Test 1

Question 1

enculturation

Answer 1

• process of learning a particular culture; either trained or picking it up through experience
• mechanisms of transmitting culture

Question 2

holistic/holism

Answer 2

-sees culture and society as systems of interrelated parts
-holistic perspective on culture:
super organic
organism made up of smaller units
people are the parts of society, & also products of that society

Question 3

4 fields of anthropology

Answer 3

1. physical (biological) anthro: studies the biology and anatomy of humans and other closely related species; study the evolution of the biological organism
2. archaeology: examining culturals of the past through their material artifacts discovered
3. linguistic anthro: focus on language and the study of humans
4. socio-cultural anthro: look at human groups in the present. do research with living human groups. focus on humans as cultural beings

Question 4

anthropology

Answer 4

the study of man, based on human reasoning

Question 5

ethnocentrism

Answer 5

the idea that our beliefs and behaviors are right and true, and that other peoples behaviors are false

Question 6

relativism/cultural relativism?

Answer 6

no behavior or belief can be judged to be odd or wrong simply because it is different from our own

suspending your own definition of right/wrong

Question 7

anthropological fieldwork

Answer 7

firsthand or direct immersion and observation of the people or culture a researcher is trying to understand

Question 8

participant observation

Answer 8

the active participation of a researcher or observer in the lives of those studied

Question 9

emic

Answer 9

emic: insider’s perspective, peoples own categories

Question 10

matrilineal kinship

Answer 10

links relatives through females only, emphasize’s a person’s ties to their mother

Question 11

patrilineal kinship

Answer 11

links relatives through males only, emphasizes a persons ties to their father

Question 12

bilateral kinship

Answer 12

kinship is determined through males and females simultaneously (mothers and fathers)

Question 13

polygamy

Answer 13

one person can be married with more than one person simultaneously

Question 14

dowry

Answer 14

price paid by the wife’s family to groom’s family

Question 15

polygyny

Answer 15

multiple wives

Question 16

polyandry

Answer 16

multiple husbands

Question 17

incest taboo

Answer 17

rule that prohibits sexual intercourse or marriage between certain classes of kin; often explained as a way to extend alliances between kin groups

rules against members of the same family having sex, marrying, or producing children

Question 18

brideservice

Answer 18

marriage requirement that groom must work for the bride’s parents for some time

Question 19

bridewealth/brideprice

Answer 19

marriage price paid by grooms family to the bride’s family

Question 20

neolocal

Answer 20

when a newly married couple resides outside of their parent’s home

Question 21

habitus

Answer 21

the often taken-for-granted ways of acting, acquired through individual and social experience

Question 22

participant observations

Answer 22

• closely observe and document the behaviors in which they are participating
• hallmark tool of cultural anthropology
• intensive, causes anthro to work closer with smaller communities

Question 23

open response questions

Answer 23

allows for the information to tell a narrative or give a more in-depth reponse

Question 24

closed questions

Answer 24

allow for brief and limited responses

ex. yes or no questions

Question 25

culture shock

Answer 25

feeling of uncertainty and anxiety an individual can experience when placed in a strange cultural setting

Question 26

descent

Answer 26

culturally established affiliation between a child and one or more parents

family groups are generally arranged around cultural concepts of descent

Question 27

lineage

Answer 27

group of kin whose members can actually trace how they are related

Question 28

affinity/affinial

Answer 28

related by law or social arrangement

ex. in-laws

Question 29

consanguinity

Answer 29

related by blood

Question 30

fictive

Answer 30

those who are included in family roles/relationships that are not related by law or blood, or are often differentiated from other kin

ex. godparents, adopted, “blood brothers”

Question 31

etic

Answer 31

outsider’s point of view

Question 32

exogamy

Answer 32

• social pattern where members of a clan must marry someone from another clan
• effect: building political, economical, and social ties with other clans

Question 33

Franz Boas

Answer 33

“founder of american anthropology”

• criticized anthropologists who worked as spies
• major figure in historical particularism
• The heart of his work: to learn about other peoples perspectives, one has to try to overcome one’s own cultural framework

Question 34

endogamy

Answer 34

marrying within the tribe/clan

Question 35

monogamy

Answer 35

engaging in a sexual relationship or marriage with only one person

Question 36

serial monogamy

Answer 36

engaging in a succession of monogamous sexual relationships

Question 37

avunculocal

Answer 37

located in or centered around the residence of the husbands maternal uncle

Question 38

patrilocal

Answer 38

process of marriage settling down in husbands home/community

opposite: matrilocal

Question 39

cross cousins

Answer 39

first cousins who are children of a brother and sister

Question 40

parallel cousins

Answer 40

first cousins who are children of two brothers, or of two sisters

Question 41

Trobriand Islander idea of conception

Answer 41

• tied to their concept of reincarnation, and downplays the role of males/sperm in conception
• separate from sex and separate from biological explanations for conception

Question 42

heteroglossia

Answer 42

the presence of two or more voices or expressed viewpoints in a text or other artistic work