regurgitated to mouth to be re-chewed (cud), cycle repeated until chemical and physical breakdown reach point where particles sink down in fluid
slower, but extract more protein
Colic is pain in
the ______________
and may be caused by excessive gas,
blockage, or harmful bacteria in the intestines
Colic is pain in
the abdenunum
and may be caused by excessive gas,
blockage, or harmful bacteria in the intestines
Chemical energy from food used to do work \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Maintenance (circulation, respiration, nervous coordination) Use of energy todo physiological work is inefficient
Energy conversion is inefficient. _____% of energy is lost when glucose is converted toATP and a further _____% is lost when ATP is used to contract muscles. The energy is lost as heat?
Chemical energy from food used to do work Biosynthesis Maintenance (circulation, respiration, nervous coordination) Use of energy todo physiological work is inefficient
Energy conversion is inefficient. 30% of energy is lost when glucose is converted toATP and a further 70% is lost when ATP is used to contract muscles. The energy is lost as heat?
Animals that are adapted to anaerobic conditions may use _______, buffer lactic acid, or convert lactic acid to an exretable substance in order to withstand long periods without oxygen.
Animals that are adapted to anaerobic conditions may use metabolic depression, buffer lactic acid, or convert lactic acid to an exretable substance in order to withstand long periods without oxygen.
Describe the four ways mammals can make ATP and which require oxygen
Aerobic catabolism using O2 from environment
Anaerobic _____
_____ use (creatine phosphate in vertebrates)
Aerobic catabolism using O2 preexisting in body
Describe the four ways mammals can make ATP and which require oxygen
Aerobic catabolism using O2 from environment
Anaerobic glycolysis
Phosphagen use (creatine phosphate in vertebrates)
Aerobic catabolism using O2 preexisting in body
Invertebrates
Use other _______ that produce end products that are less toxic than lactic acid or are excretable
Turtles
______ from shell and bones to buffer lactic acid
Goldfish
Convert lactic acid to _____ and excrete through gills
Invertebrates
Use other catabolic pathway that produce end products that are less toxic than lactic acid or are excretable
Turtles
Calcium from shell and bones to buffer lactic acid
Goldfish
Convert lactic acid to ethanol and excrete through gills
