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Cultural Anthropology > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

nu

A
  • gender fluidity

- feminized substance that individuals can accumulate and lose over time

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2
Q

number of genders

A

more than two, but not three

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3
Q

hijras

A

Google: transgender person who was assigned male at birth
-sexual impotence is central to the definition, & a major criterion for initiation into the group.

*know all of them from the article*
other names for:
-aravane
-kinnars
-kothis
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4
Q

hypodescent

A

assuming the lesser social standards, the one that is the more dominant physical attribute

ex. tiger woods and barack obama example: even though barack is equally white and black, we presume the “lower” of the races people are made up of to define them

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5
Q

ethnocide

A

destruction of ethnic groups

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6
Q

ethnic group

A

a community or population made up of people who share a common cultural background or descent

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7
Q

ethnogenesis

A

the start of a new culture/social group

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8
Q

gender boundary markers

A
  • voice
  • language
  • physique
  • food choice
  • styles, etc.
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9
Q

How many biological sex categories are there?

A

three:

  • male
  • female
  • intersex
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10
Q

figapa

A

having two or less children

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11
Q

kakora

A

having three or more children=dry

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12
Q

Two Spirits (berdache)

A

two spirit (male female) individuals choose to emphasize their position in dressing styles

androgony

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13
Q

race

A

a group or set of people or things with a common feature or features

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14
Q

behaviors that contribute to the accumulation of nu in Hua culture

A
  1. taking care of children
  2. being an infant
  3. sexual relationship with figapa
  4. eating foods from figapa
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15
Q

Nu is from what culture?

A

Hua

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16
Q

What contributes to the loss of nu?

A
  1. 3+ kids
  2. menopause
  3. avoiding contact with figapa
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17
Q

What are the biological sexes?

A
  1. male
  2. female
  3. intersex
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18
Q

T or F: Gender categories and expression are not the same everywhere

A

TRUE

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19
Q

T or F: Gender categories and expression are the same everywhere

A

FALSE

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20
Q

T or F: Cross culturally, gender assigned at birth is fixed

A

FALSE

ex. Caitlyn Jenner- as a child grows, they can switch genders

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21
Q

T or F: Globally there are more than two genders

A

TRUE

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22
Q

T or F: Globally there are more than three genders

A

FALSE

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23
Q

T or F: Chinese have more webpages than English

A

TRUE

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24
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

What is esperanto?

A

man-made/constructed language

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25
Q

morphemes

A
  • part of the world that gives it meaning
  • cannot be divided

teacher= 2, teachers= 3

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26
Q

VIDEO:

How many languages are there?

A

5,000-6,000

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27
Q

VIDEO:

Why do many Native Americans speak English?

A

they were:

  • forced into traditional schools
  • forced to speak English
  • forced to change their names to English names
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28
Q

VIDEO:

What are some ways to keep languages alive?

A
  1. record them
  2. speaking them daily
  3. teaching them to children
  4. preserving cultural diversity
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29
Q

Ethnosphere

A

cultural interactions

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30
Q

What is decreasing the number of cultures?

A

the loss of language

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31
Q

“Why can’t people feed themselves?”

Is the global hunger crisis a direct result of something?

A
  • it is NOT because some nations have more resources than others
  • it IS because of colonization
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32
Q

How does the French government perceive VADIMBASANA?

A
  • negatively

- they see it as women marrying men just to gain citizenship

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33
Q

How did the Malagasy interrupt vadimbasana?

A
  • ..?

- they see it positively, that they are increasing their status, becoming presitigous

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34
Q

What are some of the misconceptions of why they can’t feed themselves?

A
  1. not enough resources
  2. traditional agriculture does not provide enough
  3. they are lazy/not trying to succeed
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35
Q

How might colonialists ensure populations are following the colonial system?

A
  • exerting force (ex. raping women, killing people)

- taxation/implementing economic system that they do not want

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36
Q

Where are the Malagasy women going?

A

France

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37
Q

How does Francine fix the conflict when there weren’t enough things at her party?

