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A&P2 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

identify the term defined as higher than normal sodium levels in the blood

A

hypernatremia

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2
Q

identify the term defined as lower than normal potassium levels in the blood

A

hypokalemia

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3
Q

identify the term for higher than normal hydrogen ions in the blood

A

acidosis

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4
Q

identify one specific hormone that regulates calcium levels in blood

A

calcitonin

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5
Q

identify the specific fetal hormone that sends the message of pregnancy to the female body

A

HCG

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6
Q

identify the specific anterior pituitary hormone that is most elevated at ovulation

A

LH

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7
Q

identify the specific location in which human fertilization most commonly occurs

A

oviduct

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8
Q

identify the specific male structure in which sperm are stored and begin their maturation

A

epididymis

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9
Q

identify the female structure that dilates during menses and labor and delivery of a child

A

cervix

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10
Q

identify the specific structure that connects the vagina to the body of the uterus

A

cervix

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11
Q

identify the specific pituitary hormone responsible for milk letdown in breast tissue

A

oxytocin

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12
Q

identify the specific female stage following 12 consecutive months with no menses

A

menopause

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13
Q

identify the location in which sperm complete their maturation process for fertilization

A

female tract

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14
Q

identify the specific structure that passes through the male inguinal canal, keeping it open

A

spermatic cord

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15
Q

identify the medical term for the external area between the pubis and coccyx in both sexes

A

perineum

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16
Q

identify the only human cell that has a flagellum

A

sperm

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17
Q

identify the specific location of the dortos muscle in humans

A

scrotum

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18
Q

identify the synonym for oviduct

A

fallopian tube

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19
Q

identify the structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

A

ureters

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20
Q

identify the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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21
Q

identify the specific process by which water is lost from the body when breathing

A

evaporation

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22
Q

identify the term for a developing human after the first 8 weeks of gestation

A

fetus

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23
Q

identify the term for a developing human during the first 8 weeks of gestation

A

embryo

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24
Q

identify the medical term for a newborn mammal, including humans

A

neonate

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25
Q

True or False- the internal anal/urinary sphincters are skeletal muscle, voluntary; and require potty training

A

false, external

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26
Q

True or False- micturition requires input only the parasympathetic nervous system

A

false, both para and sympathetic

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27
Q

True or False- the degree of thirst in a person is a highly reliable indicator of their level of hydration

A

false

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28
Q

True or False- meiosis produces gametes, mitosis (eventually) produces a complete human from a single zygote

A

true

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29
Q

True or False- because the sperm are farther away from the urethra than are the accessory sex glands, the first few milliliters of ejaculation never contain any viable sperm

A

false- they do

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30
Q

True or False- sexual intercourse up to about 3 days before ovulation may result in fertilization/pregnancy

A

true

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31
Q

True or False- the corpus luteum transitions ti the corpus albicans when menses begins and after childbirth

A

true

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32
Q

match with the appropriate sex-gamete production begins at puberty

A

male

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33
Q

match with the appropriate sex- gamete stem cells begin meiosis prior to birth

A

female

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34
Q

match with the appropriate sex- urethra has both urinary and reproductive functions

A

male

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35
Q

match with the appropriate sex- each gamete stem cell produces four viable gametes

A

male

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36
Q

match with the appropriate sex- gonad begins its development just below (caudal to) kidney

A

both

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37
Q

match with the appropriate sex- erectile tissue is present

A

both

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38
Q

match with the appropriate sex- once it begins, gamete production continue for life if adult remains healthy

A

male

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39
Q

match with the appropriate sex- gamete is produced inside a tube and move through various connected tubes until it leaves the body

A

male

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40
Q

match with the appropriate sex- each gamete produces only one viable gamete

A

female

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41
Q

match with the appropriate sex- each stem cell undergoes mitosis; only one of those resulting daughter cells undergoes meiosis

A

male

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42
Q

match with the appropriate sex- gametes complete meiosis before exiting the gonad

A

male

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43
Q

match with the appropriate sex- individual gametes age at the same rate as the gonad (or adult body) in which they are produced

A

female

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44
Q

match with the appropriate sex- gamete is produced outside of the abdominal cavity

A

male

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45
Q

match with the appropriate sex- requires only parasympathetic innervation for orgasm

A

female

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46
Q

match with the appropriate sex- gamete remains viable for up to 3-5 or perhaps even 7 days in the female reproductive tract

A

male

47
Q

match with the appropriate sex- gametes only complete meiosis if fertilization occurs

A

female

48
Q

match with the appropriate sex- gamete (or zygote) may potentially enter the abdominal cavity

A

female

49
Q

match with the appropriate sex- gamete remains viable for about 24-36 hours in the female reproductive tract

A

female

50
Q

match with the appropriate sex- one-half of the nuclear DNA in the zygote comes from this gamete

A

both

51
Q

match with the appropriate sex- mitochondria, ribosomes, and other cellular organelles in the zygote are from this gamete

A

female

52
Q

match with the appropriate sex- requires estrogen and testosterone for normal reproductive activity

