FINAL Flashcards
nu
- gender fluidity
- feminized substance that individuals can accumulate and lose over time
number of genders
more than two, but not three
hijras
Google: transgender person who was assigned male at birth
-sexual impotence is central to the definition, & a major criterion for initiation into the group.
*know all of them from the article* other names for: -aravane -kinnars -kothis
hypodescent
assuming the lesser social standards, the one that is the more dominant physical attribute
ex. tiger woods and barack obama example: even though barack is equally white and black, we presume the “lower” of the races people are made up of to define them
ethnocide
destruction of ethnic groups
ethnic group
a community or population made up of people who share a common cultural background or descent
ethnogenesis
the start of a new culture/social group
gender boundary markers
- voice
- language
- physique
- food choice
- styles, etc.
How many biological sex categories are there?
three:
- male
- female
- intersex
figapa
having two or less children
kakora
having three or more children=dry
Two Spirits (berdache)
two spirit (male female) individuals choose to emphasize their position in dressing styles
androgony
race
a group or set of people or things with a common feature or features
behaviors that contribute to the accumulation of nu in Hua culture
- taking care of children
- being an infant
- sexual relationship with figapa
- eating foods from figapa
Nu is from what culture?
Hua
What contributes to the loss of nu?
- 3+ kids
- menopause
- avoiding contact with figapa
What are the biological sexes?
- male
- female
- intersex
T or F: Gender categories and expression are not the same everywhere
TRUE
T or F: Gender categories and expression are the same everywhere
FALSE
T or F: Cross culturally, gender assigned at birth is fixed
FALSE
ex. Caitlyn Jenner- as a child grows, they can switch genders
T or F: Globally there are more than two genders
TRUE
T or F: Globally there are more than three genders
FALSE
T or F: Chinese have more webpages than English
TRUE
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
What is esperanto?
man-made/constructed language
morphemes
- part of the world that gives it meaning
- cannot be divided
teacher= 2, teachers= 3
VIDEO:
How many languages are there?
5,000-6,000
VIDEO:
Why do many Native Americans speak English?
they were:
- forced into traditional schools
- forced to speak English
- forced to change their names to English names
VIDEO:
What are some ways to keep languages alive?
- record them
- speaking them daily
- teaching them to children
- preserving cultural diversity
Ethnosphere
cultural interactions
What is decreasing the number of cultures?
the loss of language
“Why can’t people feed themselves?”
Is the global hunger crisis a direct result of something?
- it is NOT because some nations have more resources than others
- it IS because of colonization
How does the French government perceive VADIMBASANA?
- negatively
- they see it as women marrying men just to gain citizenship
How did the Malagasy interrupt vadimbasana?
- ..?
- they see it positively, that they are increasing their status, becoming presitigous
What are some of the misconceptions of why they can’t feed themselves?
- not enough resources
- traditional agriculture does not provide enough
- they are lazy/not trying to succeed
How might colonialists ensure populations are following the colonial system?
- exerting force (ex. raping women, killing people)
- taxation/implementing economic system that they do not want
Where are the Malagasy women going?
France
How does Francine fix the conflict when there weren’t enough things at her party?
she brings cake and whiskey to the party
Where are the Walpan people from?
a central desert of Australia
What did Tami do when she was working in the internment camps?
had to overcome gender boundaries- she is a woman
How was Tami perceived when she worked in the internment camps?
negatively
people thought that she was a spy because she was japanese-american
Was Tami able to collect honest information when working in the internment camps?
No- she was not trusted
She never received honest information because of her ethnicity and social status
How were racial categories first described?
by biological means
proven not to be relevant
How are racial categories now decided?
culturally constructed view
clash of civilizations
force was exerted, always a problem
could be because of religious views too
Y or N:
Is their evidence for racial categories as biological facts?
NO
What were some of the historical events that lead to skin color becoming a significant marker?
- slavery
- african slave trade
- jim crow laws
- farms/plantation workers
IDEA: brought here on ships to work white peoples farms and plantations
Racial categories try to justify….
that dark ones are more easily looked down on
communication vs. language
com.= easy, can be non-verbal
lang. = complex, uses communication. humans use language because we have complex minds, humans have different vocal contracts/chords
* terminology: teacher=2 themes, teachers=3 themes*
phoneme*
visual characteristic of an organism
globalization
-the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions, caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, imaged, and ideas across national boundaries
conspicuous consumption
putting on a front
wanting to be perceived as better or higher status than the person can sustain
ex. owning multiple designer bags, having unaffordable vehicles
What are some nonacademic jobs that anthropologists can get?
- marketing
- med school
- law school
- language translator
- human terrine systems (?)
What are some nonacademic jobs that anthropologists can get?
- marketing
- med school
- law school
- language translator
- human terrine systems (?)
Mayana Kollai
Hindu festival transgender goddess of India
T or F: there are only two genders
FALSE
there are millions and millions that can vary cross-culturally
how do hijara’s purify themselves?
not drinking alcohol or having sex
they go into deep silence/trance before performing the dance
Why are gender binaries in the west problematic?
