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Reservoir Fluid Properties > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the different types of voids that make up primary porosity

A
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2
Q

what is the equation for radial system flow

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3
Q

describe degree of cementation or consolidation in terms of a factor that affects porosity

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4
Q

describe the different types of secondary porosity

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5
Q

What are metamorphic rocks

A

•Metamorphic Rocks: (about 14% of all rocks) originate from mechanical, thermal, and chemical changes of igneous rocks.

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6
Q

what is the Dykstra-Parsons Coefficient

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7
Q

what is a PSD curve

A

Particle size distribution curve

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8
Q

what is anisotropy

A
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9
Q

what is the permeability equation for a vertical rectangular system with multiple layers

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10
Q

describe miscellaneous sedimentary voids (carbonate rocks)

A
  • Voids resulting from the accumulation of detrital fragments of fossils,
  • voids resulting from the packing of oolites,
  • vuggy and cavernous voids of irregular and variable sizes formed at the time of deposition,
  • voids created by living organisms at the time of deposition.
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11
Q

Grains and particles of the reservoir rock usually never fit together perfectly due to the high degree of

A

irregularity in space

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12
Q

describe the process of organic matter turning to kerogen

A
  • The organic materials, fine-grained sediments, and bacteria that are mixed and deposited in the quiet, low-energy environments are not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
  • The system approaches thermodynamic equilibrium during burial and the sediment undergoes diagenetic changes.
  • Low-molecular-weight water-soluble compounds formed during diagenesis are lost and leaving behind a solid organic mass compacted into fine kerogen particles.
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13
Q

what is primary porosity

A

1.Primary porosity: pore spaces in which oil and gas are found originated when the beds were laid down (matrix porosity).

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14
Q

What are the factors governing the magnitude of porosity in clastic sediment

A
  • Uniformity of grain size.
  • Degree of cementation or consolidation.
  • Amount of compaction during and after deposition.
  • Modes of packing.
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15
Q

Describe primary migration

A

•Primary Migration: is the processes by which hydrocarbons migrate from the source rock to a porous, permeable reservoir.

  1. Transport in colloidal (homogenous) solutions.
  2. Transport as a continuous hydrocarbon phase.
  3. Buoyant movement of individual droplets.
  4. Solution of hydrocarbons in water moving out of the source rock.
  5. Transport by mechanical forces during clay diagenesis.
  6. Movement through microfractures in the source rock.
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16
Q

name the properties of sedi rocks

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17
Q

What are the three types of gradient pressures

A
  • Hydrostatic Pressure (Pore Pressure): the increase of the fluid pressure with increasing depth due to the increasing weight of the overlying fluid, and average value of 10.53 kPa/m (0.465 psi/ft) generally is used.
  • Lithostatic Pressure: is caused by the density of the rocks and is transmitted through the grain-to-grain contacts of successive layers causing Overburden Pressure: (22.7 kPa/m or 1 psi/ft) Lithostatic pressure + Fluid Pressure (pore pressure)
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18
Q

what is the equation for permability

A
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19
Q

what is total porosity

A

1.Total (absolute): the ratio of the total void space in the sample to the bulk volume of that sample, regardless of whether or not those void spaces are interconnected.

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20
Q

how is bulk volume measured using the Porosity-Helium porosimeter

A
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21
Q

T/F

if smaller spheres are mixed the ratio of pore space to the solid framework becomes lower and porosity is reduced.

A

True

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22
Q

what are the two most fundamental properties of petrophyiscs

A

porosity (storage) of the reservoir rock and permeability (transmission of fluids) are the most fundamental physical properties

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23
Q

what is relative permeability

A
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24
Q

what are igneous rocks

A

•Igneous Rocks: (about 20% of all rocks) are the product of the cooling of molten magma intruding from below the mantle of the crust.

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25
Q

what is the equation for horizontal linear flow in pipes and fractures

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26
Q

what is the equation for permeability for a horizontal rectangular system with multiple layers

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27
Q

•The fluid displaced by a sample can be observed either….

