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test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

related to brain and the message your brain gets

- how energy around you becomes energy in your nervous system

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2
Q

perception

A

how your brain processes sensation

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3
Q

all sensory processing steps

A

information -> sensory processing (raw data) -> perceptual processing (interpretation)

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4
Q

stages of sensation

A

energy/info -> accessory structures: collect/modify (passive) -> sensory receptors: transduction (turn physical energy into neural signal) -> sensory neuron: transfers -> thalamus -> cortex

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5
Q

process of hearing

A

pinna (outside part of ear): set up matters in term of localization -> tympanic membrane (eardrum): sounds vibrate this and make it push on the surface of the cochlea -> cochlea: vibrations push bones which cause fluid inside to move -> hair cells: move because of fluid and start the process of hearing -> auditory nerve: relays info to brain

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6
Q

accessory structures of hearing

A

pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea

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7
Q

process of seeing

A

light rays (outside physical energy): go through cornea -> pupil and iris: expand and contract to allow more/less light -> lens: focusing light that comes through onto a particular part of the retina -> retina: whole back of eyeball, holds all the sensory receptors -> rods (motion/bw) and cones (color) -> fovea: point of central focus, allows for best vision if lens directs light to fovea -> optic nerve: transfers info to our brain

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8
Q

accessory structures of seeing

A

cornea
pupil/iris
lens
retina

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9
Q

reasons for loss of hearing in older adults

A

death of hair cells on ears

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10
Q

reasons for loss of vision in older adults

A

death of cells in lens causing rigidity

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11
Q

saccade

A

eye jumps back and forth, moves fast enough to fill blindspot caused by optic nerve
- if your eye stops moving its stimilar to habituation and you stop taking in info

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12
Q

bottom up processing

A

relied on sensory processes (data driven)

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13
Q

top down processing

A

relies on perception (conceptually driven)

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14
Q

object recognition and pattern recognition

A

identify a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli and you perceive that this pattern is different from its background

  • sensory processes transform and organize the raw information provided by your sensory receptors
  • compares sensory stimuli with info you have stored in your memory
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15
Q

distal stimulus

A

actual object that is “out there” in environment (pen on desk)

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16
Q

proximal stimulus

A

infromation registered on your sensory receptors (the image your pen creates on your retina)

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17
Q

sensory memory

A

large capacity storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy

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18
Q

iconic (visual sensory) memory:

A

preserves an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after stimulus has disappeared

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19
Q

primary visual cortex

A

located in occipital lobe; concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli

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20
Q

figure

A

distinct shape of an object

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21
Q

ground

A

“left overs” the background

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22
Q

ambiguous figure ground relationship

A

figure and ground reverse from time to time (vase faces)

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23
Q

illusory contours

A

we see edges even if they aren’t physically present in stimulus

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24
Q

recognition by components

A

specific view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3d shapes called geons (combined to form meaningful objects)

