FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
nu
A
- gender fluidity
- feminized substance that individuals can accumulate and lose over time
2
Q
number of genders
A
more than two, but not three
3
Q
hijras
A
Google: transgender person who was assigned male at birth
-sexual impotence is central to the definition, & a major criterion for initiation into the group.
*know all of them from the article* other names for: -aravane -kinnars -kothis
4
Q
hypodescent
A
assuming the lesser social standards, the one that is the more dominant physical attribute
ex. tiger woods and barack obama example: even though barack is equally white and black, we presume the “lower” of the races people are made up of to define them
5
Q
ethnocide
A
destruction of ethnic groups
6
Q
ethnic group
A
a community or population made up of people who share a common cultural background or descent
7
Q
ethnogenesis
A
the start of a new culture/social group
8
Q
gender boundary markers
A
- voice
- language
- physique
- food choice
- styles, etc.
9
Q
How many biological sex categories are there?
A
three:
- male
- female
- intersex
10
Q
figapa
A
having two or less children
11
Q
kakora
A
having three or more children=dry
12
Q
Two Spirits (berdache)
A
two spirit (male female) individuals choose to emphasize their position in dressing styles
androgony
13
Q
race
A
a group or set of people or things with a common feature or features
14
Q
behaviors that contribute to the accumulation of nu in Hua culture
A
- taking care of children
- being an infant
- sexual relationship with figapa
- eating foods from figapa
15
Q
Nu is from what culture?
A
Hua
16
Q
What contributes to the loss of nu?
A
- 3+ kids
- menopause
- avoiding contact with figapa
17
Q
What are the biological sexes?
A
- male
- female
- intersex
18
Q
T or F: Gender categories and expression are not the same everywhere
A
TRUE
19
Q
T or F: Gender categories and expression are the same everywhere
A
FALSE
20
Q
T or F: Cross culturally, gender assigned at birth is fixed
A
FALSE
ex. Caitlyn Jenner- as a child grows, they can switch genders
21
Q
T or F: Globally there are more than two genders
A
TRUE
22
Q
T or F: Globally there are more than three genders
A
FALSE
23
Q
T or F: Chinese have more webpages than English
A
TRUE
24
Q
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
What is esperanto?
A
man-made/constructed language
25
morphemes
- part of the world that gives it meaning
- cannot be divided
teacher= 2, teachers= 3
26
VIDEO:
| How many languages are there?
5,000-6,000
27
VIDEO:
Why do many Native Americans speak English?
they were:
- forced into traditional schools
- forced to speak English
- forced to change their names to English names
28
VIDEO:
What are some ways to keep languages alive?
1. record them
2. speaking them daily
3. teaching them to children
4. preserving cultural diversity
29
Ethnosphere
cultural interactions
30
What is decreasing the number of cultures?
the loss of language
31
"Why can't people feed themselves?"
Is the global hunger crisis a direct result of something?
- it is NOT because some nations have more resources than others
- it IS because of colonization
32
How does the French government perceive VADIMBASANA?
- negatively
| - they see it as women marrying men just to gain citizenship
33
How did the Malagasy interrupt vadimbasana?
- ..?
| - they see it positively, that they are increasing their status, becoming presitigous
34
What are some of the misconceptions of why they can't feed themselves?
1. not enough resources
2. traditional agriculture does not provide enough
3. they are lazy/not trying to succeed
35
How might colonialists ensure populations are following the colonial system?
- exerting force (ex. raping women, killing people)
| - taxation/implementing economic system that they do not want
36
Where are the Malagasy women going?
France
37
How does Francine fix the conflict when there weren't enough things at her party?
she brings cake and whiskey to the party
38
Where are the Walpan people from?
a central desert of Australia
39
What did Tami do when she was working in the internment camps?
had to overcome gender boundaries- she is a woman
40
How was Tami perceived when she worked in the internment camps?
negatively
| people thought that she was a spy because she was japanese-american
41
Was Tami able to collect honest information when working in the internment camps?
No- she was not trusted
| She never received honest information because of her ethnicity and social status
42
How were racial categories first described?
by biological means
proven not to be relevant
43
How are racial categories now decided?
culturally constructed view
44
clash of civilizations
force was exerted, always a problem
| could be because of religious views too
45
Y or N:
| Is their evidence for racial categories as biological facts?
NO
46
What were some of the historical events that lead to skin color becoming a significant marker?
1. slavery
2. african slave trade
3. jim crow laws
4. farms/plantation workers
IDEA: brought here on ships to work white peoples farms and plantations
47
Racial categories try to justify....
that dark ones are more easily looked down on
48
communication vs. language
com.= easy, can be non-verbal
lang. = complex, uses communication. humans use language because we have complex minds, humans have different vocal contracts/chords
* terminology: teacher=2 themes, teachers=3 themes*
49
phoneme*
visual characteristic of an organism
50
globalization
-the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions, caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, imaged, and ideas across national boundaries
51
conspicuous consumption
putting on a front
wanting to be perceived as better or higher status than the person can sustain
ex. owning multiple designer bags, having unaffordable vehicles
52
What are some nonacademic jobs that anthropologists can get?
- marketing
- med school
- law school
- language translator
- human terrine systems (?)
53
What are some nonacademic jobs that anthropologists can get?
- marketing
- med school
- law school
- language translator
- human terrine systems (?)
