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Reservoir Fluid Properties > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is Ro in the archie eqatuion

A
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2
Q

how do you estimate c and m from a graph

A
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3
Q

how do you calculate n usign a graph

A
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4
Q

what is the correlation between FR and water saturation

A
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5
Q

•Formation resistivity factor ______ more gradually when clay is present in the formation

A
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6
Q

what are the types of lab measurements of Pc

A
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7
Q

how do you calculate height saturation from Pc

A
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8
Q

conductivity is the ________ of resistivity

A

conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity

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9
Q

Sw _____ gets to zero

A
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10
Q

what is Ro

A

Ro (the resistivity of a formation 100% saturated with brine

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11
Q

resistivity is the _______ of conductivity

A

resistivity (reciprocal of conductivity)

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12
Q

To determine the quantity of hydrocarbons accumulated in a porous rock formation, it is necessary to determine the ________ (oil, water, and gas) of the rock material

A

To determine the quantity of hydrocarbons accumulated in a porous rock formation, it is necessary to determine the fluid saturation (oil, water, and gas) of the rock material

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13
Q

what is the mean radius of curvature

A
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14
Q

theta in the wettability equation is always measured from where to where

A

densest material to second densest material

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15
Q

The denser fluid will rise due to _______ between tube and denser phase in the capillary until the total force acting to pull up the liquid upward balances with the weight of the column

A
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16
Q

The cementation exponent m is affected by a large number of factors including

A
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17
Q

describe this graph

A
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18
Q

•The J-function accounts for changes of permeability, porosity, and wettability of the reservoir as long as the general ______ remains constant.

A
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19
Q

what is the relationship between formation factor FR and brine resistivity Rw

A
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20
Q

•It is possible to express the _______ as a function of saturation.

A
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21
Q

how is porosity correlated with FR

A
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22
Q

The value of ______varies between zero, for a system with uniformly distributed grain sizes, and unity, for the theoretical case in which every single grain has a different size.

A

The value of σ2 varies between zero, for a system with uniformly distributed grain sizes, and unity, for the theoretical case in which every single grain has a different size.

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23
Q

•The saturation exponent, n is determined experimentally by saturating a core sample with brine and measuring the rock resistivity Ro .

Then the brine is displaced with air, naphtha, or live crude oil, and the ________ is measured after each increment of displacement

A

•The saturation exponent, n is determined experimentally by saturating a core sample with brine and measuring the rock resistivity Ro .

Then the brine is displaced with air, naphtha, or live crude oil, and the true resistivity, Rt , is measured after each increment of displacement

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24
Q

•When a capillary tube is inserted below the interface of a two-phase system, the interface of the immiscible fluids in the capillary will be either:

A
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25
Q

Since the ________ is dependent on radii of the pores for any particular saturation, we can approximate pore distribution from ________

A

Since the capillary pressure is dependent on radii of the pores for any particular saturation, we can approximate pore distribution from capillary pressure data

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26
Q

Sedimentary formations are capable of transmitting an electric current through their ________ and _________

A

Sedimentary formations are capable of transmitting an electric current through their interstitial and adsorbed water content

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27
Q

•The capillary pressure data from a specific formation usually can be reduced to a single ______ versus the saturation curve.

A
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28
Q

It is necessary to determine which is the _____so as to ascertain which fluid occupies the ______pore spaces

A
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29
Q

describe this chart

A
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30
Q

what is boundary tension

A

This surface activity creates a film-like layer of molecules that are in tension known as boundary tension

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31
Q

what is the humble formula

A
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32
Q

•The resistivity of formation water ________ as the temperature increases.

A

•The resistivity of formation water decreases as the temperature increases.

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33
Q

IR __ 1, when hydrocarbons are present in the formation

A

IR > 1, when hydrocarbons are present in the formation

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34
Q

When two _______ fluids (gas-liquid or liquid-liquid) are in contact, the fluids are separated by a well-defined _________, only a few molecular diameters in thickness

A

When two immiscible fluids (gas-liquid or liquid-liquid) are in contact, the fluids are separated by a well-defined interface, only a few molecular diameters in thickness

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35
Q

There is a ______variation in water saturation with depth in the oil bearing zone

A
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36
Q

what does inbibition mean

A
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37
Q

how is F, m, and porosity related graphically

A
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38
Q

contact angle depends on what

A
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39
Q

•The difference in the J function curves is due to a hyterisis effect which is dependent on the _______ and __________.

