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A&P2 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

identify the medications that at higher then endogenous levels will reduce hypersensitivity reactions (i.e. rash, hives, difficulty breathing) because they directly cause immunosuppression.

A

corticosteroids

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2
Q

identify the term for conditions in which the body produces antibodies against self antigens

A

autoimmunity

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3
Q

T or F. second and subsequent exposures to antigens for which antibodies have been previously produced, usually cause an increase in circulating IgG antibodies within a matter of hours.

A

True

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4
Q

T or F. Fenestrated capillaries are present in the intestine and kidney; continues capillaries are present in the liver and spleen as they allow large molecules and cells to exit the circulation.

A

False

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5
Q

getting sick with measles or chicken pox

A

natural active immunity

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6
Q

breastfeeding a newborn baby

A

natural passive immunity

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7
Q

getting a tetanus booster every 10 years

A

artificial active immunity

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8
Q

skin rash caused by poison ivy

A

natural active immunity

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9
Q

receiving rabies gamma globulin injection after being exposed to a rabid dog

A

artificial passive immunity

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10
Q

responds to individual specific antigens

A

acquired or specific immunity

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11
Q

can cause allergic reactions to specific antigens

A

acquired or specific immunity

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12
Q

depends on B and T lymphocytes

A

acquired or specific immunity

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13
Q

present in humans at birth

A

innate or non-specific immunity

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14
Q

most directly affected by normal aging

A

acquired or specific immunity

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15
Q

includes the skin and mucous membranes

A

innate or non-specific immunity

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16
Q

neutrophils and monocytes perform phagocytosis

A

innate or non-specific immunity

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17
Q

includes complement, interferons, and general inflammation (‘itis”)

A

innate or non-specific immunity

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18
Q

first type of antibody formed after initial antigen exposure

A

IgM

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19
Q

antibody present in body secretions

A

IgA

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20
Q

antibody present in largest quantity in plasma

A

IgG

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21
Q

specific type of antibody measured by a titer

A

IgG

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22
Q

antibody elevated with allergies or parasites

A

IgE

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23
Q

antibody that increases quickly after second exposure to an antigen

A

IgG

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24
Q

antibody that improves lymphocyte ability to bind antigens

A

IgD

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25
Q

antigen high in colostrum

A

IgA

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26
Q

three functions of immune system

A
  1. fluid balance
  2. fat absorption
  3. defense/protection/immunity
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27
Q

identify or briefly explain two distinctly different outcomes (i.e. learned responses) of immune tolerance.

A
  • learns self vs. non-self and produces a response

- marks self antigen to learn whats apart of it and whats foreign

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28
Q

mostly present in blood

A

B cells

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29
Q

created in bone marrow

A

both B and T cells

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30
Q

(match with B cells, T cells, both, or neither) produces antibodies

A

B cells

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31
Q

(match with B cells, T cells, both, or neither) found most often in tissues

A

T cells

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32
Q

(match with B cells, T cells, both, or neither) makes plasma and memory cells

A

B cells

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33
Q

(match with B cells, T cells, both, or neither) fully matured by the thymus

A

T cells

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34
Q

identify two distinctly different yet specific causes of immunosuppression?

A

lack of sleep (stress)
improper diet
lack of physical activity
Removal of spleen

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35
Q

briefly but specifically define the term “hypersensitivity” as it applies to the physiological response it represents.

A

overreaction of a specific-immune system

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36
Q

identify two distinctly different things often called allergies that are not truly a hypersensitivity

A
  • “milk allergy”- lactose intolerance, (people are missing gene for lactase enzyme)
  • “allergic to medications”- side effect (involves not antibodies, just irritates the gut because the gut doesn’t like it)
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37
Q

briefly define the hygiene hypothesis for a third grader to understand how it might apply to their life.

A
  • there is such a thing as being too clean
  • since the body has not been fully allowed to develop a tolerance it is
  • more likely to develop the risk of hypersensitivity.
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38
Q
  • BONUS*
    a. for those who had not been previously vaccinated for Hepatitis A, what specifically was their injection?
    b. why were they specifically given this type of injection?
    c. for those who had been previously vaccinated for Hepatitis A, what specifically was in their injections?
    d. why were they specifically given this type of injection??
A

a. pre-formed antibodies (IgG)
b. they need immediate protection, need something that will gets rid of hepatitis quickly since the body has never been exposed to this virus.
c. booster shot, antigens
d. to immediately combat exposure

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39
Q

identify the name of the serous membrane of the thoracic cavity

A

pleura

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40
Q

identify the name of the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

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41
Q

identify the specific medical term that identifies the gall bladder

A

cholecyst

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42
Q

identify the specific sac-like lung structures in which most of the ling gas exchange occurs.

