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Animal Nutrition > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What fat soluble vitamins do all animals require

A

Vitamin A

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2
Q

Vitamin A function

A

Vision, maintenance, bone growth

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3
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness, red reproduction performance and bone growth

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4
Q

What vitamin has the same characteristics as Selenium (Se)

A

Vitamin E

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5
Q

Vitamin E functions

A

Peroxidase activity, carcass quality

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6
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

White muscle disease

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7
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Sunlight-skin

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8
Q

Vitamin D function

A

Ca metabolism and absorption

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9
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Abnormal bone

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10
Q

What vitamin is responsible for blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

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11
Q

Vitamin K functions in avians

A

Intestinal MCO synthesis

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12
Q

Vitamin K antagonist

A

Warfarin, dicoumarol

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13
Q

Vitamin C functions

A

Energy metabolism, immune system, prevent scurvy

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14
Q

Deficiency results in

A

Low growth, low efficiency, no storage, not stable

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15
Q

Thiamine deficiency

A

Beriberi-pow

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16
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra

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17
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Thyroid enlargement

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18
Q

Pantothenic acid deficiency

A

Burning feet

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19
Q

Nutrition composition of feeds

A

CP, minerals, vitamins, energy

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20
Q

What is proximate analysis

A

Set of chemical/analytical procedures developed in Germany. Procedure to estimate nutrient composition

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21
Q

Estimates of nutrient value of food

A 
H2O
CP-crude protein
Ether extract- fat
Ash- mineral
CF- crude fiber
Nitrogen free extract
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22
Q

Dry matter estimates

A

Water content of feed

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23
Q

CP measures

A

Kjedldahl method- %nitrogen x 6.25

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24
Q

Ether extract measures

A

Lipid (fat content)

Weigh sample-extract with ether-weigh again = what is lost is lipids

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25
Q

Fat is

A

Energy packed. 2.25 times more energy than CHO

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26
Q

Ash measures

A

Burned sample at 600 Celsius, what is left is ash or minerals

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27
Q

Carbohydrates are measured by

A

Crude fiber and nitrogen free extract

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28
Q

Crude fiber measured

A

Simulate digestion and fermentation

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29
Q

Nitrogen free extract measured

A

NFE = 100 - (%cp + h2o + EE + CF + ash)

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30
Q

Van Soest method to describe forages

A

Crude fiber measure not good enough for ruminants, ruminants better utilize forages, needed better system that included amount and type of fiber (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin)

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31
Q

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

A

Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin

Predict intake

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32
Q

Acid detergent fiber (ADF)

A

Cellulose and lignin

Predict digestibility or energy content

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33
Q

Heat is measured in

A

Calories or joules

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34
Q

What is a calorie

A

Heat required to raise temp of water by 1 Celsius

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35
Q

Energy is derived from

A

CHO- sugar starches fiber
Fat
Protein

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36
Q

Predicting energy value of feeds

A

Chemical analysis- assigns energy value to nutrients

Bomb calorimetry- combust sample of feed, heat give off = number of calories for combustion, gross energy(GE)

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37
Q

Total digestible nutrients (TDN)

A

Predict energy content for ruminants

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38
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of large molecules to simpler, smaller chemical compounds that can be absorbed

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39
Q

Physical digestion

A

Chewing- mastication
Grinding in GI tract
Omassum- ruminant
Digestive turbulence

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40
Q

Three main methods of digestion of food

A

Mechanical/physical, chemical, enzymatic

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41
Q

Chemical digestion

A

HCL- stomach to protein

Bile acids produced by liver

42
Q

Enzymatic digestion

A

Proteins, specific substrates (lactase for lactose), narrow pH, cofactors

43
Q

Absorption

A

Set of processes that result in passage of small molecules from lumen of gut through cells of GI tract to bloodstream

44
Q

Absorption is dependent on

A

Large surface area and intestinal modifications to increase surface area

45
Q

Types of absorption

A

Passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, phagocytosis

46
Q

Passive diffusion

A

Passage of substance from lumen to intestine due to concentration gradient, high to low, no energy

47
Q

Active transport

A

Absorption from linen to intestine against concentration gradient, low to high, requires energy and carrier protein

48
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Similar to active transport except not agains concentration gradient and no energy, high to low, carrier protein but no energy

49
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Absorption when part of villi cell breaks off and engulfs a nutrient, no digestion, absorbs large molecules

50
Q

Digestive tract dictates what

A

An animal can consume

51
Q

Digestive system of dog

A

Mono-gastric carnivore

52
Q

Pig digestive system

A

Monogastric omnivore

53
Q

Horse digestive system

A

Monogastric herbivore

54
Q

Sheep digestive system

A

Ruminant herbivore

55
Q

Steps of digestion

A
  1. Prehension
  2. Mastication
  3. Salivation
  4. Swallowing
  5. Stomach
  6. Small intestine
  7. Large intestine
  8. Defecation
  9. Urination
56
Q

Prehension

A

First step of digestion

Definition: seizing and conveying of food to the mouth

57
Q

Means of prehension

A

Biped- use upper limbs

Quadrupeds- use mouth teeth and lips

58
Q

Carnivores use what for prehension

A

Canine teeth- ripping and tearing
Strong jaws
Upper and lower molars

59
Q

Herbivores use what for prehension

A

Cows- mobile tongue to seize grass, dental pad, lower incisors, upper and lower molars
Sheep- mobile lip, dental pad, lower incisors, more selective than cow
Horse- mobile lips, nibble, upper and lower incisors, graze closer than cow

