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learning and cognition > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

related to brain and the message your brain gets

- how energy around you becomes energy in your nervous system

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2
Q

perception

A

how your brain processes sensation

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3
Q

all sensory processing steps

A

information -> sensory processing (raw data) -> perceptual processing (interpretation)

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4
Q

stages of sensation

A

energy/info -> accessory structures: collect/modify (passive) -> sensory receptors: transduction (turn physical energy into neural signal) -> sensory neuron: transfers -> thalamus -> cortex

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5
Q

process of hearing

A

pinna (outside part of ear): set up matters in term of localization -> tympanic membrane (eardrum): sounds vibrate this and make it push on the surface of the cochlea -> cochlea: vibrations push bones which cause fluid inside to move -> hair cells: move because of fluid and start the process of hearing -> auditory nerve: relays info to brain

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6
Q

accessory structures of hearing

A

pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea

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7
Q

process of seeing

A

light rays (outside physical energy): go through cornea -> pupil and iris: expand and contract to allow more/less light -> lens: focusing light that comes through onto a particular part of the retina -> retina: whole back of eyeball, holds all the sensory receptors -> rods (motion/bw) and cones (color) -> fovea: point of central focus, allows for best vision if lens directs light to fovea -> optic nerve: transfers info to our brain

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8
Q

accessory structures of seeing

A

cornea
pupil/iris
lens
retina

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9
Q

reasons for loss of hearing in older adults

A

death of hair cells on ears

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10
Q

reasons for loss of vision in older adults

A

death of cells in lens causing rigidity

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11
Q

saccade

A

eye jumps back and forth, moves fast enough to fill blindspot caused by optic nerve
- if your eye stops moving its stimilar to habituation and you stop taking in info

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12
Q

bottom up processing

A

relied on sensory processes (data driven)

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13
Q

top down processing

A

relies on perception (conceptually driven)

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14
Q

object recognition and pattern recognition

A

identify a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli and you perceive that this pattern is different from its background

  • sensory processes transform and organize the raw information provided by your sensory receptors
  • compares sensory stimuli with info you have stored in your memory
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15
Q

distal stimulus

A

actual object that is “out there” in environment (pen on desk)

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16
Q

proximal stimulus

A

infromation registered on your sensory receptors (the image your pen creates on your retina)

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17
Q

sensory memory

A

large capacity storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy

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18
Q

iconic (visual sensory) memory:

A

preserves an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after stimulus has disappeared

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19
Q

primary visual cortex

A

located in occipital lobe; concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli

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20
Q

figure

A

distinct shape of an object

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21
Q

ground

A

“left overs” the background

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22
Q

ambiguous figure ground relationship

A

figure and ground reverse from time to time (vase faces)

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23
Q

illusory contours

A

we see edges even if they aren’t physically present in stimulus

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24
Q

recognition by components

A

specific view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3d shapes called geons (combined to form meaningful objects)

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25
Q

word superiority effect

A

identify a single letter more accurately and rapidly when it appears in a more meaningful word
- recognizing the p in plan better than in pnla

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26
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when we are paying attention to events in a scene, we may fail to notice the appearance of a visual object

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27
Q

prototype/template model

A

we have a template stored in mind for anything we might encounter

  • anything can look different from the “template”
  • entirely relies on bottom up processing
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28
Q

pandemonium/feature analysis model

A

image -> cortical processing -> identify features

  • separate features are being searched for to identify visual information
  • missing ability to consider context
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29
Q

speech perception problems

A
  • sloppy in production

- interpersonal differences

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30
Q

attention

A

concentration of mental activity that allows you to take in a limited portion of the vast stream of info available to you

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31
Q

divided attention task

A

try to pay attention to 2 or more simultaneous messages

- speed and accuracy suffer

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32
Q

multitask

A

try to accomplish 2 or more tasks at the same time

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33
Q

selective attention task

A

requires people to pay attention to certain kinds of information while ignoring others

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34
Q

dichotic listening

A

listening to 2 separate things at once

- in testing, researchers ask participants to shadow (repeat) info heard in one ear to test learning

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35
Q

cocktail part effect

A

paying close attention to one conversation and noticing your name mentioned in another

36
Q

working memory

A

brief, immediate memory for material currently being processed

37
Q

stroop effect

A

people take a long time to name ink color when the color is used for an incongruent word

38
Q

emotional stroop task

A

people are instructed to name the ink color of words that could have emotional significance
- fear of spiders -> use of hairy and crawl