A

both

53
Q

match with the appropriate sex- breast tissue has the anatomical requirements for milk production

A

both

54
Q

identify one specific important renal function that is NOT related to blood, urine, waste molecules, or electrolytes

A

vitamin D production

55
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- produced by the adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone

56
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production-hormone produced by the kidney

A

renin-angiotensin system

57
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- produced by the hypothalamus

A

vasopressin

58
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- produced by cells of the right atrium

A

ANH

59
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- released from the posterior pituitary gland

A

vasopressin

60
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- stimulated by increased venous return to the heart

A

ANH

61
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- stimulated by increased blood osmolarity or decreased blood pressure

A

vasopressin

62
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- stimulated by increased blood pressure

A

ANH

63
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- target receptors are located in the distal tubule and proximal collecting duct

A

vasopressin

64
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- activates an existing plasma protein

A

renin-angiotensin system

65
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- has no effect on [Na+] in urine or blood

A

vasopressin

66
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- indirectly causes vasoconstriction to quickly increase blood pressure

A

renin-angiotensin system

67
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases blood pressure

A

ANH

68
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- directly causes reabsorption of only water

A

vasopressin

69
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- causes secretion of Na+

A

ANH

70
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases blood volume

A

ANH

71
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases blood osmolarity with no effect on [Na+]

A

vasopressin

72
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases urine osmolarity

A

ANH

73
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- increases [Na+] in urine

A

ANH

74
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- makes urine more dilutes (less concentrated)

A

ANH

75
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases [Na+] in blood

A

ANH????

76
Q

match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- increases urine volume

A

ANH

77
Q

epithelial cells multiply, glands and spiral arteries are formed (phase, location)

A

proliferation, uterus

78
Q

primary follicle ruptures, releasing a secondary oocyte (phase, location)

A

ovulation, uterus & ovary

79
Q

ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum and secretes progesterone (phase, location)

A

luteal, ovary

80
Q

estrogen/FSH stimulate development of a primary follicle (phase, location)

A

follicular, ovary

81
Q

sloughing of extra endometrial tissue (phase, location)

A

menses, uterus

82
Q

removes molecules from urinary filtrate, returns them to blood

A

filtration

83
Q

moves molecules into urinary filtrate distal to the glomerulus

A

secretion

84
Q

occurs only due to blood hydrostatic pressure (BP)

A

filtration

85
Q

occurs only in the glomerulus

A

filtration

86
Q

requires fenestrated capillaries

A

filtration

87
Q

may require carrier molecules and/or ATP

A

reabsorption

88
Q

first step in urine formation

A

filtration

89
Q

for water, this process usually occurs via osmosis

A

reabsorption

90
Q

may require hormonal stimulation for some molecules

A

reabsorption and secretion

91
Q

most water movement in the nephron is via this process (for in this direction)

A

reabsorption

92
Q

(equation) identify which side of the equation is regulated by the kidneys

A

right

93
Q

(equation) identify the specific molecule directly regulated by the lungs

A

co2

94
Q

(equation) identify the specific physiological parameter regulated or stabilized by this reaction

A

pH

95
Q

(equation) if co2 blood levels increase, identify specifically what happens to H+ in the nephron

A

secreted

96
Q

(equation) identify the name of the specific molecule on the far right end of the equation (HCO-3)

A

bicarbonate

97
Q

(equation) identify the specific function of the far right molecule (HCO-3) in this equation

A

buffer

98
Q

(equation) identify what usually happens to the far right molecule (HCO-3) in the nephron

A

reabsorbed

99
Q

identify the term defined as elevated blood sugar (higher than normal glucose levels

A

hyperglycemia

100
Q

identify the specific process by which glucose is reabsorbed by the kidneys

A

facilitated diffusion

101
Q

identify the “condition” of glucose carriers if glucose reabsorption is at its maximum

A

saturated

102
Q

identify the medical term defined as the presence of glucose in urine

A

glycosuria

103
Q

True or false- hyperventilation decreases co2 in blood and the reaction is driven to the left

A

true

104
Q

True or false- acidosis drives the reaction to the right and may increase breathing rate and/or depth

A

false, left

105
Q

identify the specific nephron structure that demonstrate counter current flow

A

loop of henle

106
Q

identify the specific nephron structure from which water is passively pulled

A

proximal convoluted tubule?

107
Q

identify the specific high BOP capillaries that continue to passively pull water

A

vasa recta

108
Q

identify one specific interstitial molecule that assists in this multiplier system

A

sodium

109
Q

identify the other specific interstitial molecule that assists in this multiplier system

A

urea

110
Q

true or false- these two molecules enter the medullary interstitial tissue from the urinary filtrate

A

true

111
Q

true or false- the countercurrent multiplier system only dilutes blood if the person is clinically dehydrated

A

false

112
Q

true or false- the countercurrent multiplier system is continuous only if the proper hormones are elevated

A

false

113
Q

list the three glands that produce semen and draw an arrow to the one that surrounds the urethra

A

bulbourethral
seminal vesicle
prostate>

A&P2 (4 decks)

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