exam 4 Flashcards
identify the term defined as higher than normal sodium levels in the blood
hypernatremia
identify the term defined as lower than normal potassium levels in the blood
hypokalemia
identify the term for higher than normal hydrogen ions in the blood
acidosis
identify one specific hormone that regulates calcium levels in blood
calcitonin
identify the specific fetal hormone that sends the message of pregnancy to the female body
HCG
identify the specific anterior pituitary hormone that is most elevated at ovulation
LH
identify the specific location in which human fertilization most commonly occurs
oviduct
identify the specific male structure in which sperm are stored and begin their maturation
epididymis
identify the female structure that dilates during menses and labor and delivery of a child
cervix
identify the specific structure that connects the vagina to the body of the uterus
cervix
identify the specific pituitary hormone responsible for milk letdown in breast tissue
oxytocin
identify the specific female stage following 12 consecutive months with no menses
menopause
identify the location in which sperm complete their maturation process for fertilization
female tract
identify the specific structure that passes through the male inguinal canal, keeping it open
spermatic cord
identify the medical term for the external area between the pubis and coccyx in both sexes
perineum
identify the only human cell that has a flagellum
sperm
identify the specific location of the dortos muscle in humans
scrotum
identify the synonym for oviduct
fallopian tube
identify the structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
ureters
identify the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
identify the specific process by which water is lost from the body when breathing
evaporation
identify the term for a developing human after the first 8 weeks of gestation
fetus
identify the term for a developing human during the first 8 weeks of gestation
embryo
identify the medical term for a newborn mammal, including humans
neonate
True or False- the internal anal/urinary sphincters are skeletal muscle, voluntary; and require potty training
false, external
True or False- micturition requires input only the parasympathetic nervous system
false, both para and sympathetic
True or False- the degree of thirst in a person is a highly reliable indicator of their level of hydration
false
True or False- meiosis produces gametes, mitosis (eventually) produces a complete human from a single zygote
true
True or False- because the sperm are farther away from the urethra than are the accessory sex glands, the first few milliliters of ejaculation never contain any viable sperm
false- they do
True or False- sexual intercourse up to about 3 days before ovulation may result in fertilization/pregnancy
true
True or False- the corpus luteum transitions ti the corpus albicans when menses begins and after childbirth
true
match with the appropriate sex-gamete production begins at puberty
male
match with the appropriate sex- gamete stem cells begin meiosis prior to birth
female
match with the appropriate sex- urethra has both urinary and reproductive functions
male
match with the appropriate sex- each gamete stem cell produces four viable gametes
male
match with the appropriate sex- gonad begins its development just below (caudal to) kidney
both
match with the appropriate sex- erectile tissue is present
both
match with the appropriate sex- once it begins, gamete production continue for life if adult remains healthy
male
match with the appropriate sex- gamete is produced inside a tube and move through various connected tubes until it leaves the body
male
match with the appropriate sex- each gamete produces only one viable gamete
female
match with the appropriate sex- each stem cell undergoes mitosis; only one of those resulting daughter cells undergoes meiosis
male
match with the appropriate sex- gametes complete meiosis before exiting the gonad
male
match with the appropriate sex- individual gametes age at the same rate as the gonad (or adult body) in which they are produced
female
match with the appropriate sex- gamete is produced outside of the abdominal cavity
male
match with the appropriate sex- requires only parasympathetic innervation for orgasm
female
match with the appropriate sex- gamete remains viable for up to 3-5 or perhaps even 7 days in the female reproductive tract
male
match with the appropriate sex- gametes only complete meiosis if fertilization occurs
female
match with the appropriate sex- gamete (or zygote) may potentially enter the abdominal cavity
female
match with the appropriate sex- gamete remains viable for about 24-36 hours in the female reproductive tract
female
match with the appropriate sex- one-half of the nuclear DNA in the zygote comes from this gamete
both
match with the appropriate sex- mitochondria, ribosomes, and other cellular organelles in the zygote are from this gamete
female
match with the appropriate sex- requires estrogen and testosterone for normal reproductive activity
both
match with the appropriate sex- breast tissue has the anatomical requirements for milk production
both
identify one specific important renal function that is NOT related to blood, urine, waste molecules, or electrolytes
vitamin D production
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- produced by the adrenal cortex
aldosterone