A
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40
Q

what is Archie’s m

A
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41
Q

what is surface tension

A

•Surface Tension - Boundary tension between gas and liquid.

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42
Q

what is the equation that correlated formation factor with water saturation

A
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43
Q

how is FR correlated with permeability

A
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44
Q

•Curvature of the interface is the consequence of _________ of the capillary walls by one of the phases.

A
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45
Q

what is resaturate

A

saturation of 10%

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46
Q

•Leverett proposed the J-function of a specific reservoir, which describes the _______ rock characteristics.

A
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47
Q

contact angle and wettability depend on _____

A
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48
Q

The less-cemented sands normally have higher ______ and lower ________

A

The less-cemented sands normally have higher porosities and lower resistivity

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49
Q

what is the second technique to measure Interstitial Water Saturation

A
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50
Q

why is there always water saturation in a reservoir

A

wettability, interfacial tension

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51
Q

what is sigma

A

surface tension, interfacial tension

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52
Q

•The J-function can be derived by dimensional analysis or by substitution of the___________ into the Carman-Kozeny equation.

A
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53
Q

•This? relationship to saturation makes the formation resistivity factor an excellent parameter for the detection of hydrocarbon zones.

A

•The greater the connate water saturation the lower the formation resistivity.

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54
Q

what’s the correlation between FR and porosity

A
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55
Q

describe the effect of conductive solids graphically

A
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56
Q

•The interfacial tension has the dimensions ________

A

•The interfacial tension has the dimensions of force per unit length (dyn/cm or 0.001N/m).

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57
Q

what is the first method to average Pc data

A
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58
Q

•m is a function of the ______and _______of pores.

A

•m is a function of the shape and distribution of pores.

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59
Q

what can improve the accuracy of the j-function

A
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60
Q

In most oil-bearing formations the rock was completely saturated with ______prior to the invasion and trapping of petroleum

A

In most oil-bearing formations the rock was completely saturated with water prior to the invasion and trapping of petroleum

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61
Q

what is the equation for tortuosity factor

A
62
Q

waht is the leverett j-function

A
63
Q

Clay minerals might act as _______and contribute to the ________of a water-saturated porous rock

A

Clay minerals might act as conductors and contribute to the conductivity of a water-saturated porous rock

64
Q

•Capillary pressure is the difference in ______ between two immiscible fluids across a _________ at equilibrium.

A
65
Q

The water saturation Sw is determined by ______

A

The water saturation Sw is determined by measuring the volume of water produced and applying the material balance equations

66
Q

what is Arp’s formula

A
67
Q

•When the adhesion tension AT (τ) is positive, the system is _______ (0< θ < 90, cosθ = +).

A
68
Q

what is the formation resistivity ion modification graph

A
69
Q

describe the effect of conductive solids (clays) graphically

A
70
Q

•If the formation is totally saturated with brine (i.e., Ro=Rt ), the resistivity index is equal to ______

A

•If the formation is totally saturated with brine (i.e., Ro=Rt ), the resistivity index is equal to 1.

71
Q

what are the equations for resistivity

A
72
Q

what is the first technique to measure Interstitial Water Saturation

A
73
Q

•The ________ the connate water saturation the lower the formation resistivity.

A

•The greater the connate water saturation the lower the formation resistivity.

74
Q

•The following three factors are important in correlating FR with the permeability:

A
75
Q

what is a reservoir fluid distribution curve

A
76
Q

•When AT (τ) is zero, the system is ________ (θ=90, cosθ=0).

