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FCS 217 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Overnutriton

A
  • Energy supply > Energy demand

- Less common with micronutrients

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2
Q

Undernutrition

A
  • When intake is poor/demand is increased

- Seen in food intake

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3
Q

Malnutrition

A
  • Children wont meet growth/development milestone

- Adults observe unintentional weight loss and muscle wasting

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4
Q

Genes

A

Genes can control response to nutrition, nutrition can control expression of genes

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5
Q

Do genes affect what we need to eat?

A

Yes

- Biological responses; as we develop, our responses to things change

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6
Q

Low Risk Lifestyle Activities

A
  • Exercising
  • No drugs/smoking
  • Not drinking
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7
Q

High Risk Lifestyle Activities

A

Jobs where you breathe in harmful chemicals

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8
Q

Anthropometric measures

A
  • BMI, skin fold, growth chart data

- These things are only as good as the people who are measuring

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9
Q

Dietary Recall

A
  • Remembering what you eat

- Looking backwards (retrospective)

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10
Q

Food Frequency

A
  • How frequently do you eat specific foods

- Retrospective

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11
Q

Food Record

A
  • What you eat in current time
  • Writing down what you eat as you go
  • Prospective (current time)
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12
Q

Subjective Methods

A
  • Ex. dietary recall, food frequency, food record
  • Dependent on who is writing down and performing the task of eating
  • Not necessarily accurate
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13
Q

Objective

A

Things we can be pretty sure about (lab values, medical history)

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14
Q

What do biological markers lack?

A
  • Specificity

- We think they mean one thing but they’re not specific

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15
Q

Why physical exam?

A
  • Nutritional status

- Cant see malnutrition, but can see signs in hair skin nails etc.

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16
Q

Dietary Standards

A
  • Protect against nutrient deficiency/excess
  • Enable gov’t planning of food
  • Provide food labelling info
  • Provide guidance for people against preventable diseases
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17
Q

1 cause of death in US?

A

Heart disease (most preventable)

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18
Q

Who determines dietary standards?

A

USDA and Department of Health and Human Services

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19
Q

Who deals with food labels?

A

FDA

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20
Q

Dietary Reference Values

A
  • Standards set by the health departments of gov’t or by organizations
  • Define diets that maintain good health
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21
Q

National systems vary according to what?

A
  • Health priorities/policies
  • Health, SES, body mass
  • Composition of foods
  • Lifestyle influences that determine bioavailability of nutrients(ex. US says we need exercise, Japan wouldn’t)
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22
Q

Dietary Assessment

A
  • What we use to get research from people
  • Measure of nutrient intake
  • All methods are prone to bias/error
  • Choice of methods depends on size/nature of population
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23
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of Dietary Recall

A 
Advantages:
- Inexpensive
- Can be repeated w same person
- Doesnt influence food intake
Disadvantages:
- One recall not representative
- Reliant on memory
- Prone to under/over reporting intakes
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24
Q

Food Record Advantages/Disadvantages

A 
Advantages:
- Not reliable on memory
- Can be precise
- Can get info on meal patterns
Disadvantages:
- Act of recording may change behavior
- Time intensive (so dropout)
- Under/over recording intakes
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25
Q

Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)

A
  • Provide food checklists to individuals
  • Estimates habitual intake of foods
  • Most generate dat on foods, not nutrients
  • Most common data collection when doing large nutrition research
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26
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of FFQ

A 
Advantages:
- Inexpensive
- Represents usual intake over long period
- Self administered
Disadvantages
- Doesnt capture portion sizes
- No micronutrient intakes
- Depends on memory
- Must be validated for population of interest
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27
Q

How did Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) come up?

A
  • Needed scientific reference to make recommendation for people
  • Wanted to be sure we were telling people what they needed to eat at least enough of
  • Basis for nutrition standards
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28
Q

DRIs are for who?

A

Populations AND data for individuals

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29
Q

Adequate Nutrition Intakes

A
  • Different for each person

- Based on factors (age, gender, physical activity, genetics)

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30
Q

Nutrient Requirement

A

Amount of a nutrient one must consume to promote optimal health

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31
Q

How are DRI’s grouped?