A

alveoli

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43
Q

identify specifically what keeps lung sacs from total collapse, even during forced exhalation

A

surfactant

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44
Q

identify the specific opening in the larynx through which air enters the respiratory tract

A

glottis

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45
Q

identify the space defined as the common area for both the digestive and respiratory system

A

pharynx

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46
Q

name the specific blood vessels that take fully oxygenated blood away from the lungs

A

pulmonary veins

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47
Q

name the specific blood vessels that deliver less oxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation

A

pulmonary arteries

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48
Q

identify the most common waste molecule of aerobic respiration in humans

A

CO2

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49
Q

identify a specific intestinal structure that increases digestion e surface ares for absorption

A

microvilli

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50
Q

identify the specific molecule most often responsible for regulation of normal breathing

A

CO2

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51
Q

identify the specific substance missing in premature babies born before 7 months of pregnancy; this deficiency can cause respiratory desires syndrome at birth

A

surfactant

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52
Q

identify the specific valve-like structure that prevents food/water from entering the trachea

A

epiglottis

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53
Q

identify the substance produced by the liver that emulsifies lipids for digestion and helps tp remove water via the digestive system

A

bile

54
Q

identify a specific substance secreted throughout the entire length of the digestive tract

A

mucous

55
Q

identify the specific anal sphincter (internal or external) that is involuntary smooth muscle

A

internal

56
Q

identify a specific function the lymphatic system provides directly for the digestive system

A

absorption of lipids by lacteals

57
Q

identify the specific molecule used to eliminate most nitrogenous “waste” in human urine

A

urea

58
Q

identify the specific vitamin that requires a gastric-secreted intrinsic factor for its absorption

A

B12

59
Q

pleural cavity pressure must be ?? to barometric pressure for normal lung expansion

A

negative

60
Q

deglutination is defined as what specific type of propulsion in the digestive system?

A

swallowing

61
Q

indicate the specific section of the human intestines with the sole function of storage (right before defecation)

A

rectum

62
Q

T or F. cellulose, glycogen and starch can all be used by humans for ATP production in the liver

A

false

63
Q

T or F. ingesta in the digestive tract remains “outside” of the body until it is absorbed across the mucosa

A

true

64
Q

T or F. the internal anal sphincter requires “potty training” in humans (“house training” in pets)

A

false

65
Q

T or F. propulsion and digestion are inhibited when the sympathetic nervous system is in charge

A

true

66
Q

T or F. the trachea is inflexible due to its cartilaginous rings and its diameter never changes

A

false

67
Q

T or F. when the diaphragm contracts, its center flattens and moves caudal in its location

A

true

68
Q

T or F. a calorie is the term for the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

A

true

69
Q

T or F. HDLs transport cholesterol to the liver, LDLs transport cholesterol to body tissues

A

true

70
Q

T or F. a calorie = a kilocalorie, or one million calories

A

false

71
Q

T or F. daily values for individual nutrients (i.e. vitamins, protein, etc.) are not the same for everyone

A

true

72
Q

T or F. the digestive enzymes secreted by the small intestine remain on the mucosal surface so contestant mixing via segmental contractions of circular muscles is required for optimal catabolism.

A

true

73
Q

T or F. carbon dioxide crosses the blood-brain barrier and can be toxic when levels are too high

A

true

74
Q

T or F. the lungs are “pulled” open by expansion of the chest cavity, there are no muscles inside the lungs

A

true

75
Q

T or F. the cecum and appendix are two different sections of the large intestine; neither has a significant digestive function in humans

A

true

76
Q

T or F. loss of negative pleural pressure causes the lungs to collapse and prevents alveolar expansion.

A

true

77
Q

T or F. the choanae open to the outside of the body; nares open into the pharynx

A

false

78
Q

T or F. from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles is dead or conducting space (i.e. no gas exchange)

A

true

79
Q

T or F. the mucosal layer of the intestinal tract may be fused to visceral peritoneum in some areas.

A

false

80
Q

T or F. the cerebrum can influence but cannot completely stop respiration if the ANS is functional

A

true

81
Q

T or F. there should normally be bacteria in the large intestine of humans

A

true

82
Q

identify two distinctly different examples of mechanical innate immunity of the respiratory system

A
  • cilia/mucociliary escalator

- hairs in nose trap pathogens

83
Q

identify in correct functional order, the three sections of the small intestine.

A

a. Duodenum (receives secretions from accessory digestive organs)
b. Jejunum (longest section in which most of the digestion/absorption occurs)
c. Ileum

84
Q

describe how the entry of bile into the intestine changes if the gall bladder is removed?

A

when the gallbladder is removed you no longer have the ability to control how much bile you secrete relative to amount of fat you eat, after removal it would be a steady drip of bile 24/7.

