Test 1

Question 1

_______hormones are examples of_________ derivatives that are chemically similar to steroid hormones

Answer 1

Thyroid

tyrosine

Question 2

__________________ are examples of____________ derivatives that are chemically similar to protein hormones

Answer 2

Epinenephrine & norepinephrine (catecholamines)

tyrosine

Question 3

Episodic release of hormone of about an hour.

Answer 3

Circhoral

Question 4

Episodic release of hormones longer than an hour but less than 24 hrs.

Answer 4

Ultradian

Question 5

Episodic release approximately every 24 hrs

Answer 5

Circadian

Question 6

Episodic activity that is expressed at defined periods of the day

Answer 6

Diurnal (D for defined)

Question 7

Episodic release of hormones approximately every month (30 days)

Answer 7

Circatrigintan

Question 8

This disorder is a form of postpartum pituitary necrosis or infarction.

Answer 8

Sheehan’s syndrome

Question 9

Hypopituitarism, particularly a form resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Answer 9

Hemochromotosis

Question 10

The paraventricular nucleus produces…

Answer 10

OXYTOCIN

Question 11

The supraoptic nucleus produces…

Answer 11

ADH

Question 12

the most important physiologic stimulus for increasing ADH secretion

Answer 12

increase in osmolarity

Question 13

The second most potent stimulus for ADH secretion

Answer 13

Hypovolemia, or volume contraction (e.g., due to hemorrhage)

Question 14

Other Factors inhibiting ADH secretion

Answer 14

Ethanol
a-Adrenergic agonists
Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 15

The target tissue of ADH and its effect

Answer 15

Effect: Water resorption of by the kidneys
Targets: Principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Question 16

Which receptors does ADH bind to?

Answer 16

V2 receptors in the kidneys

V1 Receptors in smooth muscle

Question 17

What is the secondary action of ADH?

Answer 17

Constriction of arteriolar vascular smooth muscle causing vasoconstriction.

Question 18

Decreased ADH secretion results in which disease?

Answer 18

Neurogenic (Central) Diabetes Insipidus

Question 19

ADH is released from

Answer 19

The posterior pituitary

Question 20

In adults, the major clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus include abnormal specific gravity of urine. What is normal and what is not?

Answer 20

The urine is dilute with specific gravity below 1.005, and an osmolality less than 200mmol/kg/24hr

Question 21

A disorder that results compulsive water drinking, not associated with excess ADH secretion.

Answer 21

Primary Polydipsia

Question 22

Medication taken for ONLY for neurogenic (central) diabetes insipidus

Answer 22

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Question 23

Disease suspected in any patient with hyponatremia, plasma hyposmolality, and elevated urinary sodium excretion

Answer 23

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Question 24

Most common etiology is ectopic production of ADH by small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the lung

Answer 24

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Question 25

Causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells of the mammary alveoli & ducts and the ejection of milk.

Answer 25

Oxytocin

Question 26

Stimulation of the nipple through suckling produces a neurohumoral reflex that causes secretion of.

Answer 26

Oxytocin

Question 27

Affects the myometrium, as it increases both the frequency and the duration of action potentials during uterine contractions.

Answer 27

Oxytocin

Question 28

Thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary produce... And its release is stimulated by...

Answer 28

TSH Released by Thyrotropin-relasing hormone

Question 29

Corticotropes in the anterior pituitary produce... And its release is stimulated by...

Answer 29

ACTH Released by Corticotropin- releasing hormone

Question 30

Somatotropes in the anterior pituitary produce... And its release is stimulated/inhibited by...

Answer 30

GH Released by Growth hormone releasing hormone Inhibited by Growth hormone- inhibiting hormone

Question 31

Lactotropes in the anterior pituitary produce... And its release is stimulated/inhibited by...

Answer 31

Prolactin Released by Prolactin-releasing factor Inhibited by Prolactin-inhibiting factor

Question 32

Gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary produce... And its release is stimulated by...

Answer 32

FSH, LH Released by Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 33

GHIH is also known as________.

Answer 33

somatostatin

Question 34

Other actions of growth hormone are mediated indirectly through the production of____________ (or _____________) in the liver.

Answer 34

SOMATOMEDINS Also called INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS [IGFs]

Question 35

What are the effects of IGFs?

Answer 35

Stimulates the hypothalamus secretion of Somatostatin/GHIH, also inhibits the anterior pituitary from producing GH.

Question 36

Growth Hormone Preparations

Answer 36

x-tropin e.g. Genotropin Humatrope and Saizen

Question 37

Blocks growth hormone receptors throughout the body and reduces blood levels of IGF-1

Answer 37

Pegvisomant (Somavert)

Question 38

Name the Inhibitory factors of Prolactin Secretion

Answer 38

Dopamine Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist) Somatostatin Prolactin (negative feedback)

Question 39

Name the stimulatory factors of Prolactin Secretion

Answer 39

``` Pregnancy Breast-feeding sleep stress TRH Dopamine antagonist ```

Question 40

Drugs for Hyperprolactinemia, maybe because of a prolactinoma

Answer 40

Cabergoline (Cabaser, others), Bromocriptine (Parlodel, others)

Question 41

stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to synthesize and secrete testosterone

Answer 41

LH

Question 42

stimulates Sertoli cells in the testes to secrete seminal fluid

Answer 42

FSH

Question 43

During the first half of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase) and the midpoint, FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to....

Answer 43

synthesize and secrete estradiol (the major type of estrogen)

Question 44

During the second half of the menstrual cycle (luteal phase), FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to

Answer 44

synthesize and secrete progesterone

Question 45

These cells secrete calcitonin

Answer 45

C cells (parafollicular cells)

Question 46

Thyroid hormones are derivatives of...

Answer 46

the amino acid tyrosine

Question 47

Follicular cells synthesize __________ | and dump into the colloid

Answer 47

TGB | with its numerous tyrosine

Question 48

MIT + DIT = ?

Answer 48

T3

Question 49

DIT + DIT = ?

Answer 49

T4

Question 50

The Oxidation of I- to I2, the Organification of I2, and Coupling and colloid storage require the enzyme

Answer 50

THYROID PEROXIDASE

Question 51

catalyzes the Deiodination of residual MIT | & DIT

Answer 51

thyroid deiodinase

Question 52

TSH Actions

Answer 52

Stimulates TGB synthesis Stimulates Na+/I- pump activity Activates thyroid peroxidase hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells

Question 53

What are the three major thyroid hormone transport proteins?

Answer 53

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) [Don’t confuse with TGB] thyroxine-binding pre-albumin (TBPA) albumin

Question 54

Synthetic T4 thyroid hormone preparations include:

Answer 54

Levothyroxine (T4) [Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Unithroid] Liotrix (A mixture of T4 & T3 4:1) [Thyrolar]

Question 55

Synthetic T3 thyroid hormone preparations include:

Answer 55

Liothyronine (T3) [Cytomel] Liotrix (A mixture of T4 & T3 4:1) [Thyrolar]

Question 56

is a term generally used to denote severe hypothyroidism.

Answer 56

Myxedema

Question 57

anti-thyroid drugs

Answer 57

thioamides

Question 58

inhibit thyroid peroxidase- catalyzed steps in the synthetic process

Answer 58

Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)