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production-hormone produced by the kidney
renin-angiotensin system
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- produced by the hypothalamus
vasopressin
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- produced by cells of the right atrium
ANH
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- released from the posterior pituitary gland
vasopressin
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- stimulated by increased venous return to the heart
ANH
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- stimulated by increased blood osmolarity or decreased blood pressure
vasopressin
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- stimulated by increased blood pressure
ANH
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- target receptors are located in the distal tubule and proximal collecting duct
vasopressin
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- activates an existing plasma protein
renin-angiotensin system
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- has no effect on [Na+] in urine or blood
vasopressin
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- indirectly causes vasoconstriction to quickly increase blood pressure
renin-angiotensin system
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases blood pressure
ANH
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- directly causes reabsorption of only water
vasopressin
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- causes secretion of Na+
ANH
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases blood volume
ANH
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases blood osmolarity with no effect on [Na+]
vasopressin
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases urine osmolarity
ANH
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- increases [Na+] in urine
ANH
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- makes urine more dilutes (less concentrated)
ANH
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- decreases [Na+] in blood
ANH????
match with the appropriate hormone involved in urine production- increases urine volume
ANH
epithelial cells multiply, glands and spiral arteries are formed (phase, location)
proliferation, uterus
primary follicle ruptures, releasing a secondary oocyte (phase, location)
ovulation, uterus & ovary
ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum and secretes progesterone (phase, location)
luteal, ovary
estrogen/FSH stimulate development of a primary follicle (phase, location)
follicular, ovary
sloughing of extra endometrial tissue (phase, location)
menses, uterus
removes molecules from urinary filtrate, returns them to blood
filtration
moves molecules into urinary filtrate distal to the glomerulus
secretion
occurs only due to blood hydrostatic pressure (BP)
filtration
occurs only in the glomerulus
filtration
requires fenestrated capillaries
filtration
may require carrier molecules and/or ATP
reabsorption
first step in urine formation
filtration
for water, this process usually occurs via osmosis
reabsorption
may require hormonal stimulation for some molecules
reabsorption and secretion
most water movement in the nephron is via this process (for in this direction)
reabsorption
(equation) identify which side of the equation is regulated by the kidneys
right
(equation) identify the specific molecule directly regulated by the lungs
co2
(equation) identify the specific physiological parameter regulated or stabilized by this reaction
pH
(equation) if co2 blood levels increase, identify specifically what happens to H+ in the nephron
secreted
(equation) identify the name of the specific molecule on the far right end of the equation (HCO-3)
bicarbonate
(equation) identify the specific function of the far right molecule (HCO-3) in this equation
buffer
(equation) identify what usually happens to the far right molecule (HCO-3) in the nephron
reabsorbed
identify the term defined as elevated blood sugar (higher than normal glucose levels
hyperglycemia
identify the specific process by which glucose is reabsorbed by the kidneys
facilitated diffusion
identify the “condition” of glucose carriers if glucose reabsorption is at its maximum
saturated
identify the medical term defined as the presence of glucose in urine
glycosuria
True or false- hyperventilation decreases co2 in blood and the reaction is driven to the left
true
True or false- acidosis drives the reaction to the right and may increase breathing rate and/or depth
false, left
identify the specific nephron structure that demonstrate counter current flow
loop of henle
identify the specific nephron structure from which water is passively pulled
proximal convoluted tubule?
identify the specific high BOP capillaries that continue to passively pull water
vasa recta
identify one specific interstitial molecule that assists in this multiplier system
sodium
identify the other specific interstitial molecule that assists in this multiplier system
urea
true or false- these two molecules enter the medullary interstitial tissue from the urinary filtrate
true
true or false- the countercurrent multiplier system only dilutes blood if the person is clinically dehydrated
false
true or false- the countercurrent multiplier system is continuous only if the proper hormones are elevated
false
list the three glands that produce semen and draw an arrow to the one that surrounds the urethra
bulbourethral
seminal vesicle
prostate>