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25
word superiority effect
identify a single letter more accurately and rapidly when it appears in a more meaningful word - recognizing the p in plan better than in pnla
26
inattentional blindness
when we are paying attention to events in a scene, we may fail to notice the appearance of a visual object
27
prototype/template model
we have a template stored in mind for anything we might encounter - anything can look different from the "template" - entirely relies on bottom up processing
28
pandemonium/feature analysis model
image -> cortical processing -> identify features - separate features are being searched for to identify visual information - missing ability to consider context
29
speech perception problems
- sloppy in production | - interpersonal differences
30
attention
concentration of mental activity that allows you to take in a limited portion of the vast stream of info available to you
31
divided attention task
try to pay attention to 2 or more simultaneous messages | - speed and accuracy suffer
32
multitask
try to accomplish 2 or more tasks at the same time
33
selective attention task
requires people to pay attention to certain kinds of information while ignoring others
34
dichotic listening
listening to 2 separate things at once | - in testing, researchers ask participants to shadow (repeat) info heard in one ear to test learning
35
cocktail part effect
paying close attention to one conversation and noticing your name mentioned in another
36
working memory
brief, immediate memory for material currently being processed
37
stroop effect
people take a long time to name ink color when the color is used for an incongruent word
38
emotional stroop task
people are instructed to name the ink color of words that could have emotional significance - fear of spiders -> use of hairy and crawl
39
attentional bias
situation in which people pay extra attention to some stimuli or feature
40
visual search
observer must find a target in a visual display that has distractions
41
isolated/combined feature effect
if the target differed from irrelevant items in the display w/ respect to a simple feature, observer quickly detects target
42
feature present/absent effect
people can typically locate a feature that is present more quickly than when absent
43
feature integration attention theory
looks at a scene using distributed attention and process everything at the same time
44
selective attention
more than 1 thing happening, but you focus on one while ignoring others
45
sustained attention
vigilance, staying focused on something in case something happens
46
inattentional bias
don't notice things if you are fully focused on something else
47
change blindness
not noticing a change in something you're focused on in the environment
48
reasons for change blindness
- expectations in top down processing | - don't have reason to think something will change
49
sensory memory
when sensory receptors take in info, it has to be held briefly in order to perciee - not a part of sensation, like a buffer - pre-processing - different than an "after image"
50
digit span
``` # of items you can retain and recall in order (average is 7) - tests short term memory ```
51
short term memory
``` very temporary (~30 seconds) - just rehearses info until it's not needed ```
52
common working memory task
reverse digit span because of processing
53
chunking
taking individual things and turning them into units to remember better
54
primacy effect
first items in a list being remembered best
55
serial position curve
demonstrates how first and last items in a list are remembered best - only see the curve when there are longer lists (more than 5-9 items)
56
proactive interference
things you learn early interfere with ability to learn related things later - release from p.i. -> rebound and remember more when category is switched
57
retroactive interference
what you learn most recently affects what you've already learned (related information)
58
decay
memory starts to vanish | - to test: make you remember -> dont think about anything (impossible) -> then test
59
implicit memory
memory without awareness - changes in performance 0 shallow processin is just fine
60
episodic memory
focuses on events that happened
61
semantic memory
knowledge about world around you
62
phonological loop
processing buffer that allows for the simultaneous processing and storage of sound based or linguistic information
63
visuospatial sketchpad
processes visual and spatial information
64
procedural memory
how to do things - not conscious recall
65
distinctiveness
finding differences in stimuli to remember them better
66
elaboration in memory
elaborating and explaining to remember better
67
self reference effect
relating info/stimulus to yourself
68
encoding specificity
recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to context during encoding
69
coarticulation
every time you say a phoneme, it's different depending on the letters before and after
70
mcgurk effect
the influence of visual information on speech perception when individuals must integrate both visual and auditory information
71
phonemic restoration
fill in a missing phoneme using contextual meaning as a cue
72
special mechanism approach (speech perception)
humans are born with a specialized device that allows us to decode speech stimuli - process speech faster than other sounds
73
general mechanism approach (speech perception)
humans use the same neural mechanisms to process both speech sounds and nonspeech sounds
74
characteristics of speech perception
1. listeners can impose boundaries between words even when these words are not separated by silence 2. phoneme pronunciation varies tremendously 3. context allows listeners to fill in missing sounds 4. visual cues help us interpret ambiguous sounds
75
fixation
visual system pauses briefly in order to acquire information that is useful for comprehension
76
regression
moving eyes backward to earlier material in a sentence when they realize they have not understood
77
bottleneck theories
limits the quantity of information to which we can pay attention
78
blindsight
an individual with damaged visual claims to not see an object but can accurately report characteristics of the object
79
brown/peterson & peterson
presented items, asked to remember, distractor task, recall original items
80
atkinson and shiffrin model of information processing
proposed that memory involves a sequence of separate steps
81
central executive
integrates information from episodic buffer, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long term memory
82
explicit tasks
episodic memory semantic memory listing as many cities, veggies, etc as possible
83
implicit tasks
word stem task word fragment task picture naming priming tasks
84
co-mission error
filled wrong word on stem list
85
ommission error
not filling in any word at all on stem list when you should've
86
false alarm
filling in a word when you shouldn't on stem list

learning and cognition (5 decks)

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