EXAM 3 Flashcards
identify the medications that at higher then endogenous levels will reduce hypersensitivity reactions (i.e. rash, hives, difficulty breathing) because they directly cause immunosuppression.
corticosteroids
identify the term for conditions in which the body produces antibodies against self antigens
autoimmunity
T or F. second and subsequent exposures to antigens for which antibodies have been previously produced, usually cause an increase in circulating IgG antibodies within a matter of hours.
True
T or F. Fenestrated capillaries are present in the intestine and kidney; continues capillaries are present in the liver and spleen as they allow large molecules and cells to exit the circulation.
False
getting sick with measles or chicken pox
natural active immunity
breastfeeding a newborn baby
natural passive immunity
getting a tetanus booster every 10 years
artificial active immunity
skin rash caused by poison ivy
natural active immunity
receiving rabies gamma globulin injection after being exposed to a rabid dog
artificial passive immunity
responds to individual specific antigens
acquired or specific immunity
can cause allergic reactions to specific antigens
acquired or specific immunity
depends on B and T lymphocytes
acquired or specific immunity
present in humans at birth
innate or non-specific immunity
most directly affected by normal aging
acquired or specific immunity
includes the skin and mucous membranes
innate or non-specific immunity
neutrophils and monocytes perform phagocytosis
innate or non-specific immunity
includes complement, interferons, and general inflammation (‘itis”)
innate or non-specific immunity
first type of antibody formed after initial antigen exposure
IgM
antibody present in body secretions
IgA
antibody present in largest quantity in plasma
IgG
specific type of antibody measured by a titer
IgG
antibody elevated with allergies or parasites
IgE
antibody that increases quickly after second exposure to an antigen
IgG
antibody that improves lymphocyte ability to bind antigens
IgD
antigen high in colostrum
IgA
three functions of immune system
- fluid balance
- fat absorption
- defense/protection/immunity
identify or briefly explain two distinctly different outcomes (i.e. learned responses) of immune tolerance.
- learns self vs. non-self and produces a response
- marks self antigen to learn whats apart of it and whats foreign
mostly present in blood
B cells
created in bone marrow
both B and T cells
(match with B cells, T cells, both, or neither) produces antibodies
B cells
(match with B cells, T cells, both, or neither) found most often in tissues
T cells
(match with B cells, T cells, both, or neither) makes plasma and memory cells
B cells
(match with B cells, T cells, both, or neither) fully matured by the thymus
T cells
identify two distinctly different yet specific causes of immunosuppression?
lack of sleep (stress)
improper diet
lack of physical activity
Removal of spleen
briefly but specifically define the term “hypersensitivity” as it applies to the physiological response it represents.
overreaction of a specific-immune system
identify two distinctly different things often called allergies that are not truly a hypersensitivity
- “milk allergy”- lactose intolerance, (people are missing gene for lactase enzyme)
- “allergic to medications”- side effect (involves not antibodies, just irritates the gut because the gut doesn’t like it)
briefly define the hygiene hypothesis for a third grader to understand how it might apply to their life.
- there is such a thing as being too clean
- since the body has not been fully allowed to develop a tolerance it is
- more likely to develop the risk of hypersensitivity.
-
BONUS*
a. for those who had not been previously vaccinated for Hepatitis A, what specifically was their injection?
b. why were they specifically given this type of injection?
c. for those who had been previously vaccinated for Hepatitis A, what specifically was in their injections?
d. why were they specifically given this type of injection??
a. pre-formed antibodies (IgG)
b. they need immediate protection, need something that will gets rid of hepatitis quickly since the body has never been exposed to this virus.
c. booster shot, antigens
d. to immediately combat exposure
identify the name of the serous membrane of the thoracic cavity
pleura
identify the name of the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
identify the specific medical term that identifies the gall bladder
cholecyst
identify the specific sac-like lung structures in which most of the ling gas exchange occurs.
