test 2 Flashcards
Identify which side of the heart provides the pulmonary circulation
right
identify which side of the heart provides the systemic circulation
left
blood moving through the tricuspid valve is leaving which specific heart chamber
right atrium
blood moving through the tricuspid valves entering which specific heart chamber?
right ventricle
the aortic valve is opened by blood leaving which specific heart chamber
left ventricle
the bicuspid valve prevents blood from re-entering which specific heart chamber?
left atrium
identify the specific heart chamber that receives blood from the pulmonary veins
left atrium
identify the specific structures that deliver some interstitial fluid directly to veins
lymphatic vessels
identify the specific chamber that pushes blood into the pulmonary artery
right ventricle
identify the general type of receptor that monitors PH, CO2, Ca, and K levels in blood
chemoreceptors
identify the most common synonym for the left atrioventricular valve
mitral valve
identify specifically what is monitored by baroreceptors in the circulation
stretching of blood vessels
coronary arteries deliver blood directly to what specific tissue
myocardium
identify the fetal structure that connects the pulmonary artery and aorta, bypassing lungs
ductus arteriosus
ateriovenous anastomoses help regulate what important characteristic of the body
temperature
identify the fetal structure that is open between the right and left atrium, bypassing the lungs
foramen ovale
identify the general type of heart valve whose “cords” and muscles are in the ventricles
atrioventricular
identify the general type of heart valve of only cusps, opening and closing by pressure
semilunar
identify the adrenal medulla hormone that immediately increases cardiac output
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
identify the “half” of the cardiac cycle in which heart chambers are filling with blood.
diastole
identify the “half” of the cardiac cycle in which the myocardium is actively contracting
systole
identify the general area of the heart (base or apex) that is closest to the diaphragm
apex
identify the smaller heart structures that repolarize during the QRS complex of the ECG
atria
identify the specific layer of the heart that forms the valves and is in contact with blood
endocardium
identify the large heart structures that depolarize during the QRS complex of the ECG
ventricles
identify the general heart structures responsible for the two normal heart sounds (Lub dub)
valves
identify the specific umbilical vessel (artery or vein) that delivers oxygen to the fetus
vein
identify the specific pre-capillary structure that regulates blood volume delivered to tissues
pre-capillary sphincter
T or F. fenestrated capillaries are present in the intestine and kidney; continuous capillaries are present in the liver and spleen as they allow large molecules and cells to exit the circulation
false
T or F. support hose or compression stalkings help reduce edema in feet/ankles because they cause arterial vasoconstriction in the legs
false (venous?)
T or F. because veins generally decrease in diameter as they approach the heart, an embolus from the lower leg (i.e. from a deep vein thrombus) will usually lodge in the lungs or even the heart
false
decreases blood volume and pressure
ANH
increases urine volume
ADH
directly causes vasoconstriction when activated
angiotensinogen
produced by the adrenal cortex
aldosterone
produced by the kidney
renin
produced by the hypothalamus
ADH
produced by cells in the heart
ANH
precursor protein present in plasma
angiotensinogen
directly increases sodium levels in blood
aldosterone
increases sodium levels in urine
ANH
correct spell the hormone abbreviated as ANH
atrial natriuretic hormone
these vessels have valves
lymphatics and veins
direction of flow is always toward the heart
lymphatics and veins
direction of flow is always away from the heart
arteries
vessel walls are thick due to muscle tissue
arteries
fluid movement is assisted or pushed by skeletal muscles
lymphatics and veins
a fluid movement is assisted or caused by blood pressure
arteries
cells and molecules easily enter the vessels
lymphatic vessels
list 3 distinctly different functions of the lymphatic system
fluid balance
immunity
fat absorption
propels fluid out of arterial end of capillary
blood hydrostatic pressure
pulls fluid into the interstitial space from the capillary
tissue osmotic pressure
pulls fluid into venous end of capillary
blood osmotic pressure
is synonymous with blood pressure
blood hydrostatic pressure
occurs because of increased relative concentration of plasma albumin
blood osmotic pressure
waste molecules such as urea in the interstitial space contribute to this pressure
tissue osmotic pressure
pushes fluid into the capillary from the interstitial space
tissue hydrostatic pressure
unit of measure meant for CO
mL/min
unit of measure meant for HR
beats/min
unit of measure meant for SV
mL/beat
if CO remains the same and peripheral resistance increases, what happens to BP?