A

she brings cake and whiskey to the party

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38
Q

Where are the Walpan people from?

A

a central desert of Australia

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39
Q

What did Tami do when she was working in the internment camps?

A

had to overcome gender boundaries- she is a woman

40
Q

How was Tami perceived when she worked in the internment camps?

A

negatively

people thought that she was a spy because she was japanese-american

41
Q

Was Tami able to collect honest information when working in the internment camps?

A

No- she was not trusted

She never received honest information because of her ethnicity and social status

42
Q

How were racial categories first described?

A

by biological means

proven not to be relevant

43
Q

How are racial categories now decided?

A

culturally constructed view

44
Q

clash of civilizations

A

force was exerted, always a problem

could be because of religious views too

45
Q

Y or N:

Is their evidence for racial categories as biological facts?

A

NO

46
Q

What were some of the historical events that lead to skin color becoming a significant marker?

A
  1. slavery
  2. african slave trade
  3. jim crow laws
  4. farms/plantation workers

IDEA: brought here on ships to work white peoples farms and plantations

47
Q

Racial categories try to justify….

A

that dark ones are more easily looked down on

48
Q

communication vs. language

A

com.= easy, can be non-verbal

lang. = complex, uses communication. humans use language because we have complex minds, humans have different vocal contracts/chords
* terminology: teacher=2 themes, teachers=3 themes*

49
Q

phoneme*

A

visual characteristic of an organism

50
Q

globalization

A

-the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions, caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, imaged, and ideas across national boundaries

51
Q

conspicuous consumption

A

putting on a front
wanting to be perceived as better or higher status than the person can sustain

ex. owning multiple designer bags, having unaffordable vehicles

52
Q

What are some nonacademic jobs that anthropologists can get?

A
  • marketing
  • med school
  • law school
  • language translator
  • human terrine systems (?)
53
Q

What are some nonacademic jobs that anthropologists can get?

A
  • marketing
  • med school
  • law school
  • language translator
  • human terrine systems (?)
54
Q

Mayana Kollai

A

Hindu festival transgender goddess of India

55
Q

T or F: there are only two genders

A

FALSE

there are millions and millions that can vary cross-culturally

56
Q

how do hijara’s purify themselves?

A

not drinking alcohol or having sex

they go into deep silence/trance before performing the dance

57
Q

Why are gender binaries in the west problematic?

A
  • some people do not fit into male and female categories

- the gender that you ascribe to will change over time

58
Q

Wade Davis Ted Talk

What is decreasing in the number of cultures?

A

language; language is lost

59
Q

Another name of malagasy women*

A

(google) women in madagascar?

60
Q

What happened to Vola’s half sister? How did kinship affect her?

A
  • merged extended family to immediate family
  • cousins to siblings
  • aunts/uncles to moms/dads
61
Q

Japanese Internment Camp txtbook reading

When they watched the films, what did they add to it?

A

they connect themselves to what they are watching by connecting it to their cultures

62
Q

Where are the Walpiri from?

A

central desert of Australia

63
Q

How would you reduce social stratification?

A

an open mind, valuing the cultures

64
Q

cultural hybridization

A

incorporation of 2 cultures HYBRID=2

GOOGLE: blending of elements between cultures

65
Q

Y or N:

Is there evidence of racial categories as biological fact?

A

NO

66
Q

androgony

A
  • the combination of masculine and feminine features

- term usually used to describe someone with no specific gender

67
Q

androgony

A
  • the combination of masculine and feminine features

- term usually used to describe someone with no specific gender

68
Q

social components of languages

A

verbal
nonverbal
dialectical

69
Q

3 patterns common to language change

A

convergence
divergence
generation

70
Q

ethnic boundary markers

A

clothes
languages
food ways

71
Q

call systems and their limitations

A
  • vocal communication systems
  • each call distinct
  • uniform with species
  • used by animals like birds, primates, dogs, cats, etc.
  • stimuli dependent
72
Q

morphemes

A
  • the smallest units
  • carry meanings in the world production, including -primary route of world structure
  • can alter the meaning of other related morphemes

ex. Teacher has 3. free morpheme-teach, and the bounded “er”, “s”, both alter the meaning of the word