39
Q

attentional bias

A

situation in which people pay extra attention to some stimuli or feature

40
Q

visual search

A

observer must find a target in a visual display that has distractions

41
Q

isolated/combined feature effect

A

if the target differed from irrelevant items in the display w/ respect to a simple feature, observer quickly detects target

42
Q

feature present/absent effect

A

people can typically locate a feature that is present more quickly than when absent

43
Q

feature integration attention theory

A

looks at a scene using distributed attention and process everything at the same time

44
Q

selective attention

A

more than 1 thing happening, but you focus on one while ignoring others

45
Q

sustained attention

A

vigilance, staying focused on something in case something happens

46
Q

inattentional bias

A

don’t notice things if you are fully focused on something else

47
Q

change blindness

A

not noticing a change in something you’re focused on in the environment

48
Q

reasons for change blindness

A
  • expectations in top down processing

- don’t have reason to think something will change

49
Q

sensory memory

A

when sensory receptors take in info, it has to be held briefly in order to perciee

  • not a part of sensation, like a buffer
  • pre-processing
  • different than an “after image”
50
Q

digit span

A 
# of items you can retain and recall in order (average is 7)
- tests short term memory
51
Q

short term memory

A 
very temporary (~30 seconds)
- just rehearses info until it's not needed
52
Q

common working memory task

A

reverse digit span because of processing

53
Q

chunking

A

taking individual things and turning them into units to remember better

54
Q

primacy effect

A

first items in a list being remembered best

55
Q

serial position curve

A

demonstrates how first and last items in a list are remembered best
- only see the curve when there are longer lists (more than 5-9 items)

56
Q

proactive interference

A

things you learn early interfere with ability to learn related things later
- release from p.i. -> rebound and remember more when category is switched

57
Q

retroactive interference

A

what you learn most recently affects what you’ve already learned (related information)

58
Q

decay

A

memory starts to vanish

- to test: make you remember -> dont think about anything (impossible) -> then test

59
Q

implicit memory

A

memory without awareness
- changes in performance
0 shallow processin is just fine

60
Q

episodic memory

A

focuses on events that happened

61
Q

semantic memory

A

knowledge about world around you

62
Q

phonological loop

A

processing buffer that allows for the simultaneous processing and storage of sound based or linguistic information

63
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

processes visual and spatial information

64
Q

procedural memory

A

how to do things - not conscious recall

65
Q

distinctiveness

A

finding differences in stimuli to remember them better

66
Q

elaboration in memory

A

elaborating and explaining to remember better

67
Q

self reference effect

A

relating info/stimulus to yourself

68
Q

encoding specificity

A

recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to context during encoding

69
Q

coarticulation

A

every time you say a phoneme, it’s different depending on the letters before and after

70
Q

mcgurk effect

A

the influence of visual information on speech perception when individuals must integrate both visual and auditory information

71
Q

phonemic restoration

A

fill in a missing phoneme using contextual meaning as a cue

72
Q

special mechanism approach (speech perception)

A

humans are born with a specialized device that allows us to decode speech stimuli
- process speech faster than other sounds

73
Q

general mechanism approach (speech perception)

A

humans use the same neural mechanisms to process both speech sounds and nonspeech sounds

74
Q

characteristics of speech perception

A
  1. listeners can impose boundaries between words even when these words are not separated by silence
  2. phoneme pronunciation varies tremendously
  3. context allows listeners to fill in missing sounds
  4. visual cues help us interpret ambiguous sounds
75
Q

fixation

A

visual system pauses briefly in order to acquire information that is useful for comprehension

76
Q

regression

A

moving eyes backward to earlier material in a sentence when they realize they have not understood

77
Q

bottleneck theories

A

limits the quantity of information to which we can pay attention

78
Q

blindsight

A

an individual with damaged visual claims to not see an object but can accurately report characteristics of the object

79
Q

brown/peterson & peterson

A

presented items, asked to remember, distractor task, recall original items

80
Q

atkinson and shiffrin model of information processing

A

proposed that memory involves a sequence of separate steps

81
Q

central executive

A

integrates information from episodic buffer, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long term memory

82
Q

explicit tasks

A

episodic memory
semantic memory
listing as many cities, veggies, etc as possible

83
Q

implicit tasks

A

word stem task
word fragment task
picture naming
priming tasks

84
Q

co-mission error

A

filled wrong word on stem list

85
Q

ommission error

A

not filling in any word at all on stem list when you should’ve

86
Q

false alarm

A

filling in a word when you shouldn’t on stem list

learning and cognition (5 decks)

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