Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Nutrition > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What fat soluble vitamins do all animals require

A

Vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vitamin A function

A

Vision, maintenance, bone growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness, red reproduction performance and bone growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What vitamin has the same characteristics as Selenium (Se)

A

Vitamin E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vitamin E functions

A

Peroxidase activity, carcass quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

White muscle disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Sunlight-skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vitamin D function

A

Ca metabolism and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Abnormal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What vitamin is responsible for blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vitamin K functions in avians

A

Intestinal MCO synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vitamin K antagonist

A

Warfarin, dicoumarol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vitamin C functions

A

Energy metabolism, immune system, prevent scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Deficiency results in

A

Low growth, low efficiency, no storage, not stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thiamine deficiency

A

Beriberi-pow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Thyroid enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pantothenic acid deficiency

A

Burning feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nutrition composition of feeds

A

CP, minerals, vitamins, energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is proximate analysis

A

Set of chemical/analytical procedures developed in Germany. Procedure to estimate nutrient composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Estimates of nutrient value of food

A 
H2O
CP-crude protein
Ether extract- fat
Ash- mineral
CF- crude fiber
Nitrogen free extract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dry matter estimates

A

Water content of feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CP measures

A

Kjedldahl method- %nitrogen x 6.25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ether extract measures

A

Lipid (fat content)

Weigh sample-extract with ether-weigh again = what is lost is lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fat is

A

Energy packed. 2.25 times more energy than CHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ash measures

A

Burned sample at 600 Celsius, what is left is ash or minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Carbohydrates are measured by

A

Crude fiber and nitrogen free extract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Crude fiber measured

A

Simulate digestion and fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nitrogen free extract measured

A

NFE = 100 - (%cp + h2o + EE + CF + ash)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Van Soest method to describe forages

A

Crude fiber measure not good enough for ruminants, ruminants better utilize forages, needed better system that included amount and type of fiber (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

A

Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin

Predict intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Acid detergent fiber (ADF)

A

Cellulose and lignin

Predict digestibility or energy content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Heat is measured in

A

Calories or joules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a calorie

A

Heat required to raise temp of water by 1 Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Energy is derived from

A

CHO- sugar starches fiber
Fat
Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Predicting energy value of feeds

A

Chemical analysis- assigns energy value to nutrients

Bomb calorimetry- combust sample of feed, heat give off = number of calories for combustion, gross energy(GE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Total digestible nutrients (TDN)

A

Predict energy content for ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of large molecules to simpler, smaller chemical compounds that can be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Physical digestion

A

Chewing- mastication
Grinding in GI tract
Omassum- ruminant
Digestive turbulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Three main methods of digestion of food

A

Mechanical/physical, chemical, enzymatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Chemical digestion

A

HCL- stomach to protein

Bile acids produced by liver

42
Q

Enzymatic digestion

A

Proteins, specific substrates (lactase for lactose), narrow pH, cofactors

43
Q

Absorption

A

Set of processes that result in passage of small molecules from lumen of gut through cells of GI tract to bloodstream

44
Q

Absorption is dependent on

A

Large surface area and intestinal modifications to increase surface area

45
Q

Types of absorption

A

Passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, phagocytosis

46
Q

Passive diffusion

A

Passage of substance from lumen to intestine due to concentration gradient, high to low, no energy

47
Q

Active transport

A

Absorption from linen to intestine against concentration gradient, low to high, requires energy and carrier protein

48
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Similar to active transport except not agains concentration gradient and no energy, high to low, carrier protein but no energy

49
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Absorption when part of villi cell breaks off and engulfs a nutrient, no digestion, absorbs large molecules

50
Q

Digestive tract dictates what

A

An animal can consume

51
Q

Digestive system of dog

A

Mono-gastric carnivore

52
Q

Pig digestive system

A

Monogastric omnivore

53
Q

Horse digestive system

A

Monogastric herbivore

54
Q

Sheep digestive system

A

Ruminant herbivore

55
Q

Steps of digestion

A
  1. Prehension
  2. Mastication
  3. Salivation
  4. Swallowing
  5. Stomach
  6. Small intestine
  7. Large intestine
  8. Defecation
  9. Urination
56
Q

Prehension

A

First step of digestion

Definition: seizing and conveying of food to the mouth

57
Q

Means of prehension

A

Biped- use upper limbs

Quadrupeds- use mouth teeth and lips

58
Q

Carnivores use what for prehension

A

Canine teeth- ripping and tearing
Strong jaws
Upper and lower molars

59
Q

Herbivores use what for prehension

A

Cows- mobile tongue to seize grass, dental pad, lower incisors, upper and lower molars
Sheep- mobile lip, dental pad, lower incisors, more selective than cow
Horse- mobile lips, nibble, upper and lower incisors, graze closer than cow

60
Q

Avian prehension

A

No lips, no teeth, extreme diversity

61
Q

Mastication

A

Vertical movements of the jaw which cruse food particles between teeth (physical/mechanical digestion)