73
Q

syntax

A
  • patterns of word order to form sentences and longer utterances in a language
  • arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
74
Q

Dialects

A

-regional or social variations of language

influenced by:

  • ancestral language
  • geographic boundaries (may isolate communities)
  • social preferences/attitudes (ex. choices related to status perception

can include variations in:

  • pronunciation
  • vocabulary
  • timing/pauses
  • body language
  • gender/age roles
  • socioeconomic status
75
Q

proxemics/proximal boundaries

A
  • studies the meaning conveyed by space and distance
  • when personal space is violated, people may feel attacked (cross culturally, space preferences vary)

-characteristic of non-verbal communication

76
Q

key points: convergence

A

borrowing/adapting of words, phrases and sounds

concept of non-genetic models of language change

77
Q

key points: divergence

A

comes from shared roots as populations immigrate from an area

concept that genetic models of language change

changes traced through similarities present (ex. cotangent words, analyzing grammatical errors), and by assuming core vocab changes at a rate of 14% per 1,000 years

78
Q

key points: generation

A 
can generate new terminologies to incorporate new:
phenomena 
technologies 
ideas 
experiences
also to reinforce social preferences
79
Q

gender congruence

A

GOOGLE: when the speaker and listener are the same gender

80
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

What is a constructed language?

A 
“artificial” language
create grammar, vocab, tedious process
Engineered, shaped and molded in certain ways
Began in 1700’s (that are known of)
Mostly conscious creations
81
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

What is a natural language?

A

non-invented language

82
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

When were the first artificially constructed languages heard of?

A

1700’s- that are known of

83
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

Why is esperanto problematic?

A

constructed language- drawing from different languages in europe

84
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

How do people learn esperanto?`

A
  • Petition went around that said “if one million people sign this petition I will learn the language”
  • Contact other Esperantists
  • Using books, internet, traveling around the world
  • Organization that allows you to go to different peoples houses and that allow you to stay there
85
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

How many countries use esperanto today?

A

more than 90

86
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

How many people speak esperanto? Why is the estimated range so large?

A

Some say under a million, some say over 10 million

no correct number, since it was a created language

87
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

Why are constructed languages difficult to keep alive?

A
  • Hard to sustain if there aren’t many followers

- People die and information is hard to pass on

88
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

Why are languages endangered?

A
  • Adaptations that populations are making when communities around them are changing
  • Worldwide assumption that to succeed in big world, you need to abandon your own language and learn more languages
  • People no longer speak their mother tongue, because mother no longer speaks it to them
  • Languages with small communities will not survive
  • Marriages and choosing whose language the children will learn and fluently speak
89
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

Why aren’t african languages largely intact in Sudan?

A

-The war/famine/drought
-natural and man-made catastrophes
-Seems easier to teach language of majority, rather than minority
Ex. a man’s children does not speak his language, they speak Swahili because they are “going to get good jobs”

90
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

How many native american languages are spoken?

A

about 175, something like that

Lose native American languages every week, every two weeks

91
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

Why do the lakota and dakota speak english?

A

Way to simulate people into the culture= success

92
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

While some languages are dying out, others are being created and are diversified. While this is an optimistic bit of perspective, why is it an important part of this conversation?

A
  • It’s important to document the wonder of these languages before they die
  • Every child that comes along is creating a new language slightly different from the last one
  • There will always be language diversity and that will lead to future differentiation
93
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

How is the spread of English seeming like the spread of Latin? What happened to Latin?

A

English is spreading into each language- internet plays a role in this

Latin diversified it into Romantic languages (?)

94
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

Why many people speak various Chinese languages?
What about English?

A
  • Many Chinese people decided they wanted to speak English
  • Began giving english speaking courses
  • Future of english language could be brighter than Chinese language, because of Chinese productivity
95
Q

LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:

How many languages are written?

A

200

Cultural Anthropology (3 decks)

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