- some people do not fit into male and female categories
- the gender that you ascribe to will change over time
Wade Davis Ted Talk
What is decreasing in the number of cultures?
language; language is lost
Another name of malagasy women*
(google) women in madagascar?
What happened to Vola’s half sister? How did kinship affect her?
- merged extended family to immediate family
- cousins to siblings
- aunts/uncles to moms/dads
Japanese Internment Camp txtbook reading
When they watched the films, what did they add to it?
they connect themselves to what they are watching by connecting it to their cultures
Where are the Walpiri from?
central desert of Australia
How would you reduce social stratification?
an open mind, valuing the cultures
cultural hybridization
incorporation of 2 cultures HYBRID=2
GOOGLE: blending of elements between cultures
Y or N:
Is there evidence of racial categories as biological fact?
NO
androgony
- the combination of masculine and feminine features
- term usually used to describe someone with no specific gender
androgony
- the combination of masculine and feminine features
- term usually used to describe someone with no specific gender
social components of languages
verbal
nonverbal
dialectical
3 patterns common to language change
convergence
divergence
generation
ethnic boundary markers
clothes
languages
food ways
call systems and their limitations
- vocal communication systems
- each call distinct
- uniform with species
- used by animals like birds, primates, dogs, cats, etc.
- stimuli dependent
morphemes
- the smallest units
- carry meanings in the world production, including -primary route of world structure
- can alter the meaning of other related morphemes
ex. Teacher has 3. free morpheme-teach, and the bounded “er”, “s”, both alter the meaning of the word
syntax
- patterns of word order to form sentences and longer utterances in a language
- arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
Dialects
-regional or social variations of language
influenced by:
- ancestral language
- geographic boundaries (may isolate communities)
- social preferences/attitudes (ex. choices related to status perception
can include variations in:
- pronunciation
- vocabulary
- timing/pauses
- body language
- gender/age roles
- socioeconomic status
proxemics/proximal boundaries
- studies the meaning conveyed by space and distance
- when personal space is violated, people may feel attacked (cross culturally, space preferences vary)
-characteristic of non-verbal communication
key points: convergence
borrowing/adapting of words, phrases and sounds
concept of non-genetic models of language change
key points: divergence
comes from shared roots as populations immigrate from an area
concept that genetic models of language change
changes traced through similarities present (ex. cotangent words, analyzing grammatical errors), and by assuming core vocab changes at a rate of 14% per 1,000 years
key points: generation
can generate new terminologies to incorporate new: phenomena technologies ideas experiences also to reinforce social preferences
gender congruence
GOOGLE: when the speaker and listener are the same gender
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
What is a constructed language?
“artificial” language create grammar, vocab, tedious process Engineered, shaped and molded in certain ways Began in 1700’s (that are known of) Mostly conscious creations
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
What is a natural language?
non-invented language
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
When were the first artificially constructed languages heard of?
1700’s- that are known of
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why is esperanto problematic?
constructed language- drawing from different languages in europe
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How do people learn esperanto?`
- Petition went around that said “if one million people sign this petition I will learn the language”
- Contact other Esperantists
- Using books, internet, traveling around the world
- Organization that allows you to go to different peoples houses and that allow you to stay there
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How many countries use esperanto today?
more than 90
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How many people speak esperanto? Why is the estimated range so large?
Some say under a million, some say over 10 million
no correct number, since it was a created language
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why are constructed languages difficult to keep alive?
- Hard to sustain if there aren’t many followers
- People die and information is hard to pass on
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why are languages endangered?
- Adaptations that populations are making when communities around them are changing
- Worldwide assumption that to succeed in big world, you need to abandon your own language and learn more languages
- People no longer speak their mother tongue, because mother no longer speaks it to them
- Languages with small communities will not survive
- Marriages and choosing whose language the children will learn and fluently speak
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why aren’t african languages largely intact in Sudan?
-The war/famine/drought
-natural and man-made catastrophes
-Seems easier to teach language of majority, rather than minority
Ex. a man’s children does not speak his language, they speak Swahili because they are “going to get good jobs”
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How many native american languages are spoken?
about 175, something like that
Lose native American languages every week, every two weeks
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why do the lakota and dakota speak english?
Way to simulate people into the culture= success
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
While some languages are dying out, others are being created and are diversified. While this is an optimistic bit of perspective, why is it an important part of this conversation?
- It’s important to document the wonder of these languages before they die
- Every child that comes along is creating a new language slightly different from the last one
- There will always be language diversity and that will lead to future differentiation
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How is the spread of English seeming like the spread of Latin? What happened to Latin?
English is spreading into each language- internet plays a role in this
Latin diversified it into Romantic languages (?)
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why many people speak various Chinese languages?
What about English?
- Many Chinese people decided they wanted to speak English
- Began giving english speaking courses
- Future of english language could be brighter than Chinese language, because of Chinese productivity
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How many languages are written?
200