54
Mayana Kollai
Hindu festival transgender goddess of India
55
T or F: there are only two genders
FALSE
there are millions and millions that can vary cross-culturally
56
how do hijara's purify themselves?
not drinking alcohol or having sex
| they go into deep silence/trance before performing the dance
57
Why are gender binaries in the west problematic?
- some people do not fit into male and female categories
| - the gender that you ascribe to will change over time
58
Wade Davis Ted Talk
What is decreasing in the number of cultures?
language; language is lost
59
Another name of malagasy women*
(google) women in madagascar?
60
What happened to Vola's half sister? How did kinship affect her?
- merged extended family to immediate family
- cousins to siblings
- aunts/uncles to moms/dads
61
Japanese Internment Camp txtbook reading
When they watched the films, what did they add to it?
they connect themselves to what they are watching by connecting it to their cultures
62
Where are the Walpiri from?
central desert of Australia
63
How would you reduce social stratification?
an open mind, valuing the cultures
64
cultural hybridization
incorporation of 2 cultures HYBRID=2
GOOGLE: blending of elements between cultures
65
Y or N:
| Is there evidence of racial categories as biological fact?
NO
66
androgony
- the combination of masculine and feminine features
| - term usually used to describe someone with no specific gender
67
androgony
- the combination of masculine and feminine features
| - term usually used to describe someone with no specific gender
68
social components of languages
verbal
nonverbal
dialectical
69
3 patterns common to language change
convergence
divergence
generation
70
ethnic boundary markers
clothes
languages
food ways
71
call systems and their limitations
- vocal communication systems
- each call distinct
- uniform with species
- used by animals like birds, primates, dogs, cats, etc.
- stimuli dependent
72
morphemes
- the smallest units
- carry meanings in the world production, including -primary route of world structure
- can alter the meaning of other related morphemes
ex. Teacher has 3. free morpheme-teach, and the bounded "er", "s", both alter the meaning of the word
73
syntax
- patterns of word order to form sentences and longer utterances in a language
- arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
74
Dialects
-regional or social variations of language
influenced by:
- ancestral language
- geographic boundaries (may isolate communities)
- social preferences/attitudes (ex. choices related to status perception
can include variations in:
- pronunciation
- vocabulary
- timing/pauses
- body language
- gender/age roles
- socioeconomic status
75
proxemics/proximal boundaries
- studies the meaning conveyed by space and distance
- when personal space is violated, people may feel attacked (cross culturally, space preferences vary)
-characteristic of non-verbal communication
76
key points: convergence
borrowing/adapting of words, phrases and sounds
concept of non-genetic models of language change
77
key points: divergence
comes from shared roots as populations immigrate from an area
concept that genetic models of language change
changes traced through similarities present (ex. cotangent words, analyzing grammatical errors), and by assuming core vocab changes at a rate of 14% per 1,000 years
78
key points: generation
```
can generate new terminologies to incorporate new:
phenomena
technologies
ideas
experiences
also to reinforce social preferences
```
79
gender congruence
GOOGLE: when the speaker and listener are the same gender
80
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
What is a constructed language?
```
“artificial” language
create grammar, vocab, tedious process
Engineered, shaped and molded in certain ways
Began in 1700’s (that are known of)
Mostly conscious creations
```
81
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
What is a natural language?
non-invented language
82
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
When were the first artificially constructed languages heard of?
1700's- that are known of
83
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why is esperanto problematic?
constructed language- drawing from different languages in europe
84
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How do people learn esperanto?`
- Petition went around that said “if one million people sign this petition I will learn the language”
- Contact other Esperantists
- Using books, internet, traveling around the world
- Organization that allows you to go to different peoples houses and that allow you to stay there
85
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How many countries use esperanto today?
more than 90
86
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How many people speak esperanto? Why is the estimated range so large?
Some say under a million, some say over 10 million
no correct number, since it was a created language
87
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why are constructed languages difficult to keep alive?
- Hard to sustain if there aren’t many followers
| - People die and information is hard to pass on
88
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why are languages endangered?
- Adaptations that populations are making when communities around them are changing
- Worldwide assumption that to succeed in big world, you need to abandon your own language and learn more languages
- People no longer speak their mother tongue, because mother no longer speaks it to them
- Languages with small communities will not survive
- Marriages and choosing whose language the children will learn and fluently speak
89
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why aren't african languages largely intact in Sudan?
-The war/famine/drought
-natural and man-made catastrophes
-Seems easier to teach language of majority, rather than minority
Ex. a man’s children does not speak his language, they speak Swahili because they are “going to get good jobs”
90
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How many native american languages are spoken?
about 175, something like that
Lose native American languages every week, every two weeks
91
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why do the lakota and dakota speak english?
Way to simulate people into the culture= success
92
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
While some languages are dying out, others are being created and are diversified. While this is an optimistic bit of perspective, why is it an important part of this conversation?
- It’s important to document the wonder of these languages before they die
- Every child that comes along is creating a new language slightly different from the last one
- There will always be language diversity and that will lead to future differentiation
93
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How is the spread of English seeming like the spread of Latin? What happened to Latin?
English is spreading into each language- internet plays a role in this
Latin diversified it into Romantic languages (?)
94
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
Why many people speak various Chinese languages?
What about English?
- Many Chinese people decided they wanted to speak English
- Began giving english speaking courses
- Future of english language could be brighter than Chinese language, because of Chinese productivity
95
LIFE AND DEATH VIDEO:
How many languages are written?
200