alveoli
identify specifically what keeps lung sacs from total collapse, even during forced exhalation
surfactant
identify the specific opening in the larynx through which air enters the respiratory tract
glottis
identify the space defined as the common area for both the digestive and respiratory system
pharynx
name the specific blood vessels that take fully oxygenated blood away from the lungs
pulmonary veins
name the specific blood vessels that deliver less oxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation
pulmonary arteries
identify the most common waste molecule of aerobic respiration in humans
CO2
identify a specific intestinal structure that increases digestion e surface ares for absorption
microvilli
identify the specific molecule most often responsible for regulation of normal breathing
CO2
identify the specific substance missing in premature babies born before 7 months of pregnancy; this deficiency can cause respiratory desires syndrome at birth
surfactant
identify the specific valve-like structure that prevents food/water from entering the trachea
epiglottis
identify the substance produced by the liver that emulsifies lipids for digestion and helps tp remove water via the digestive system
bile
identify a specific substance secreted throughout the entire length of the digestive tract
mucous
identify the specific anal sphincter (internal or external) that is involuntary smooth muscle
internal
identify a specific function the lymphatic system provides directly for the digestive system
absorption of lipids by lacteals
identify the specific molecule used to eliminate most nitrogenous “waste” in human urine
urea
identify the specific vitamin that requires a gastric-secreted intrinsic factor for its absorption
B12
pleural cavity pressure must be ?? to barometric pressure for normal lung expansion
negative
deglutination is defined as what specific type of propulsion in the digestive system?
swallowing
indicate the specific section of the human intestines with the sole function of storage (right before defecation)
rectum
T or F. cellulose, glycogen and starch can all be used by humans for ATP production in the liver
false
T or F. ingesta in the digestive tract remains “outside” of the body until it is absorbed across the mucosa
true
T or F. the internal anal sphincter requires “potty training” in humans (“house training” in pets)
false
T or F. propulsion and digestion are inhibited when the sympathetic nervous system is in charge
true
T or F. the trachea is inflexible due to its cartilaginous rings and its diameter never changes
false
T or F. when the diaphragm contracts, its center flattens and moves caudal in its location
true
T or F. a calorie is the term for the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
true
T or F. HDLs transport cholesterol to the liver, LDLs transport cholesterol to body tissues
true
T or F. a calorie = a kilocalorie, or one million calories
false
T or F. daily values for individual nutrients (i.e. vitamins, protein, etc.) are not the same for everyone
true
T or F. the digestive enzymes secreted by the small intestine remain on the mucosal surface so contestant mixing via segmental contractions of circular muscles is required for optimal catabolism.
true
T or F. carbon dioxide crosses the blood-brain barrier and can be toxic when levels are too high
true
T or F. the lungs are “pulled” open by expansion of the chest cavity, there are no muscles inside the lungs
true
T or F. the cecum and appendix are two different sections of the large intestine; neither has a significant digestive function in humans
true
T or F. loss of negative pleural pressure causes the lungs to collapse and prevents alveolar expansion.
true
T or F. the choanae open to the outside of the body; nares open into the pharynx
false
T or F. from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles is dead or conducting space (i.e. no gas exchange)
true
T or F. the mucosal layer of the intestinal tract may be fused to visceral peritoneum in some areas.
false
T or F. the cerebrum can influence but cannot completely stop respiration if the ANS is functional
true
T or F. there should normally be bacteria in the large intestine of humans
true
identify two distinctly different examples of mechanical innate immunity of the respiratory system
- cilia/mucociliary escalator
- hairs in nose trap pathogens
identify in correct functional order, the three sections of the small intestine.
a. Duodenum (receives secretions from accessory digestive organs)
b. Jejunum (longest section in which most of the digestion/absorption occurs)
c. Ileum
describe how the entry of bile into the intestine changes if the gall bladder is removed?
when the gallbladder is removed you no longer have the ability to control how much bile you secrete relative to amount of fat you eat, after removal it would be a steady drip of bile 24/7.
tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes
inspiratory capacity
volume of air moved in a normal resting breath
tidal volume
volume of air always remaining in the living lungs
residual volume
inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and tidal volumes
vital capacity
process in which air moves in and out of lungs
ventilation
expiratory reserve and residual volumes
functional residual
maximum volume that can be moved in and out of a living patient
vital capacity
ability of the lung to increase in size
compliance
inspiratory, expiratory, tidal and residual volumes together
total lung capacity
respiratory capacity easily tested for occupational or asthma screening
inspiratory capacity or vital capacity???
described as: deep breath in and blow out as much air as you can
vital capacity
CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3
identify a specific molecule directly regulated or controlled by lung function
CO2
CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3
identify the name of the middle molecule (between the arrows) in the equation
carbonic acid
CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3
identify the overall function or purpose of this reaction for the body
control pH
CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3
identify the specific enzyme required for both directions of this reaction
carbonic anhydrase
CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3
identify the specific blood formed element in which this enzyme is found
RBCs
CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3
identify what happens to the blood pH (up or down) when someone stops breathing
down
T or F. hypoventilation greatly decreases CO2 blood levels, driving the reaction to the right
false
T or F. acidosis drives the reaction to the right and there for may affect breathing rate and/or depth
false
list three different ways in which CO2 is transported in blood and indicate the one not used by oxygen**
a. bicarbonate**
b. plasma
c. hemoglobin
list 4 different function of the nasal cavity (not including ventilation)
- traps pathogens
- warms/humidifies air
- olfactory epithelium (smell)
- resonating chambers for sound
cephalic phase
smell, sight, thought of food, stimulates gastric secretions
gastric phase
food is actually taken in, stimulates gastric secretions
intestinal phase
feedback from stomach, food moves inside small intestine, inhibits gastric secretions
identify two things that should normally contribute to the bulk (solid substance) of feces
cellulose
bacteria
list 4 tunics of digestive tract.
start with ingest and indicate the layer that contains blood vessels and the enteric plexus of the nervous system
mucosa (ingesta)
submucosa (blood vessels)
muscular
serosa/adventitia
list the respiratory membrane layers in functional order as they are crossed by carbon dioxide and indicate two layer in which problems commonly develop that adversely affect respiration
capillary endothelium** capillary basement membrane interstitial space** alveolar epithelium surfactant** (oppostie direction for O2)
explain the purpose of the hepatic portal system relative to the digestive system
receives molecules absorbed by intestinal capillaries to take to liver for processing
explain how the enterohepatic circulation is different from the hepatic portal system
movement of molecules through the intestines and liver via the bile produced by liver
write three brief definitions the word “respiration” in physiology
- cellular- where ATP is generated, we generate ATP most efficiently using O2
- gas exchange- CO2 moves out, O2 moves in (lungs and tissues)
- ventilation- movement of air in and out of lungs, breaths per minute
CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3
what happens to H+ levels in this equation (up or down) if someone stops breathing
up
identify the most cranial structure of the larynx that helps maintain an open airway
hyoid bone
pleural cavity pressure must be ___ to barometric pressure for inhalation or lung expansion
negative
gas exchange via simple diffusion; what must be happening in the lungs to maintain the concentration gradients required for this diffusion to occur?
ventilation
ventilation cannot deliver oxygen to tissue; what process delivers oxygen to the body
circulation
identify the specific propulsion used by the intestines
peristalsis
identify the process by which the liver produces glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules
glucogenesis
identify the lymphatic organ, just caudal to the stomach, that filters foreign substances and defective rbcs; it also contains a limited reserve volume of blood
spleen
identify the specific structures that deliver some interstitial fluid directly to the veins
lymphatics
T or F. there should normally be LOTS of bacteria in the large intestine
true
T or F. acidic ingesta entering the duodenum tells the stomach to increase pepsin/HCL secretion
true
amount of air exhaled when blowing out as hard as possible
expiratory reserve volume
identify the single specfici purpose for circular folds, vili, and microvilli in the intestincal tract
increase surface membrane
2 examples of mechanical innate immunity in respiraotry system
coughing
sneezing
administration of RhoGAM to Rh- pregnant female to prevent hemolytic disease of newborn
artificial passive immunity
two different results of immune tolerance
self v nonself
threat v nonthreat