A
77
Q

what is Wyllie and Garners equation for tortuosity

A
78
Q

what is desaturate

A

saturation of 80%

79
Q

what is wettability

A
80
Q

describe this chart

A
  • General relationship between formation factor FR and brine resistivity Rw
  • The clay in the water acts as a conductor.
  • This effect is dependent upon the type, amount, and manner of distribution of the clay in the rock.
81
Q

what is FWL

A

The free water level is located at the base of a hydrocarbon column and the transition zone. Above this level, the reservoir produces water alone, hydrocarbon and water, or hydrocarbon alone on a production test. Below this level lies the aquifer of a water drive reservoir system. It produces water only. Zero buoyancy pressure exists at this level or below.

82
Q

what does drainage mean

A
83
Q

•The capillary pressure is defined as the _______ between the _______ and _______ phases.

A
84
Q

it is almost impossible to measure ____ and ____ in porous media

A
85
Q

how do you calculate capilary rise

A
86
Q

The value of n is affected by

A

•The value of n is affected by wettability, overburden pressure, nature and microscopic distribution of the reservoir fluids, and types and amounts of conductive clays (or measuring the slope directly from the graph).

87
Q

The ratio Rt/Ro is commonly referred to as the ______

A

The ratio Rt/Ro is commonly referred to as the resistivity index IR

88
Q

how do you calculate capilarry rise for an oil - water system

A
89
Q

what is the effect of conductive solids

A
90
Q

Describe this chart

A
91
Q

m is approximately equal to 2 in what type of formations

A

In chalky rocks and compacted formations, m is approximately equal to 2

92
Q

Water resistivity Rw is best obtained from the _______

A

Water resistivity Rw is best obtained from the laboratory measurements on a water sample

93
Q

m is dependent on what

A

shape and distribution of pores

94
Q

A rock that contains oil and/or gas will have a _________ resistivity than the same rock completely saturated with formation water

A

A rock that contains oil and/or gas will have a higher resistivity than the same rock completely saturated with formation water

95
Q
  • The resistivity index is then a function of the ______ and the amount of ________.
  • It is also a function of the _____, _______, and ______ of ______present in the formation being evaluated.
A
  • The resistivity index is then a function of the salinity and the amount of formation water.
  • It is also a function of the amount, distribution, and type of clays present in the formation being evaluated.
96
Q

how do you average Pc data

A
97
Q

The saturation exponent, n is determined ______

A

The saturation exponent, n is determined experimentally by saturating a core sample with brine and measuring the rock resistivity Ro

98
Q

______ is the resistivity due to the clay minerals;

A

Rc is the resistivity due to the clay minerals;

99
Q

_______ is the resistivity of a shaly sand when 100% saturated with water of resistivity Rw

A

Roa is the resistivity of a shaly sand when 100% saturated with water of resistivity Rw

100
Q

Resistivity is a valuable tool for evaluating the ________ of a formation

A

Resistivity is a valuable tool for evaluating the producibility of a formation

101
Q

what is inecular saturation

A
102
Q

As the wetting-phase saturation progresses from the funicular to the pendular ring distribution…..

A
103
Q

It is seen that the capillary pressure saturation relationship is dependent upon….

A
104
Q

what is funicular saturation

A
105
Q

In a continuous capillary tube which changes in diameter from small to large to small (simulating pores), the saturation for capillary pressures of equal magnitude depends upon whether the system is initially ______saturated (drain-a) with a wetting fluid or _______ saturated (imbibe-b) with the wetting fluid.

A
106
Q

how do you calculate AT from below

A
107
Q

what is the modifier equation if there are a lot of ions present

A
108
Q

describe this chart

A
109
Q

what is “a” in the archie equation

A
110
Q

The degree of cementation of sand particles depends on the _____, ______, and _________of numerous cementing materials including silica, calcium carbonate, and a variety of clays

A

The degree of cementation of sand particles depends on the nature, amount, and distribution of numerous cementing materials including silica, calcium carbonate, and a variety of clays

111
Q

_______ between two immiscible fluids, there is an inward-directed force that attempts to minimize the surface by pulling it into the shape of a sphere (concave/convex).

A

•At the surface between two immiscible fluids, there is an inward-directed force that attempts to minimize the surface by pulling it into the shape of a sphere (concave/convex).

