Test 2

Question 1

The outer zone of the adrenal cortex is called…

Answer 1

Zona Glomerulosa

Question 2

The middle zone of the adrenal cortex is called…

Answer 2

Zona Fasciculata

Question 3

The inner zone of the adrenal cortex is called…

Answer 3

Zona Reticularis

Question 4

The outer zone of the adrenal cortex produces…

Answer 4

Mineralocorticoids (namely ALDOSTERONE)

Question 5

The middle zone of the adrenal cortex produces…

Answer 5

Glucocorticoids (namely CORTISOL)

Question 6

The inner zone of the adrenal cortex produces…

Answer 6

Adrenal Androgens (namely DHEA and ANDROSTENEDIONE)

Question 7

What inhibits Cortosol?

Answer 7

Increased blood cortisol levels
opioids
Somatostatin

Question 8

The main stimulator in cortisol secretion

Answer 8

Stress, hypoglycemia, surgery, trauma.

Question 9

Excess cortisol due to a problem in the adrenal cortex (typically a tumor)

Answer 9

Cushing Syndrome

Question 10

Excess cortisol due to a problem in the anterior pituitary (typically excess ACTH from a tumor)

Answer 10

Cushing Disease

Question 11

Diminished cortisol secretion (and sometimes also aldosterone) due to a problem in the adrenal cortex (typically autoimmune or certain fungal infections)

Answer 11

Addison Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)

Question 12

Hyperpigmentation is a result of elevated levels of ______ which are then converted into ________.

Answer 12

ACTH

α-MSH

Question 13

a class of anti- hypertensive drugs that block the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II.

Answer 13

ACE inhibitors

Question 14

Caused by aldosterone- secreting tumor

Answer 14

Conn Syndrome (Primary Hyperaldosteronism)

Question 15

Production is shunted entirely toward the adrenal androgen pathway, which causes virilization in females.

Answer 15

Congenital 21β-Hydroxylase Deficiency

Question 16

Production is shunted entirely toward the mineralocorticoid pathway.

Answer 16

Congenital 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency

Question 17

Adrenal insufficiency is treated with replacement of glucocorticoid. This is achieved with the oral cortisol __________.

Answer 17

hydrocortisone; Cortef

Question 18

Low-potency, short-acting GCs

Answer 18

hydrocortisone, cortisone;

Question 19

Medium-potency, intermediate-acting GCs

Answer 19

prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone

Question 20

High-potency, long-acting GCs

Answer 20

betamethasone, budesonide, dexamethasone

Question 21

lthough hydrocortisone has some mineralocorticoid activity, it is usually not enough for some patients. These patients require the synthetic oral mineralocorticoid_______________.

Answer 21

fludrocortisone (Florinef)

Question 22

most predominant cells in the parathyroid glands

Answer 22

The principal or chief cells

Question 23

Some recent evidence suggests that they may be degenerated principal cells.

Answer 23

oxyphil cells

Question 24

the active form of vitamin D

Answer 24

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 25

Rickets occurs in children, ___________ in adults

Answer 25

Osteomalacia

Question 26

protein hormone (32-amino acids) that is synthesized and secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

Answer 26

Calcitonin

Question 27

A typical attack of hypocalcemic tetany involves muscular spasms in the face

Answer 27

Chvostek’s sign

Question 28

A typical attack of hypocalcemia Tetany involves contortions of the arms and hands.

Answer 28

Trousseau’s sign

Question 29

Associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and primary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 29

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome

Question 30

Adequate calcium for Postmenopausal women

Answer 30

approx. 1200 mg

Question 31

The most widely available calcium supplements are

Answer 31

calcium carbonate and calcium citrate

Question 32

Calcium supplements interfere with the absorption of______ and _______ _____ and, therefore, these medications should be taken at different times.

Answer 32

iron

thyroid hormone

Question 33

When is Calcium carbonate absorption better?

Answer 33

With meals

Question 34

When is calcium citrate absorption better?

Answer 34

While fasted

Question 35

How does estrogen affect bone?

Answer 35

Osteoblasts also produce a “decoy receptor” called osteoprotegerin (OPG) that binds to RANKL and prevents the RANKL/RANK interaction (thereby causing osteoclastogenesis inhibitory activity).

Estradiol increases production of OPG to diminish bone resorption.

Question 36

Tissue selective estrogen receptor

modulator (SERM) that has been approved by the FDA for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

Answer 36

Raloxifene (Evista)

Question 37

a humanized monoclonal antibody against RANKL  thereby inhibiting osteoclast formation, decreasing bone resorption, increasing BMD and reducing the risk of fracture

Answer 37

Denosumab (Prolia)

Question 38

Caused by aldosterone- secreting tumor

Answer 38

Conn syndrome

Question 39

Treatment of Conn syndrome consists of administration of an aldosterone antagonist such as

Answer 39

spironolactone

Question 40

Examples of ACE inhibitors include

Answer 40

lisinopril and enalapril