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ASDOH Endocrine > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_______hormones are examples of_________ derivatives that are chemically similar to steroid hormones

A

Thyroid

tyrosine

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2
Q

__________________ are examples of____________ derivatives that are chemically similar to protein hormones

A

Epinenephrine & norepinephrine (catecholamines)

tyrosine

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3
Q

Episodic release of hormone of about an hour.

A

Circhoral

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4
Q

Episodic release of hormones longer than an hour but less than 24 hrs.

A

Ultradian

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5
Q

Episodic release approximately every 24 hrs

A

Circadian

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6
Q

Episodic activity that is expressed at defined periods of the day

A

Diurnal (D for defined)

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7
Q

Episodic release of hormones approximately every month (30 days)

A

Circatrigintan

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8
Q

This disorder is a form of postpartum pituitary necrosis or infarction.

A

Sheehan’s syndrome

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9
Q

Hypopituitarism, particularly a form resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

A

Hemochromotosis

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10
Q

The paraventricular nucleus produces…

A

OXYTOCIN

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11
Q

The supraoptic nucleus produces…

A

ADH

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12
Q

the most important physiologic stimulus for increasing ADH secretion

A

increase in osmolarity

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13
Q

The second most potent stimulus for ADH secretion

A

Hypovolemia, or volume contraction (e.g., due to hemorrhage)

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14
Q

Other Factors inhibiting ADH secretion

A

Ethanol
a-Adrenergic agonists
Atrial natriuretic peptide

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15
Q

The target tissue of ADH and its effect

A

Effect: Water resorption of by the kidneys
Targets: Principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

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16
Q

Which receptors does ADH bind to?

A

V2 receptors in the kidneys

V1 Receptors in smooth muscle

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17
Q

What is the secondary action of ADH?

A

Constriction of arteriolar vascular smooth muscle causing vasoconstriction.

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18
Q

Decreased ADH secretion results in which disease?

A

Neurogenic (Central) Diabetes Insipidus

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19
Q

ADH is released from

A

The posterior pituitary

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20
Q

In adults, the major clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus include abnormal specific gravity of urine. What is normal and what is not?

A

The urine is dilute with specific gravity below 1.005, and an osmolality less than 200mmol/kg/24hr

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21
Q

A disorder that results compulsive water drinking, not associated with excess ADH secretion.

A

Primary Polydipsia

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22
Q

Medication taken for ONLY for neurogenic (central) diabetes insipidus

A

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

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23
Q

Disease suspected in any patient with hyponatremia, plasma hyposmolality, and elevated urinary sodium excretion

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

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24
Q

Most common etiology is ectopic production of ADH by small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the lung

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

25
Q

Causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells of the mammary alveoli & ducts and the ejection of milk.

A

Oxytocin

26
Q

Stimulation of the nipple through suckling produces a neurohumoral reflex that causes secretion of.

A

Oxytocin

27
Q

Affects the myometrium, as it increases both the frequency and the duration of action potentials during uterine contractions.

A

Oxytocin

28
Q

Thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary produce… And its release is stimulated by…

A

TSH

Released by Thyrotropin-relasing hormone

29
Q

Corticotropes in the anterior pituitary produce… And its release is stimulated by…

A

ACTH

Released by Corticotropin- releasing hormone

30
Q

Somatotropes in the anterior pituitary produce… And its release is stimulated/inhibited by…

A

GH

Released by Growth hormone releasing hormone
Inhibited by Growth hormone- inhibiting hormone

31
Q

Lactotropes in the anterior pituitary produce… And its release is stimulated/inhibited by…

A

Prolactin

Released by Prolactin-releasing factor
Inhibited by Prolactin-inhibiting factor

32
Q

Gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary produce… And its release is stimulated by…

A

FSH, LH

Released by Gonadotropin releasing hormone

33
Q

GHIH is also known as________.

A

somatostatin

34
Q

Other actions of growth hormone are mediated indirectly through the production of____________ (or _____________) in the liver.

A

SOMATOMEDINS
Also called
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS [IGFs]

35
Q

What are the effects of IGFs?

A

Stimulates the hypothalamus secretion of Somatostatin/GHIH, also inhibits the anterior pituitary from producing GH.

36
Q

Growth Hormone Preparations

A

x-tropin e.g. Genotropin

Humatrope and Saizen

37
Q

Blocks growth hormone receptors throughout the body and reduces blood levels of IGF-1

A

Pegvisomant (Somavert)

38
Q

Name the Inhibitory factors of Prolactin Secretion

A

Dopamine
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)
Somatostatin
Prolactin (negative feedback)

39
Q

Name the stimulatory factors of Prolactin Secretion

A 
Pregnancy
Breast-feeding
sleep
stress
TRH
Dopamine antagonist
40
Q

Drugs for Hyperprolactinemia, maybe because of a prolactinoma

A

Cabergoline (Cabaser, others), Bromocriptine (Parlodel, others)

41
Q

stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to synthesize and secrete testosterone

A

LH

42
Q

stimulates Sertoli cells in the testes to secrete seminal fluid

A

FSH

43
Q

During the first half of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase) and the midpoint, FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to….

A

synthesize and secrete estradiol (the major type of estrogen)

44
Q

During the second half of the menstrual cycle (luteal phase), FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to

A

synthesize and secrete progesterone

45
Q

These cells secrete calcitonin

A

C cells (parafollicular cells)

46
Q

Thyroid hormones are derivatives of…

A

the amino acid tyrosine

47
Q

Follicular cells synthesize __________

and dump into the colloid

A

TGB

with its numerous tyrosine

48
Q

MIT + DIT = ?

A

T3

49
Q

DIT + DIT = ?

A

T4

50
Q

The Oxidation of I- to I2, the Organification of I2, and Coupling and colloid storage require the enzyme

A

THYROID PEROXIDASE

51
Q

catalyzes the Deiodination of residual MIT

& DIT

A

thyroid deiodinase

52
Q

TSH Actions

A

Stimulates TGB synthesis

Stimulates Na+/I- pump activity

Activates thyroid peroxidase

hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells

53
Q

What are the three major thyroid hormone transport proteins?

A

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) [Don’t confuse with TGB]

thyroxine-binding pre-albumin (TBPA)

albumin

54
Q

Synthetic T4 thyroid hormone preparations include:

A

Levothyroxine (T4) [Levothroid,
Levoxyl, Synthroid, Unithroid]

Liotrix (A mixture of T4 & T3 4:1)
[Thyrolar]

55
Q

Synthetic T3 thyroid hormone preparations include:

A

Liothyronine (T3) [Cytomel]

Liotrix (A mixture of T4 & T3 4:1)
[Thyrolar]

56
Q

is a term generally used to denote severe hypothyroidism.

A

Myxedema

57
Q

anti-thyroid drugs

A

thioamides

58
Q

inhibit thyroid peroxidase- catalyzed steps in the synthetic process

A

Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)

ASDOH Endocrine (3 decks)

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