increase
if HR increases and SV does not change, what happens to CO?
increase
T or F. HR may increase is much that SV may decrease due to decreased filling of the chambers
True
T or T. if HR decreases and SV increases, CO must remain the same (no change)
False
choose from the follow list and place in correct functional order, the five structure to minimally diagram the hepatic aorta system: cardiac veins, cephalic veins, coronary capillaries, hepatic capillaries, hepatic portal vein, hepatic veins, intestinal capillaries, mesenteric veins, jugular veins, superior vena cava uterine capillaries,
a. intestinal capillaries
b. mesenteric veins
c. hepatic portal vein
d. hepatic capillaries
e. hepatic veins
Briefly identify the specific benefit or advantage of the hepatic portal system to our physiology.
Detoxifies our blood
BONUS: conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin requires angiotensinogen-converting enzyme or ACE. Briefly but specifically identify the pathological condition that may be successfully treated in some patients with ACE-inhibitors.
hypertension (high blood pressure)
BONUS: what specifically is the RhoGam injection?
Rh antibodies
What specifically does the RhoGAM injections do to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?
it targets those Rh antigens and destroys/disposes of them before the mother can make antibodies against them. Since the mother won’t make these antibodies, her body may recognize it as a threat and attack baby.
continuous capillaries
capillaries don’t have wholes or gaps in them. Must go through cell (brain) hard to get things in and out, heart and skeletal muscles, don’t worry about other molecules
fenestrated capillaries
window, gap in cell that doesn’t impede movement, clear space that allows molecules to go through (intestines), cilliary body of eye, choroid plexus (cerebral spinal fluid), found in kidneys
sinusoidal capillaries
larger, allows larger molecules to cross, basement membrane not as tight (still have spaces). Found in glands that produce hormones. Lot more molecules passing at same time
sinusoid capillaries
(sinuses) big gaps, larger in volume and carry more blood and very larger molecules can pass, basement membrane missing, found in liver and spleen. Recycle RBCs
Arteriovenous anastomoses
naturally occurring, artery and veins joined together, missing capillaries
cardiac output
increase HR and stroke volume
ADH
prevents you from becoming dehydrated, tells kidneys to reabsorb water, increase BP
aldosterone
sodium, goes to kidneys to tell them to reabsorb sodium, increase BP
renin-angiotensin system
stimulate kidney to produce renin if BP drops
angiotensinogen
creates angiotensin, requires ACE enzyme. raises BP because of sodium, water and peripheral resistance
atrial natriuretic hormone
decrease BP, excrete sodium in urine
lymphatic capillaries
one way flow to heart, pick up fluid from interstitial tissues
identify the general type of heart valve through which blood leaves the heart ventricles
semilunar
identify the term for the general area of the heart in which all blood vessels enter and exit
base
identify the specific vessels that deliver blood from the myocardium into the right atrium
cardiac veins
identify the specific structures that connect adjacent heart muscle fibers
intercalated discs
identify the portion of the cardiac cycle in which heart chambers are filling with blood
diastole
fetal organ that is bypassed during ductus venosus
liver
name of the fibrous sac around the heart in the mediastinum
pericardium
lining of the heart
pericardial cavity
chamber with thickest muscular walls
left ventricle
specific plasma protein responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in blood
albumins
term for the epithelial lining of capillaries and all other blood vessels
endothelium
named blood “volume” in heart chambers just prior to their contraction
end diastolic volume
term for stretch receptors in blood vessels that monitor BP
baroreceptors
umbilical veins
oxygenated
umbilical arteries
less oxygenated