60
Q

Avian prehension

A

No lips, no teeth, extreme diversity

61
Q

Mastication

A

Vertical movements of the jaw which cruse food particles between teeth (physical/mechanical digestion)

62
Q

Herbivore mastication

A

Form a bolus, swallow, rumen, regurgitate, marinate more, ruminate

63
Q

Salivation

A

Secretion and mixing saliva with food

64
Q

Salivary glands are located

A

Parotid- beneath ear
Submandibular- either side of jaw
Sublingual- underneath tongue

65
Q

Composition of saliva

A

99% water
Mucin
Electrolytes
Salivary amylase (not in cattle dogs cats or horses)

66
Q

Saliva functions

A 
Lubrication of food
Solvent 
Clean oral cavity 
Washes dental cavity
Buffer- NaCO3 in ruminants
Nitrogen recycling in ruminants (urea)
Phosphorus- source for ruminants
67
Q

Swelling or deglutition

A

Reflex of passing anything from the mount through the esophagus to the stomach/rumen

68
Q

Steps of swallowing or deglutition

A
  1. Neural reflex
    - voluntary, first 1/3 of swallow process
    - involuntary, last 2/3 of swallow
  2. Bolus moves down peristaltic wave
  3. Cardiac sphincter- end of esophagus, don’t not allow reflux up esophagus
69
Q

Chief cells produce

A

Pepsinogen

70
Q

Parietal cells produce

71
Q

Neck cells produce

72
Q

HCL in the stomach does what

A

Denatures proteins, activates pepsinogen to pepsin, gives optimal pH(2-2.5), kills bacteria

73
Q

Pepsin does what

A

Cleaves proteins making shorter chain length

74
Q

Rennin does what

A

Acts on milk protein

75
Q

What keeps the stomach from digesting itself?

A

Mucin secreted by liner cells, provides coating, HCL is diluted by saliva and digestion, urease (enzyme that breaks down urea) is a buffer, enzymes in inactive form (zymogen)

76
Q

Increased surface area in SI

A

Folds, villi, microvilli

77
Q

Duodenum

A

First part SI, primary site for digestion, pyloric sphincter to jejunum

78
Q

Jejunum

A

Second segment, most villi, primary site for absorption, duodenum to ileum

79
Q

Ileum

A

Third part, secondary site of absorption, jejunum to large intestine

80
Q

Bile

A

Made in liver, stored in gall bladder

81
Q

Bile function

A

Detergent action-solubilizes fat

Forms complex with fatty acid- aids in absorption of fat

82
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

Secretion from pancreas that contains very potent digestive enzymes, contains buffers (HCO3 and NaCO3 that neutralize pH)

83
Q

Main pancreatic juice enzymes

A 
Trypsin/chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Aminopeptidase
Intestinal lipase
Amylase
Other enzymes
84
Q

Duodenal juice

A

Secreted by brush border of SI, contains enzymes secreted by intestinal mucus, activates tryspinogen to tryspin

85
Q

Coprophagy

A

Eating of feces

86
Q

Defecation definition

A

Discharge of excrement from rectum or cloaca

87
Q

Contents of fecal matter

A

Water, undigested feed, residues of dishes rice enzymes, sloughed cells, bacteria

88
Q

Components of urine

A 
Urea- animals
Uric acid- birds
Ammonia
Minerals- Cl, K, P, Ana
Water
Glucose and small CHOs
89
Q

Substances found in urine should generally be considered

A

Waste products of metabolism rather than digestion

90
Q

Enzymes in swine digestion

A

Trypsin (pancreas)
Chymotrypsin (pancreas)
Carboxypeptidase (pancreas)
Aminopeptidase (brush border)

91
Q

Trypsin function

A

Initially secreted as trypsinogen activated by Ca ions and enzymes from brush border, breaks down protein into amino acids and peptides

92
Q

Chymotrypsin function

A

Secreted as chrymotrypsinigen, activated by trypsin, breakdown proteins to peptides and amino acids

93
Q

Carboxypeptidase function

A

Secreted as procarboxypeptidase, activated by trypsin, acts on peptides, break down to amino acids

94
Q

Aminopeptidase function

A

Act on small peptides, breakdown to amino acids

95
Q

Small intestine in swine have

A

Pancreatic juice- enzymatic
Bile-chemical
Duodenal juice- enzymatic
Movement of intestinal wall- mechanical

96
Q

Bile digestion in swine

A

Emulsified fat
Digestion and absorption of fat
Aids in absorption of water soluble vitamins
Activates lipase

97
Q

Pancreatic lipase in swine

A

Converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Action most effective after fats have been emulsified by the bile

98
Q

Large intestine function in swine

A

Absorb water, VFA and acts as reservoir for waste materials

99
Q

Pancreatic amylase in swin

A

Converts starch to maltose

100
Q

Brush border enzymes in swine

A

Maltase- converts maltose to glucose
Sucrase- converts sucrose to glucose and fructose
Lactase- converts lactose to glucose and galactose

Animal Nutrition (3 decks)

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