62
Q

Herbivore mastication

A

Form a bolus, swallow, rumen, regurgitate, marinate more, ruminate

63
Q

Salivation

A

Secretion and mixing saliva with food

64
Q

Salivary glands are located

A

Parotid- beneath ear
Submandibular- either side of jaw
Sublingual- underneath tongue

65
Q

Composition of saliva

A

99% water
Mucin
Electrolytes
Salivary amylase (not in cattle dogs cats or horses)

66
Q

Saliva functions

A 
Lubrication of food
Solvent 
Clean oral cavity 
Washes dental cavity
Buffer- NaCO3 in ruminants
Nitrogen recycling in ruminants (urea)
Phosphorus- source for ruminants
67
Q

Swelling or deglutition

A

Reflex of passing anything from the mount through the esophagus to the stomach/rumen

68
Q

Steps of swallowing or deglutition

A
  1. Neural reflex
    - voluntary, first 1/3 of swallow process
    - involuntary, last 2/3 of swallow
  2. Bolus moves down peristaltic wave
  3. Cardiac sphincter- end of esophagus, don’t not allow reflux up esophagus
69
Q

Chief cells produce

A

Pepsinogen

70
Q

Parietal cells produce

A

HCL

71
Q

Neck cells produce

A

Mucus

72
Q

HCL in the stomach does what

A

Denatures proteins, activates pepsinogen to pepsin, gives optimal pH(2-2.5), kills bacteria

73
Q

Pepsin does what

A

Cleaves proteins making shorter chain length

74
Q

Rennin does what

A

Acts on milk protein

75
Q

What keeps the stomach from digesting itself?

A

Mucin secreted by liner cells, provides coating, HCL is diluted by saliva and digestion, urease (enzyme that breaks down urea) is a buffer, enzymes in inactive form (zymogen)

76
Q

Increased surface area in SI

A

Folds, villi, microvilli

77
Q

Duodenum

A

First part SI, primary site for digestion, pyloric sphincter to jejunum

78
Q

Jejunum

A

Second segment, most villi, primary site for absorption, duodenum to ileum

79
Q

Ileum

A

Third part, secondary site of absorption, jejunum to large intestine

80
Q

Bile

A

Made in liver, stored in gall bladder

81
Q

Bile function

A

Detergent action-solubilizes fat

Forms complex with fatty acid- aids in absorption of fat

82
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

Secretion from pancreas that contains very potent digestive enzymes, contains buffers (HCO3 and NaCO3 that neutralize pH)

83
Q

Main pancreatic juice enzymes

A 
Trypsin/chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Aminopeptidase
Intestinal lipase
Amylase
Other enzymes
84
Q

Duodenal juice

A

Secreted by brush border of SI, contains enzymes secreted by intestinal mucus, activates tryspinogen to tryspin

85
Q

Coprophagy

A

Eating of feces

86
Q

Defecation definition

A

Discharge of excrement from rectum or cloaca

87
Q

Contents of fecal matter

A

Water, undigested feed, residues of dishes rice enzymes, sloughed cells, bacteria

88
Q

Components of urine

A 
Urea- animals
Uric acid- birds
Ammonia
Minerals- Cl, K, P, Ana
Water
Glucose and small CHOs
89
Q

Substances found in urine should generally be considered

A

Waste products of metabolism rather than digestion

90
Q

Enzymes in swine digestion

A

Trypsin (pancreas)
Chymotrypsin (pancreas)
Carboxypeptidase (pancreas)
Aminopeptidase (brush border)

91
Q

Trypsin function

A

Initially secreted as trypsinogen activated by Ca ions and enzymes from brush border, breaks down protein into amino acids and peptides

92
Q

Chymotrypsin function

A

Secreted as chrymotrypsinigen, activated by trypsin, breakdown proteins to peptides and amino acids

93
Q

Carboxypeptidase function

A

Secreted as procarboxypeptidase, activated by trypsin, acts on peptides, break down to amino acids

94
Q

Aminopeptidase function

A

Act on small peptides, breakdown to amino acids

95
Q

Small intestine in swine have

A

Pancreatic juice- enzymatic
Bile-chemical
Duodenal juice- enzymatic
Movement of intestinal wall- mechanical

96
Q

Bile digestion in swine

A

Emulsified fat
Digestion and absorption of fat
Aids in absorption of water soluble vitamins
Activates lipase

97
Q

Pancreatic lipase in swine

A

Converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Action most effective after fats have been emulsified by the bile

98
Q

Large intestine function in swine

A

Absorb water, VFA and acts as reservoir for waste materials

99
Q

Pancreatic amylase in swin

A

Converts starch to maltose

100
Q

Brush border enzymes in swine

A

Maltase- converts maltose to glucose
Sucrase- converts sucrose to glucose and fructose
Lactase- converts lactose to glucose and galactose

Animal Nutrition (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions