new info for final

Question 1

language development - birth

Answer 1

some form of comprehension happening

Question 2

how to test comprehension in infants

Answer 2

sucking - sucking rates vary based on noises in the environment
looking around - measure if infant looks at concept represented by linguistic input (looking at mom when hearing the word mom)
kicking - measure how much they kivk

Question 3

what can infants understand

Answer 3

their name, labels for their caregivers, phoneme differentiation, word boundaries, repetitions, emotions in speech

Question 4

how do babies communicate without language production

Answer 4

crying, facial expressions, gestures

Question 5

language development - 2-6 months

Answer 5

cooing vowels

- viewed as practicing using vocal chords

Question 6

language development - 6-7 months

Answer 6

babbling

• adds consonant sounds
• mama and dada normally occur here (baby is rewarded for this so it happens more - explicit learning)

Question 7

language development - around 12 months

Answer 7

words

• range of words known: 0-50
• babbling sounds more like sentences

Question 8

language development - 18 months

Answer 8

acquire 7-10 words each day (mostly nouns)

- doesn’t include mimicking

Question 9

whole object assumption

Answer 9

any new label applies to the whole object

Question 10

over-extension

Answer 10

applying one label to different but similar enough objects (calling a dog a cat)

Question 11

under-extension

Answer 11

learning a general label but only applying it to one specific thing (learning “dog” for one dog but not calling other dogs “dog”)

Question 12

holophrases

Answer 12

producing a single word to represent a whole idea

• often combined with gestures
• not only used by children, but mostly all they’re capable of

Question 13

language development - 24 month

Answer 13

telegraphic speech

- at first just two word phrases (figure out most important words to convey message)

Question 14

sensory changes in older adults

Answer 14

• compromised signal from interactions with environment
• top down processing supplements missing/compromised sensation
• have a harder time participating in studies because of sensory changes, but desirable difficulties could increase performance

Question 15

changes in older adults - sustained attention

Answer 15

vigilance is not affected if only vision problem is lens rigidity

Question 16

changes in older adults - divided attention

Answer 16

even more pronounced alternation in attention (more focus in switching…stop walking to talk)

Question 17

changes in older adults - sensory memory

Answer 17

unaffected by age

Question 18

changes in older adults - short term memory

Answer 18

not affected by age (magical 7 still applies)

Question 19

changes in older adults - working memory

Answer 19

substantial changes in processing makes it harder

- more difficulty with complext tasks

Question 20

changes in older adults - implicit memory

Answer 20

relatively preserved with aging

Question 21

changes in older adults - explicit memory

Answer 21

more trouble making long term memories (encoding)

• specifically with arbitrary and meaningless episodes
• trouble learning name/face associations

Question 22

changes in older adults - semantic memory

Answer 22

no trouble increasing vocab and other types of general knowledge
- can have trouble retrieving (more TOTs)

Question 23

reminiscence bump

Answer 23

older adults tend to remember a ton from 20s/early adulthood

- important life events occur here

Question 24

changes in older adults - prospective memory

Answer 24

becomes worse

Question 25

changes in older adults - comprehension

Answer 25

stable with age | - use online techniques to measure (measuring as comprehension happens)

Question 26

changes in older adults - production

Answer 26

varies by type of production - can produce language just as well usually - stories become more well-rounded and preferred compared to young people's stories

Question 27

children's working memory

Answer 27

- 2 year old: recall average of 2 numbers in a row - 9 year old: recall average of 6 - by 11/12 can usually match performance f college students

Question 28

children's long term memory

Answer 28

- typically have excellent recognition memory but poor recall memory

Question 29

source monitoring in children

Answer 29

often have trouble distinguishing between reality and fantasy before 7 - more likely to happen when they imagine doing something

Question 30

memory strategies in children - rehearsal

Answer 30

do not begin rehearsing to remember until about 7

Question 31

memory strategies in children - organizational strategies

Answer 31

younger children are less likely to spontaneously group similar items together for memorization

Question 32

memory strategies in children - imagery

Answer 32

can be trained to use visual imagery, but do not use it on their own

Question 33

changes in older adults - recognition memory

Answer 33

declines very slowly or not at all

Question 34

fast mapping

Answer 34

using context to make a reasonable guess about a word's meaning after just one or two exposures

Question 35

overregularization

Answer 35

add customary grammatical morphemes to create new forms of irregular words (mouses, runned)