Test #2 Flashcards
Leading cause of heart transplant
Cardiomyopathy
What is the M:F affected by dilated cardiomyopathy?
3:1 male to female (M/C in african americans)
What is a risk factor for dilated cardiomyopathy?
Alcoholism
Type of cardiomyopathy that has a genetic correlation thus its progression can’t be slowed
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
This often follows an upper respiratory tract infection
Myocarditis
What is the M/C form of infectious myocarditis?
Viral myocarditis
Viral myocarditis is usually caused by what organism?
Coxsackie viruses
How is myocarditis treated?
Many cases resolve spontaneously, but may deteriorate & lead to dilated cardiomyopathy
How is endocarditis diagnosed?
Duke criteria: 2 major criteria or 1 major & 3 minor or 5 minor criteria
What are the Major Duke Criteria?
Typical micoorganisms identified
Persistently positive blood culture
Positive ECG
New valvular regurgitation murmur
What are the Minor Duke Criteria?
Predisposing condition Fever >100.4 (consistent) Blood Tests ECG suggestive but not positive Vascular Phenomenon
Symptoms assoc. w/ acute pericarditis?
Systemic symptoms of viral infection
Central chest pain radiating to either side of neck
Chest pain may be relieved by leaning forward
Friction rubs on ECG (pathoneumonic)
Symptoms assoc. w/ chronic pericarditis?
Painless (no chest pain)
Dyspnea & fatigue along w/ signs of L & R heart failure
What is the hallmark of chronic pericarditis?
Onset of dyspnea
This sign assoc. w/ chronic pericarditis is marked neck vein swelling during inspiration
Kusmal’s sign
What is the Classic Triad assoc. w/ pericarditis?
Raised jugular venous pressure
Pulsus paradoxis
Hypotension
What organisms cause pericarditis?
Coxsackievirus
Echovirus
What is the ddx assoc. w/ pericarditis?
Acute MI Dissection of thoracic aorta Pleurisy Musculoskeletal chest pain L & R ventricular failure
Type of aneursym assoc. w/ aortic valve disease & HTN
Aortic dissection
This type of aneurysm is M/C in the abdominal aorta
Non-dissecting (Dilatatory)
How is an abdominal aneurysm often diagnosed?
Incidental finding on abdominal radiograph
Disruption of the normal rhythm of the cardiac cycle is called what?
Cardiac arrhythmias
What types of factors can cause ventricular arrhythmias?
Caffeine
Alchohol
Cigarette smoking
Anxiety
This test is useful for determining presence of cardiovascular disease, not useful for ruling out the possibility of CVA’s occurring after C-spine adjustment
George’s Test
Chronic peripheral manifestation of atherosclerosis, usually affecting the lower limbs
Peripheral vascular disease
Signs/Symptoms of mild PVD?
Pulses are decreased or absent distal to occlusion (dorsalis pedis is congentially absent in up to 10% of pop.)
Signs/Symptoms of severe PVD?
Non-healing sores or gangrenous lesions
Ischemic ulcers usually distal to ankle & taking >6wks to heal
What is the ddx for PVD?
Spinal Stenosis
What medicine is effective for chronic management of PVD but not sufficient in acute emergencies?
Aspirin
What disease is assoc. w/ Virchow’s Triad?
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
What is Virchow’s Triad?
Vascular damage
Venous stasis
Hypercoagulability
Risk factors for developing varicose veins?
Obesity Low activity level Family history Aging Standing for long periods Pregnancy Oral contraceptive use Restrictive clothing
This decreases when lung is deflected away from the thorax wall
Fremitus (Palpable vibration)
What is collapse of a lung called?
Atelectasis
What is collection of air around a lung called?
Pneumothorax
What is fluid b/w lung & cavity called?
Pleural effusion
What causes fremitus to increase?
When lung tissue is in contact w/ the thorax wall is conolidated
What would cause consolidation increasing fremitus?
Pulmonary congestion
Pulmonary fibrosis
Infection (Pneumonia, Neoplasm, Abscess)
What is blocking a vessel in the lung called?
Pulmonary Embolism
Where do a majority of PE originate?
Thrombi in the leg veins
What part of the thorax are vesicular sounds heard?
Over peripheral fields
Where are bronchovesicular sounds heard in the thorax?
Over mid-lung fields
Where are bronchial sounds heard in the thorax?
Over main-stem bronchi
What type of sound is made by fluid in the lung causing tissues to stick together when lung empties?
Crackles (fine crackles - distal & coarse crackles - prox)
What sound is caused by air flowing through narrow passageway?
Rhonchi/wheezes (Sonorous - low pitch & Sibilant - high pitch)
This is caused by irritated/inflamed pleura during gliding or breathing
Pleural friction rub
A cough that has a central, dry, barking quality?
Tracheal
A cough that is lower pitched, rumbling, productive , or non-productive
Bronchial
A cough that is assoc. w/ nasal secretions, sinus drainage, etc.
Pharyngeal
Cough known as a “Death Rattle”; caused by inability to dislodge secretions
Non-effective cough
Rust/prune juice sputum is caused by what?
Pneumococcal
Pink/frothy sputum is caused by what?
pulmonary edema
Yellow/green sputum is caused by what?
Bacterial pneumonia
Currant Jelly sputum is caused by what?
Klebsialla pneumonia
Mucoid/Viscous sputum is caused by what?
Asthma
3-layered sputum is caused by what?
Bronchiectasis
