Test 2 Flashcards
Kula
An extensive inter-island system of exchange in which high-ranking men gave ornamental shell armbands and necklaces to lifelong exchange partners or other islands
Potlach
gift going feast practiced by indigenous people of Canada and US; traditionally primary ecosystem
- ex. the more generous you are, the more social you are
- ex. moka rituals allow Big Men in Papua New Guinea to compete for status
- movement of resources
- prestige economy
Moka
a highly ritualized system of exchange in the Mount Hagenarea, Papua New Guinea that has become emblematic by anthropological concepts of “gift economy” and “Big Man” political system
-ex. moka that have the most pigs given back are the most social
Social distance
the distance between different groups in society and is opposed to actual distance; includes differences such as social class, race/ethnicity, gender, or sexuality.
-the people you less socially distance, the more generalized reciprocity
Redistribution
collection of goods in a community and then re-division of those goods in a community among members
Redistribution tribute
the rendering of goods, including food, to an authority, such as a chief, to be reallocated takes
Reciprocity
the give-and-take that builds and confirms relationships
- helping people out
- facilitates movement of goods
Balanced reciprocity
occurs when a person gives something, expecting the retriever to return to an equivalent gift or favor at some point in the future
- maintain level in relationship
- prevalent in US
Generalized reciprocity
refers to giving something without the exception of return, at least not in the near term
- willingness to give at ones expense
- signifies close social ties
Negative reciprocity
occurs when a person attempts to get something for nothing, to haggle ones way into a favorable personal outcome
- when people attempt to get better deal, creates debt for others
- intense bargaining
- rules regulated based upon closeness
- “us vs. navajo” cheating a close member is considered harmful
Coercion vs. Persuasion
both are often employed by people to ensure completion of tasks; that is to say that leaders can try to convince others using their charisma or social influence, or they may use force and authority to command actions through coercion
Centralized political systems
system where some individuals or institutions hold powers and control over resources; commonly found with chiefdoms and states
ex. extensive agriculture, intensive fishing
Non-centralized political systems
commonly found in bands and tribes
dispersed power and resources were split between members of the tribe
ex. foraging, horticulture and pastoralism
Achieved status
using personality skills and with the approval of many other members of society to gain status
Ascribed status
Status that one is born into and cannot easily change marriage or other increases in access to power, wealth and prestige
caste
social stratification where membership is hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact/relationships between strata are prohibited or otherwise limited; social mobility between castes is not allowed
egalitarian
societies have no other power structures that those based on gender and age, opposite of hierarchial
When did agriculture begin?
9500 BC
Contagious magic
things or persons in contact can afterward influence each other
Imitative magic
based on the assumption that a desired result can be brought about or assured by mimicking it
mana
a raw supernatural power
witchcraft
- the use of psychic powers, or the result of bodily substances, which alter reality
- aimed to control non-humane behavior
the practice of magic, the use of innocation(?) and spirits
sorcery
the performance of rites with the intention of altering reality
based on two kinds of logical principles; imitative and contiguous principle
-mechanism to control competing lineages (sorcery was inherited)
the use of magic, especially black magic
monotheism
the belief in a single god
ex. christianity, judaism, islam
polytheism
a religion with many gods/deities
ex. hinduism, ancient greek, and roman pantheons og gods
animism
the belief that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rocks were animated by spiritual forces or beings
bands
small nomadic and self-sufficient group of anywhere from 25-150 individuals with face-to-face social relationships, usually egalitarian
tribes
type of pastoralist or horticulturist society with no populations, usually numbering in hundred of thousands in which leadership is more stable than that of band, but usually egalitarian, with social relationships based on reciprocal exchange
chiefdoms
political system with a hereditary leader who holds central authority, typically supported by a class of high-ranking ___, informal laws, and a simple judicial system, often numbering in the tens of thousands of the beginnings of intensive agriculture and some specialization
states
the most complex form of political organization, associated with societies that have intensive agriculture, high levels or social stratification, and centralized authority
atheism
the rejection of belief in gods/deities
-ultimately leading to the rationality brought on by scientific breakthroughs
“We Belong to the Land”
What did the AWF do when they heard about the ownership dispute?
Gifted it to the Kenya Wildlife Service
“We Belong to the Land”
What has happened to the Samburu since 2009?
Violent evictions, torching of homes, assaults, and theft
“We Belong to the Land”
How were the police acting illegally?
No legal action was taken concerning elders murder
Violation of eviction injuction
“We Belong to the Land”
What is Kenya’s land tenure law? In other words, how long do the lands need to be occupied and under what conditions?
If one occupies land openly, peacefully, and continually for 12 years, they claim title to it
“We Belong to the Land”
What was Nakuro’s story? Why is it important?
She grew up there and resided her family there so according to tenture law, she lays claim to her land
We Belong to the Land”
What was problematic about the trial in Nyeri?
The people participating in thal were intersections themselves (ex. loss in translation, miscommunication, etc)
‘We Belong to the Land”
What may happen to the Samburu way of life since lands are now being purchased rapidly by private owners and annexed by the government?
The Sumbraro Way- Cyclinial movement cattle may no longer be viable because the traditional community relies on racism, it could be detrimental to food suppy