A

By gender and life cycle

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32
Q

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

A
  • Meets POPULATION needs
  • Meets 50% of needs
  • Creates RDA
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33
Q

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)

A
  • Purpose: prevent nutrient deficiencies, promote optimal health
  • Meets INDIVIDUAL needs
  • Meets 97% for healthy individuals
  • No EAR? no RDA
  • Built in safety margin
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34
Q

Upper Limit (UL)

A
  • If we consume more, toxicity

- Not w all nutrients (insufficient research)

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35
Q

Adequate Intake (AI)

A
  • For infants (no RDAs, just AI)
  • Lack of research to support RDA
  • No AI if RDA/EAR
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36
Q

Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)

A
  • Mathematical equation

- Age, sex, weight, height, and physical activity

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37
Q

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDRs)

A
  • Distribution of energy sources
  • Carbs: 45-65%
  • Protein: 10-35%
  • Fats: 20-35%
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38
Q

MyPlate

A
  • Joint effort of USDA and USDHHS
  • Build healthy plate
  • Cut back on certain foods
  • Eat right amount of calories
  • Be physically active your way
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39
Q

Ecological Study

A
  • Looking at disease outcomes for specific location at specific time
  • Only population averages, not individual
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40
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A
  • Looking at nutritional exposure/disease outcome
  • Single population at specific point in time
  • Descriptive study
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41
Q

Case-Controlled Study

A
  • Compares nutritional exposures in population with specific disease to a similar reference population without the disease
  • Helps see our information isn’t based off chance
42
Q

Cohort Study

A
  • Observational
  • Follows a population over a long time (years)
  • Nutritional exposure is measured at beginning to be related to disease that develops over course of study
  • Follow up may occur over many years
43
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial

A
  • Experimental study
  • Randomly select group to be administered foodstuffs, nutrients, etc and are compared to match control group of period to follow up
  • GOLD standard
  • See in people/animals
44
Q

Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analysis

A
  • Use existing evidence to address research question
  • Synthesizes findings
  • Considers flaws and gaps in evidence
  • Combines results of smaller studies to make larger sample
  • Risk of being calculated wrong
45
Q

Pregnancy death rates now>

A

5/6 in 1000

46
Q

How many pregnancies are planned?

A

60%

47
Q

Main factors what appear that are unrelated to nutritional status?

A
  • Menarche to Menopause
  • Health of reproductive tract
  • Function and regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary ovarian axis
48
Q

Female vs. Men Time Frame for Fertility

A
  • Females are limited

- Men can maintain fertility throughout life

49
Q

What has the biggest impact on Menarche?

A

Nutrition

50
Q

Three stages of menarche?

A

Follicular phase -> Ovarian -> Luteal phase

51
Q

Disordered Reproductive Cycling

A

Result of emotional stress, excessive exercise, disease of reproductive tract, meditation, obesity, extreme weight loss

52
Q

Consequences of Disordered Reproductive Cycling

A
  • Amenorrhea
  • Oligorrhea
  • Anovulation
53
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Loss of menstrual cycle

54
Q

Oligorrhea

A

Abnormally long cycles (45-90 days)

55
Q

Anovulation

A

Failure to ovulate

56
Q

Major cause of menstrual cycle disorders?

A

Poor nutrition status

57
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

58
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

59
Q

What do ovaries form?

A
  • Clusters of immature follicles (fluid filled cysts)
60
Q

Problems with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

A
  • Fluid filled cysts which cause anovulation/oligorrhea
  • High androgen concentrations (head hair loss, increased hair growth on face/chest)
  • Family obesity history
61
Q

Most important approach to managing PCOS

A

Weight loss through calorie restriction

62
Q

Main factor determining female fertility

A

Body fat content

63
Q

What body fat is the requirement for menarche

A

17% - minimum

64
Q

What body fat is required to sustain reproductive cycling

A

22%

65
Q

Leptin

A
  • Peptide hormone
  • Links body fattness of woman to hypothalamus pituitary ovarian axis
  • Governs fertility
  • From adipose tissue
66
Q