112
Q

what is wettabilty

A
113
Q

what is interficial tension

A

•Interfacial Tension - Boundary tension between two immiscible liquids or between a fluid and a solid.

114
Q

what is the equation for wettability

A
115
Q

________ attempts to convert all capillary pressure data to a universal curve!

A
116
Q

how do you calcualte capilary rise from below

A
117
Q

Wyllie and Gardner’s tortuosity equation is good for what type of rock

A

carbonates adn higly cemented sands

118
Q

The _________ring is a state of saturation in which the wetting phase is not continuous and the nonwetting phase is in contact with some of the solid surface

A
119
Q

________ is the resistivity due to the distributed water, and ________ is the true formation factor of the rock

A

FRw is the resistivity due to the distributed water, and F is the true formation factor of the rock

120
Q

The formation resistivity (Rt ) is obtained from the _______

A

The formation resistivity (Rt ) is obtained from the field data

121
Q

What is resistivity

A
122
Q

•Oil and gas are ________ or _________ to electric currents.

A

•Oil and gas are nonconductors or resistive to electric currents.

123
Q

Freshwater is a ______ conductor of an electric current

A

Freshwater, for example, has only a small amount of dissolved salts and is, therefore, a poor conductor of an electric current

124
Q

The resistivity of a rock is a function of what

A
125
Q

what are the three methods to determine connate or interstitial water saturations

A
  1. coring formations with oil-base or tracer bearing fluids
  2. calculated from electic log analysis
  3. determined from capillary pressure data
126
Q

•The salinity of water contained in the ______, is the major conductor of the electrical currents.

A

•The salinity of water contained in the pores, is the major conductor of the electrical currents.

127
Q

what are the components of the archie equation

A
128
Q

•Saturation exponent n is _______ when clay is present in formation.

A
129
Q

what is Rt in the archie equation

A
130
Q

•When τ is negative, the system is ______ (θ > 90, cosθ = -).

A
131
Q

what is the second method to average Pc data

A
132
Q

It is evident that the formation factor FR is a function of _________and ___________

A

It is evident that the formation factor FR is a function of porosity and pore structure

133
Q

As the sand becomes more cemented, ______ decreases and, therefore, ________ increases

A

As the sand becomes more cemented, φ decreases and, therefore, FR increases

134
Q

•The difference in the J function curves is due to a _______effect which is dependent on the saturation process and saturation history.

A
135
Q

what is the equation for resistivity when factoring in ion concentration

A
136
Q

_________ is an important factor in controlling the flow of electric current

A

porosity is an important factor in controlling the flow of electric current

137
Q

what is the archie equation

A
138
Q

what is the equation for adhesion tension

A
139
Q

there is an _______functional relationship between capillary pressure and the wetting-phase saturation.

A
140
Q

The distribution of the liquid in a porous system is dependent upon the _______

A
141
Q

what are the fluid saturation equations

A
142
Q

describe the j-function curve

A
143
Q

•The greater the _________ concentration, the greater the conductivity of connate water.

A

•The greater the salt concentration, the greater the conductivity of connate water.

144
Q

what is Rw in the archie equation

A
145
Q

the value of m may be as high as 3 in what type of formations

A

For compact limestones, which are very highly cemented rocks, the value of m may be as high as 3

146
Q

what is pendular saturation

A
147
Q

what is the equation for PC

A
148
Q

when the system is oil wet, the angle is ____ and cosangle is _____

A

greater than 90

negative

149
Q

In _______ distribution, the wetting phase is continuous, completely covering the surface of the solid.

A
150
Q

The _________ or _________ containing __________ constitutes an electrolyte capable of conducting current, as these salts dissociate into positively charged and negatively charged anions.

A

The interstitial or connate water containing dissolved salts constitutes an electrolyte capable of conducting current, as these salts dissociate into positively charged and negatively charged anions.

151
Q

•There is _____ significant variation in water saturation with depth in the gas bearing zone.

A
152
Q

In a capillary tube of varying diameter, the height to which the fluid will rise in the tube depends on _____

A

Reservoir Fluid Properties (3 decks)

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