A

•The fluid displaced by a sample can be observed either volumetrically or gravimetrically.

Gravimetric determinations of bulk volume can be accomplished by observing the loss in weight of the sample when immersed in a fluid or by change in weight of a pycnometer with and without the core sample.

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28
Q

describe uniformity of grain size in terms of a factor that affects porosity

A
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29
Q

what is heterogeniety

A
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30
Q

what is the Dykstra-Parsons Coefficient

A
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31
Q

what are arkose reservoirs

A
  • Steep land relief results in incomplete chemical weathering that yields arkose-type Sediments (>20% feldspar).
  • Angular grains with considerable size variation, full of clay and feldspar, thick reservoirs with extremely varied reservoir permeability.
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32
Q

describe the directions of directional permiability

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33
Q

what are the two equations for compressibility

A
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34
Q

petrophysics is bound to what two things

A

•Petrophysics is intrinsically bound to mineralogy and geology because the majority of the world’s petroleum occurs in porous sedimentary rocks.

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35
Q

what is permeability

A
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36
Q

What is the difference between absolute permeability and effective permeability

A
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37
Q

what is isolated or non-effective porosity

A

The difference between the total and effective porosities

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38
Q

The void space created throughout the beds between grains is called

A

pore space or interstice

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39
Q

describe reservoir heterogenity

A
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40
Q

what is the difference in permeability in a homogenous reservoir and hetergenous reservoir

A
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41
Q

describe non-horizontal linear flow-incompressible fluid

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42
Q

what is reservoir heterogeneity

A
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43
Q

Describe the change of kerogen to oil and gas

A
  • Consecutive deposition of sediments in the basin leads to deeper burial and put everything out of thermodynamic equilibrium (Catagenetic).
  • the sediments are being compacted with expulsion of water and decrease of porosity and permeability.
  • The kerogen evolves through a liquid bitumen to liquid petroleum.
  • deeper burial and heating, the kerogen is ultimately reduced to graphite and methane (metagenesis).
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44
Q

describe the general darcy equation

A
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45
Q

what are traps

A

•Hydrocarbon Traps: A porous, permeable formation that has been folded into an anticlinal trap (most of the time) and is enclosed between impermeable rocks.

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46
Q

What is specific gravity

A

•Specific gravity (SG) is the density of the fluid at any temperature and pressure divided by the density of water at 60 F and 14.7 psia.

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47
Q

what does the effect of compaction on porosity look like in graph form

A
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48
Q

what is the equation for horizontal radial flow perpendicular to bedding

A
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49
Q

what are flow units

A
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50
Q

what is the equation for the boyle’s law device

A
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51
Q

What is petrophysics

A

•Petrophysics is the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids.

52
Q

what is the equation for horizontal radial flow parallel to bedding

A
53
Q

what are the list of elements that are the major constituents of sedimentary rocks obtained by SEM analysis.

A
54
Q

sorting depends on what 4 major factors

A
  • size range of material,
  • type of deposition,
  • current characteristics, and
  • the duration of the sedimentary process.
55
Q

how is the rock type related to the permeabiliy porosity plot

A
56
Q

what is relative permeability

A
57
Q

name the names for the ranges of porosity

A
58
Q

what are intergranular or interparticle voids

A

•Voids between grains, i.e., interstitial voids of all kinds in all types of rocks.

59
Q

describe the modes of packing in terms of a factor that affects porosity

A
60
Q

What is secondary permeability

A
  • Secondary permeability resulted from the alteration of the rock matrix by compaction, cementation, fracturing, and solution.
  • Whereas compaction and cementation generally reduce the permeability, fracturing and solution tend to increase it.
61
Q

what is secondary porosity

A

1.Secondary porosity: pore space formed through subsequent diagenesis (e.g., dolomitization in carbonate rocks), catagenesis, earth stresses, and solution by water flowing through the rock (induced porosity).

62
Q

how is bulk volume measured using a Russel Volumeter

A
63
Q

what are the lithological factors that affect porosity?