85
Q

tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes

A

inspiratory capacity

86
Q

volume of air moved in a normal resting breath

A

tidal volume

87
Q

volume of air always remaining in the living lungs

A

residual volume

88
Q

inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and tidal volumes

A

vital capacity

89
Q

process in which air moves in and out of lungs

A

ventilation

90
Q

expiratory reserve and residual volumes

A

functional residual

91
Q

maximum volume that can be moved in and out of a living patient

A

vital capacity

92
Q

ability of the lung to increase in size

A

compliance

93
Q

inspiratory, expiratory, tidal and residual volumes together

A

total lung capacity

94
Q

respiratory capacity easily tested for occupational or asthma screening

A

inspiratory capacity or vital capacity???

95
Q

described as: deep breath in and blow out as much air as you can

A

vital capacity

96
Q

CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3

identify a specific molecule directly regulated or controlled by lung function

A

CO2

97
Q

CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3

identify the name of the middle molecule (between the arrows) in the equation

A

carbonic acid

98
Q

CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3

identify the overall function or purpose of this reaction for the body

A

control pH

99
Q

CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3

identify the specific enzyme required for both directions of this reaction

A

carbonic anhydrase

100
Q

CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3

identify the specific blood formed element in which this enzyme is found

A

RBCs

101
Q

CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3

identify what happens to the blood pH (up or down) when someone stops breathing

A

down

102
Q

T or F. hypoventilation greatly decreases CO2 blood levels, driving the reaction to the right

A

false

103
Q

T or F. acidosis drives the reaction to the right and there for may affect breathing rate and/or depth

A

false

104
Q

list three different ways in which CO2 is transported in blood and indicate the one not used by oxygen**

A

a. bicarbonate**
b. plasma
c. hemoglobin

105
Q

list 4 different function of the nasal cavity (not including ventilation)

A
  1. traps pathogens
  2. warms/humidifies air
  3. olfactory epithelium (smell)
  4. resonating chambers for sound
106
Q

cephalic phase

A

smell, sight, thought of food, stimulates gastric secretions

107
Q

gastric phase

A

food is actually taken in, stimulates gastric secretions

108
Q

intestinal phase

A

feedback from stomach, food moves inside small intestine, inhibits gastric secretions

109
Q

identify two things that should normally contribute to the bulk (solid substance) of feces

A

cellulose

bacteria

110
Q

list 4 tunics of digestive tract.

start with ingest and indicate the layer that contains blood vessels and the enteric plexus of the nervous system

A

mucosa (ingesta)
submucosa (blood vessels)
muscular
serosa/adventitia

111
Q

list the respiratory membrane layers in functional order as they are crossed by carbon dioxide and indicate two layer in which problems commonly develop that adversely affect respiration

A 
capillary endothelium**
capillary basement membrane
interstitial space**
alveolar epithelium
surfactant**
(oppostie direction for O2)
112
Q

explain the purpose of the hepatic portal system relative to the digestive system

A

receives molecules absorbed by intestinal capillaries to take to liver for processing

113
Q

explain how the enterohepatic circulation is different from the hepatic portal system

A

movement of molecules through the intestines and liver via the bile produced by liver

114
Q

write three brief definitions the word “respiration” in physiology

A
  1. cellular- where ATP is generated, we generate ATP most efficiently using O2
  2. gas exchange- CO2 moves out, O2 moves in (lungs and tissues)
  3. ventilation- movement of air in and out of lungs, breaths per minute
115
Q

CO2+H20<>H2CO3<>H+HCO3

what happens to H+ levels in this equation (up or down) if someone stops breathing

A

up

116
Q

identify the most cranial structure of the larynx that helps maintain an open airway

A

hyoid bone

117
Q

pleural cavity pressure must be ___ to barometric pressure for inhalation or lung expansion

A

negative

118
Q

gas exchange via simple diffusion; what must be happening in the lungs to maintain the concentration gradients required for this diffusion to occur?

A

ventilation

119
Q

ventilation cannot deliver oxygen to tissue; what process delivers oxygen to the body

A

circulation

120
Q

identify the specific propulsion used by the intestines

A

peristalsis

121
Q

identify the process by which the liver produces glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules

A

glucogenesis

122
Q

identify the lymphatic organ, just caudal to the stomach, that filters foreign substances and defective rbcs; it also contains a limited reserve volume of blood

A

spleen

123
Q

identify the specific structures that deliver some interstitial fluid directly to the veins

A

lymphatics

124
Q

T or F. there should normally be LOTS of bacteria in the large intestine

A

true

125
Q

T or F. acidic ingesta entering the duodenum tells the stomach to increase pepsin/HCL secretion

A

true

126
Q

amount of air exhaled when blowing out as hard as possible

A

expiratory reserve volume

127
Q

identify the single specfici purpose for circular folds, vili, and microvilli in the intestincal tract

A

increase surface membrane

128
Q

2 examples of mechanical innate immunity in respiraotry system

A

coughing

sneezing

129
Q

administration of RhoGAM to Rh- pregnant female to prevent hemolytic disease of newborn

A

artificial passive immunity

130
Q

two different results of immune tolerance

A

self v nonself

threat v nonthreat

A&P2 (4 decks)

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