Lower leptin concentrations

A

Anovulation

67
Q

Extremely low leptin concentrations

A

Amennorhea

68
Q

Leptin / Obese women

A

Obese -> more adipose tissue -> more leptin

69
Q

ROS

A

Molecule with unpaired electrons that causes tissue damage

70
Q

Antioxidants

A

Lend electrons to buffer damage of free radicals

71
Q

Oxidative Stress

A
  • ROS activity isnt fully buffered by antioxidants

- Normal feature of reproductive function

72
Q

What happens when you dont have supply of antioxidants

A
  • ROS isnt neutralized

- Become in state of imbalance

73
Q

Why is body rich in antioxidants?

A

Controls oxidative stress

74
Q

Study on antioxidant supplements?

A

Showed there is no significant benefit for womens reproductive health

75
Q

Caffeine

A
  • Results are inconclusive

- Limit caffeine/alcohol use

76
Q

How is male fertility assessed?

A
  • Sperm count
  • Sperm motility
  • Sperm morphology
77
Q

Dietary factors as determinants of fertility?

A
  • Obesity reduces
  • Micronutrients
  • Alcohol impacts
  • Endocrine disruption by components of food chain
78
Q

Abnormal Spermatogenesis

A
  • Underweight men have low circulation

- Obese men have low circulation and produce lower quantities of sex hormone binding proteins

79
Q

Alcohol

A
  • Ethanol is spermatotoxic in animals (low LH/FSH, reduced testosterone)
  • No evidence about moderate alcohol consumption
80
Q

Alcoholics

A
  • Low semen volume
  • Low sperm count
  • Reduced sperm motility
  • Fewer sperm with normal morphology
81
Q

Zinc

A
  • Deficiency linked to infertility/spermatogenesis
  • Key cofactor for synthesis of DNA/RNA
  • Unclear about normal range
82
Q

What can oxidative damage do to sperm?

A
  • Reduce fertility

- More damaged, immotile sperm

83
Q

Antioxidant Supplementation

A
  • No clear evident benefit
  • Most trials use high dosage
  • Limited success in subfertile men
84
Q

Hormone Mimics

A

Bind estrogen receptor and induce estrogenic responses

85
Q

Antihormones

A

Oppose actions of endogenous androges

86
Q

Phthalates

A
  • Used in production of flexible plastics and household cleaning products
  • Inhibits testosterone production
  • Measurements of phthalate metabolites is inversely proportional to sperm count
87
Q

Baby boys and Phthalates

A
  • Exposure through formula milk with contamination of milk powder and baby bottle
  • Breast milk
88
Q

Phytoestrogens

A
  • Plant derived compounts with estrogenic activity (lignans, soy derived isoflavones)
  • Have little impact on adult male fertility
89
Q

Lignans

A

Sources of dietary fiber

- Flax seeds

90
Q

Controllable Factors of Pregnancy

A

Environmental and lifestyle

91
Q

Uncontrollable Factors of Pregnancy

A

Social and physiological

92
Q

Maternal Weight Management

A
  • Weight gain during pregnancy is reflection of BMI

- Weight loss during pregnancy is not recommended

93
Q

When should women try to lose weight?

A

Prior to conception

94
Q

Vitamin A

A

-Should be restricted during pregnancy due to association w birth defects

95
Q

NTD and Fliac Acid

A
  • Closure of neural tube at week 4 of gestation -> demand for folate is high
96
Q

Neural Tube

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

97
Q

What happens if folic acid is limiting nucleotide?

A

Neural Tube may not close

98
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • Neural tube defect

- Cerebral arches of the brain will be absent (death)

99
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Spinal cord isnt fully encased in bone making it vulnerable to injury/damage

100
Q

What % of Pregnancy is unplanned?

A

40%

101
Q

Fortification

A

In 1998, US food and drug administration imposed mandatory fortification with folate (pasta, bread)
- UK govt doesnt do this

FCS 217 (3 decks)

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