A
  • the type, content, and hydration of the clays present in the rock;
  • the heterogeneity of grain sizes;
  • the packing and cementation of the grains; and
  • any weathering and leaching that may affect the rock
64
Q

describe the amount of compaction during and after deposition in terms of a factor that affects porosity

A
65
Q

what is Dolomitization porosity

A

A process by which limestone is transformed into dolomite and increases the porosity.

66
Q

what is the equation for horizontal radial flow

A
67
Q

The porosity of a reservoir rock is defined as

A

as that fraction of the bulk volume of the reservoir that is not occupied by the solid framework of the reservoir.

68
Q

what is the equation for permeability of compressible fluids

A
69
Q

name the characteristics of flow units

A
70
Q

what is the equation for flow through a horizontal system with average permeability

A
71
Q

what is solution porosity

A

Channels due to the solution of rocks by circulating warm or hot solutions;

72
Q

describe horizontal linear flow-incompressible fluid

A
73
Q

what is a mineral

A

•Minerals are naturally occurring chemical elements or compounds formed as a result of inorganic processes.

74
Q

What is the Kozeny correlation

A
75
Q

how is permeability judged

A
76
Q

what factors affect permeability

A
77
Q

How is the lithology of hydrocarbon reservoirs described

A
78
Q

how is bulk volume measured using the Mercury Pyconometer

A
79
Q

describe structural traps

A

•Structural Trap: formed by tectonic processes acting on sedimentary beds after their deposition.

  1. fold traps formed by either compressional or compactional anticlines,
  2. fault traps formed by displacement of blocks of rocks due to unequal tectonic pressure,
  3. diapiric traps produced by intrusion of salt or mud diapirs.
80
Q

what are quartzose reservoirs

A
  • A low-relief land surface, erosion is at a minimum and chemical degradation of rocks to quartz is at a maximum.
  • Well-sorted, granular, exhibit relatively high permeability in the reservoir (mainly Quartz mineral).
81
Q

name sedi rocks with a bilogical origin

A
82
Q

what is a basin

A
  • Basins represent accumulations of clastic and evaporite materials in a geologically depressed area or an offshore slope.
  • They have thick sedimentary layers in the center that thin toward the edges.
  • Hydrocarbon can be explored in some basins based on where and how they are formed (Williston Basin).
83
Q

how does the compressibility of porous rock work?

A
84
Q

what is the equation for permeability for a core sample at stready state and linear flow

A
85
Q

name sedi rocks created by mechicanical weathers

A
86
Q

What are sedimentary rocks

A
  • Sedimentary Rocks: (about 66% of all rocks) are important to the study of petrophysics and petroleum engineering.
  • The Sedimentary rocks may be organized according to their origin (mechanical, chemical, and biological) and their composition.
87
Q

what are graywacke reservoirs

A
  • Accumulation of graywacke-type sediments in a geosyncline adjacent to a land mass of moderate relief.
  • Graywacke: poorly sorted angular grains of quartz and small rock fragments in a compact, clay matrix.
  • Poorly sorted grains, irregular shape with presence of clay minerals and reservoir permeability changes considerably over short distances.
88
Q

described measured permeability versus liquid permeability

A
89
Q

what are the three types of compressibility

A

Rocks show three types of compressibility:

  1. Matrix compressibility: Fractional change in volume of solid rock material (grains) with unit change in pressure.
  2. Pore compressibility: Fractional change in pore volume of the rock with unit change in pressure
  3. Bulk compressibility: Fractional change in volume of the bulk volume of the rock with unit change in pressure.
90
Q

what is the equation for horizontal linear flow parallel to bedding

A
91
Q

Describe secondary migration

A

•Secondary Migration: After leaving the source rock, the hydrocarbons migrate upward through permeable beds until they reach a sealed hydrocarbon trap where accumulation occurs forming a hydrocarbon reservoir.

  1. Capillary pressure phenomena.
  2. Buoyancy
  3. Wettability
  4. Interfacial tension
92
Q

what is primary permeability

A

Primary permeability, also known as the matrix permeability, originated at the time of deposition and lithification (hardening) of sedimentary rocks.

