Test 2

Question 1

Any event or object in the enviroment to which an organism responds is_________

Answer 1

DOnt know

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov, a noble prize winning physiologist, studied which of the following phenomena?

a) maturation
b) animial cognition
c) operant conditioning
d) classical conditioning

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Little Tammy is firghtened by thunder and cries when she hears it. During a season of frequent electrical storms, thunder is always preceeded by lightning. Now tammy cries as soon as she sees lightning. In this example, the conditioned response is:

a) thunder
b) lightning
c) crying at the sound of thunder
d) crying at the sound of lightning

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A puff of air on the surface of your eye will make you blink reflexively. If you hear a buzzer repeatedly just before air is puffed into your eye, eventually you will blink as soon as you hear the buzzer. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the:

a) eyeblink response to the buzzer
b) buzzer
c) puff of air
d) eyeblink response to the puff of air

Answer 4

D

Question 5

In psychology of learning, any even or object that strengthens or increases the probability of the response it follows is known as:

a) the law of effect
b) a reinforcer
c) a punishment
d) an aversive stimulus

Answer 5

B

Question 6

The technique that reinforces any movement in the direction of the desired response, and gradually guiding the responses closer and closer to the ultimate goal is called:

a) training
b) approximating
c) shaping
d) moulding

Answer 6

C

Question 7

In pshycology of learning, any event or object that stregnthens or increases the probablility of the repsonse it follows is known as:

a) the law of effect
b) a reinforcer
c) a punishment
d) an aversive stimulus

Answer 7

B

Question 8

The technique that reinforces any movement in the direction of the desired response, and gradually guiding the responses closer and closer to the ultimate goal is called:

a) training
b) approximating
c) shaping
d) moulding

Answer 8

C

Question 9

True or False

a parent with an extreme feat of the dentist or of thunderstorms might serve as a model for there fears in a child

Answer 9

True

Question 10

True or False
Inhibitions cannot be strengthened through observation learning. The vast majority of people must experience the unfortunate consequences of dangerous behaviour to avoid it in the future

Answer 10

False

Question 11

True or False

Memory failure can result from the failure of encoding, storage or retrieval

Answer 11

True

Question 12

The memory process of locating and returning stored information to the conscious state is referred to as:

a) encoding
b) procedural encoding
c) storage
d) retrieval

Answer 12

D

Question 13

An usher points out a seat to paul in a darkened theatre by moving a flashlight in a rectangular motion. Paul sees the form of the rectangle because images from the flashlight are being briefly stored in his:

a) semantic memory
b) short-term memory
c) photographic memory
d) sensory memory

Answer 13

D

Question 14

Working memory is another term for:

a) iconic memory
b) semantic memory
c) elaborative memory
d) short-term memory

Answer 14

D

Question 15

In the ____________ memory, the stimulus tends to fade significantly after 20-30 seconds if it is not repeated.

a) iconic and echo
b) sensory
c) long-term
d) short-term

Answer 15

D

Question 16

Short-term memory’s capacity is about ____________ different items or bits of information at one time

a) 7 (plus or minus 2)
b) 7 (plus or minus 1)
c) 10 (plus or minus 2)
d) 10 (plus or minus 1)

Answer 16

A

Question 17

Multiple choice questions such as this one measure ____________ memory tasks

a) recall
b) recognition
c) relearning
d) saving

Answer 17

B

Question 18

When studying for an exam, it is best to spend:

a) more time reciting than rereading.
b) more time rereading than reciting
c) equal time rereading and reciting
d) all of the time reciting rather than rereading.

Answer 18

D

Question 19

In classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the orignianl conditioned stimulus

Answer 19

Generalization

Question 20

The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli

Answer 20

Discrimination

Question 21

The reappearance of an extinguished response (in weaker form) when an organsim is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period

Answer 21

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 22

The weakening and often eventual disappearance of learned response, by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 22

Extinction

Question 23

Through this process, a child attacked by a dog can easily develop a long-lasting fear of all dogs

Answer 23

Generalization

Question 24

This ability has survival value in that we know the difference between a rattlesnake and a garter snake

Answer 24

Discrimination

Question 25

The termination of an unpleasant stimulus after a response in order to increase the probablity that the response will be repeated

Answer 25

Negative Reinforcement

Question 26

A neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing after repeated pairing with other reinforcers

Answer 26

Secondary reinforcers

Question 27

For example, salary raises, promotions, awards, bonuses, good grades, and candy are and example of what?

Answer 27

Postive Reinforcements

Question 28

Examples of this type of reinforcement are turning on one’s air conditioner to terminate heat or getting out of bed to turn off a faucet to avoid listening to the annoying drip

Answer 28

Primary reinforcer

Question 29

A reward or pleasent consequence that follows a response and increases the probablility that the response will be repeated

Answer 29

Positive Reinforcements

Question 30

Food, water sleep, sex and the termination of pain

Answer 30

Primary reinforecer

Question 31

For example, attetion from others is a powerful type of this reinforcer

Answer 31

Secondary reinforcer

Question 32

A reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning

Answer 32

Primary Reinforcer

Question 33

True or False

Punishment is roughly the same as negative reinforcement

Answer 33

F

Question 34

True or False

Punishment lowers the porbablility of a response

Answer 34

T

Question 35

True or False

Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement increases the probablity of a desired repsonse

Answer 35

T

Question 36

True or False

Punishment can be accomplished by the addition of an unpleasant stimulus or by they removal of a pleasant stimulus

Answer 36

T

Question 37

“Grounding” can only be uses as a method of punishment

Answer 37

F

Question 38

True or False

Withholding affection and attentuon are examples of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 38

T

Question 39

True or False

Scolding, critism or a prison sentence are examples of removal of a pleasant stimulus

Answer 39

T

Question 40

Another name for observational learning

Answer 40

modeling

Question 41

Parents, movie stars and sports personalities

Answer 41

model

Question 42

Mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem-solving and remembering

Answer 42

Cognitive processes

Question 43

Learning by imitation

Answer 43

Model