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FCS 217 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

First thing infant receives?

A

Colostrum

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2
Q

Synthesis of milk?

A

Inhibited by presence of estrogen and progesterone

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3
Q

Colostrum

A
  • Yellowish fluid
  • Low in fat and lactose
  • Rich in protein and vitamin A
  • Contains maternal antibodies
  • Early source of vitamin K
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4
Q

Mature Milk

A
  • Varies between two breasts

- Varies over time of day; more fat in evenings

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5
Q

Foremilk

A

More dilute milk released eary in a feed

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6
Q

Hindmilk

A

More energy and nutrient dense milk later in feed

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7
Q

Milk Carbohydrates

A

Contains lactose (80% CHO) and oligosaccharides (20%)

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8
Q

Oligosaccharides in Milk

A

Act as prebiotics in the infant gut and promote colonisation of colon
- Prevent diarrheal infection

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9
Q

Lactose in Milk

A

Synthesized by alveolar epithelial cells from glucose

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10
Q

Milk Lipids are mostly?

A

Triglycerides

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11
Q

Fatty Acids in milk

A
  • Circulating FFA (chains over16 carbons)

- De novo pathways (chains up to 16 carbons)

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12
Q

De novo synthesis is from?

A
  • Glucose

- Short carbon chains (acetyl CoA)

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13
Q

Production of milk proteins

A

Major milk proteins are synthesized de novo in the alveolar epithelial cells (caseins, a-lactalbumin, B-lactoglobin

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14
Q

Endocrine control of lactation

A

Coupled endocrine control over synthesis and release of milk

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15
Q

Progesterone and estrogen stimulate…?

A

Alveolar proliferationa nd duct lengthening/branching

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16
Q

Progesterone and estrogen inhibit…?

A

Production of mature milk

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17
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Released in response to stimulation of mechanoreceptors in nipple (nerve signal)
  • Stimulates ejection of milk
18
Q

Let-Down Reflex

A

Ejection due to oxytocin is necessary because infant cant suck milk from nipple

19
Q

Prolactin Releasing Hormone

A

In response to same nerve signal that stimulates oxytocin release
- Stimulates milk synthesis in alveolar cells

20
Q

Maternal Requirement for Lactation

A
  • 640 kcal/day in first 6 months
  • 510 kcal/day after 6 months
  • SO…500 kcal/day extra calories come from diet
21
Q

Protein Requirement for Lactation

A
  • 11g protein/day in first 6 months

8g/day after 6 months

22
Q

Breastfeeding

A

Process of feeding baby human milk

23
Q

Ever breastfed

A

Infant has been breasfed on at least 1 occasion

24
Q

Exclusively breastfed

A

Infant has only ever been fed with breast milk

25
Q

Where/who is breastfeeding more common in/with

A
  • Older women
  • Women educated beyond age 18
  • Women from ethnic minority groups
  • Women from higher socioeconomic classes
26
Q

Reasons for stopping breastfeeding

A
  • Engorgement (mature milk replaces colostrum)
  • Sore nipples (poorly latched, discomfort)
  • Infections (Mastitis, candida albicans)
  • Most issues can be overcome
27
Q

Promotion of Breastfeeding

A
  • Health professionals
  • Specialist charities
  • Peer support
28
Q

The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative

A
  • Worldwide
  • UNICEF/WHO
  • Implement policies/practices that promote breastfeeding
29
Q

Breastfeeding advantages for mothers

A
  • Reduction in risk of breast cancer

- Reductio in risk of ovarian cancer

30
Q

Breastfeeding advantages for babies

A
  • Optimal form of nutrition
  • Lower risk of infection
  • Protection from SIDS
  • Protection against allergies
  • Lower risk of obesity
31
Q

Causes of obesity in childhood

A
  • Supply vs demand
  • Result of interplay between genes/environment
  • Require obesogenic environemtn
32
Q

Obesogenic Environment

A
  • Human genome that favors energy storage due to evolution

- Turns into genetic predisposition for obesity

33
Q

Dietary patterns more strongly associated than energy intake obesity

A
  • Absolute energy intake is poor predictor of BMI

- Heavier children consume more energy bc larger

34
Q

Dietary Drivers of obesity

A
  • Meal frequency
  • Portion size
  • Energy density
35
Q

Breakfast-Skipping Study

A

Skipping breakfast results in greater energy intake over whole day, with more carb-rich snacks
- Increases obesity risk

36
Q

Physical Activity/Sedentary Behavior and Obesity

A
  • Transport networks favor motor vehicles
  • Parental perception of danger outside
  • Busy family lifestyles leave little room for walking
  • School curriculum favors academic subjects over PE
  • Out of school activities not open to all (cost, location)
37
Q

Causality and obesity?

A

Low activity may both drive and be consequence of obesity (obese dont want to exercise bc more difficult)

38
Q

TV and obesity?

A
  • 2+ hours a day associated with risk of obesity

- Impact due to changes in food intake rather than reduce physical activity

39
Q

Obesity and Physical impact on health

A
  • Obese children grow/mature more rapidly
  • Causes major skeletal defects
  • Elevated blood pressure -> hypertension
  • More asthma/respiratory problems
40
Q

Obesity and Metabolic impact on health

A
  • Elevated LDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, glucose intolorance, insulin resistance
  • Rising trends in obesity have been associated with increases in childhood diabetes
41
Q

Obesity and Psychological/emotional impact

A
  • Low self esteem
  • More prone to psychological problems
  • Viewed unfavorable by others

FCS 217 (3 decks)

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