93
Q

what is the equation for radial system permeability with wellbore damage

A
94
Q

what are bedding plane voids

A

•Voids of many varieties are concentrated parallel to bedding planes. The larger geometry of many petroleum reservoirs is controlled by such bedding planes.

95
Q

describe the permeability of clays

A
96
Q

how is grain size related in terms of the porosity and permeability plot

A
97
Q

What is effective porosity

A

Effective: effective porosity is the value used in all reservoir engineering calculations

98
Q

Give an overview of the complete transformation process of organic matter to oil and gas

A
99
Q

what is the equation for horizontal linear flow parallel to bedding

A
100
Q

What is a colloidal solution

A

Colloidal soloution: a homogeneous, noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance. Colloids include gels, sols, and emulsions; the particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension.

101
Q

what are Intercrystalline voids

A

•Voids between cleavage planes of crystals, individual crystals, voids in crystal lattices and mud-sized particles (micro-porosity).

102
Q

what is the porosity permeability relationship

A
103
Q

how can you prevent fluid from transferring into the core sample during bulk volume measurements

A
  • In either procedure it is necessary to prevent the fluid penetration into the pore space of the rock.
  • This can be accomplished:
  • by coating the sample with paraffin or a similar substance,
  • by saturating the core with the fluid into which it is to be immersed, or by using mercury.
104
Q

describe the origin of petroleum

A
  • Petroleum contains compounds that have characteristic chemical structures related to plants and animals (geochemistry).
  • Source rock: Where the organic matter is deposited are the fine-grained sediments that are deposited in quiet low energy (shallow marine)environment during geologic basin formation.
105
Q

Air permeability measured in a routine core analysis laboratory on a (nonfractured) core sample will give ______ values than the actual reservoir permeability.

A
106
Q

what is the klickenberg effect

A
107
Q

petrophysical properties of rock depending on wha

A

•Petrophysical properties of the rocks depend largely on the depositional environmental conditions that controlled the mineral composition, grain size, orientation or packing, amount of cementation, and compaction.

108
Q

What is the Kozeny correlation with respect to pore volume surface area

A
109
Q

Why are quiet low energy environments required for petroleum formation?

A

Anaerobic bacteria tend to reduce organic compounds by removal of oxygen from the molecules in some cases, but they do not attack the carbon-to-carbon bond of hydrocarbons. The evidence for the origin of petroleum in low-energy, anaerobic environments is supported by the fact that in the opposite condition (high energy, aerobic environments) aerobic bacteria decompose organic matter to carbon dioxide and water.

110
Q

what are the units of permeability for a core sample at steady state and linear flow

A
111
Q

what is compressibility and its units

A
112
Q

what are the different classifications of permeability

A
113
Q

how is bulk volume measured by the gravimetric method?

A
114
Q

describe the generalized Darcy’s equation for permeability in Darcy units and Field units

A
115
Q

describe stratigraphic traps

A

•Stratigraphic Traps: are produced by facies (lithology) changes around the porous, permeable formation such as: pinch-outs and lenticular sand bodies surrounded by impermeable shales.

116
Q

what is the equation for permeability given porosity and capilary radius

A
117
Q

how is bulk volume measured

A

Although the bulk volume may be computed from measurements of the dimensions of a uniformly shaped sample, the usual procedure utilizes the observation of the volume of fluid displaced by the sample.

118
Q

name sedi rocks created by chemical weathering

A
119
Q

what are teh 8 minerals that make up the earths crust

A
120
Q

What is the equation for API gravity

A
121
Q

what is the equation for porosity

A
122
Q

what are the two Kozeny correlation equations

A
123
Q

what are the two types of traps

A

•Hydrocarbon traps are generally classified as either structural or stratigraphic,

124
Q

what is fracture porosity

A

Openings created by structural failure of the reservoir rocks under tension caused by tectonic activities such as folding and faulting (joints, fissures, and fractures).

125
Q

desribe the distribution of hyrocarbon fluids in traps

A

Reservoir Fluid Properties (3 decks)

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