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Radiology -Scott Newman > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a technique chart?

A

a way of knowing what to set the exposure to

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2
Q

Purpose of technique chart?

A

to provide consistent way of exposure for a diagnostic radiograph

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3
Q

Caliper

A

device used to measure the patient for radiograph

always use centimeters

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4
Q

Where to measure when doing elbow

A

distal humerus

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5
Q

where to measure when doing radius/ulna

A

distal humerus

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6
Q

where to measure when doing stifle

A

distal femur

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7
Q

where to measure when doing tibia/fibula

A

distal femur

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8
Q

How to start a technique chart

A

mesure a medium sized dog/cat for abdominal
Set machine to 2.5mAs & 65 kvp
set shortest exposure time to achieve 2.5 mAs
adjust technique as needed
Always log the techniques!

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9
Q

Suggest kVp ranges for extremities

A

55-65kVp

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10
Q

Suggest kVp ranges for abdomen

A

65-85kVp

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11
Q

Suggest kVp ranges for thorax

A

75-95kVp

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12
Q

Suggest kVp ranges for pelvis

A

55-75kVp

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13
Q

Factors to consider when developing a technique chart

A

tissue thickness
screen type
grid factor

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14
Q

Primary beam

A

a group of rays that make up beam

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15
Q

Central ray

A

most central ray

part of primary beam

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16
Q

Primary rays

A

the rays on either side of central ray

part of primary beam

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17
Q

Secondary rays

A

outer edges of beam and do not have enough energy to pass through the patient
part of primary beam

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18
Q

Cone

A

beam limiting device that slides on the end of the tube under the filter to limit the size of the beam

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19
Q

Collimator

A

beam limiting device
LEAD SHUTTER BEAM LIMITING DEVICE
adjusts down to decrease the size of the primary beam

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20
Q

Advantages of limiting the beam

A

decrease the amount of radiation to the patient and you

better detail

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21
Q

Backscatter

A

rays that become scattered by bouncing off object

grids are used to decrease this

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22
Q

A grid is a device that either sits

A

*between patient and film
on top of cassette
built into cassette

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23
Q

Grid composition

A

alternating strips of lead and spacer material

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24
Q

Grid ratio

A

height of lead strips in relation to the material between

example 8:1

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25
Q

Linear grid pattern

A

lead strips are parallel to each other and horizontal to the surface

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26
Q

Crossed grid pattern

A

2 linear grids that are at right angles to each other

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27
Q

Parallel/Unfocused grid

A

not the most effective

lead strips are parallel to each other and upright to the surface

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28
Q

Focused/Angled grid

A

lead strips in the center are parallel but the strips on the edges are angled
too effective, low quality

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29
Q

Pseudo-focused grid

A

combo of parallel and focused grids
prevents the absorption of primary beam at the edges
best quality

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30
Q

Inventor of the grid & year

A

Dr. Gustov Bucky

1913

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31
Q

Inventors of moving grid

A

1920
Hollis Potter & Dr. Bucky
“Potter-Bucky diaphragm”

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32
Q

Radiographic quality is dependent on

A

density
quality contrast
factors affecting detail

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33
Q

Radiographic density

A

the amount of black or darkness on the radiograph

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34
Q

5 main radiographic densities: most dense to least dense

A 
Air
Fat
Tissues of H2O density
Bone
Enamel/Metal
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35
Q

4 factors affecting radiographic density

A

milliamperage
kilovoltage
object density
tissue thickness

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36
Q

4 ways to increase radiographic density

A

increase mA
increase kVp
increase developing time
increase temperature of developing

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37
Q

Radiographic contract

A

varying sades of gray on radiograph

the density difference between 2 adjacent areas

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38
Q

5 things that influence contrast

A 
Subject contrast
kVp
Scatter radiation
Film type
Film fog
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39
Q

Short scale contrast

A

more measurable difference between two adjacent areas on radiograph
black and white

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40
Q

Long scale contrast

A

less measurable difference between 2 adjacent areas on radiograph
more shades of gray

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41
Q

Radiographic Detail

A

sharpness and clarity of rad

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42
Q

Geometric unsharpness & causes

A 
type of decrease in radiographic detail 
fog (fuzziness) on a particular area of the radiograph 
poor screen/film contrast 
focal spot size 
focal film distance
motion
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43
Q

Geometric distortion and magnification

A

type of geometric unsharpness
“flashlight effect”
elongation- object appears longer than actual size
foreshortening- object smaller than actual size
does not effect quality, only size

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44
Q

Radiographic noise

A

type of geometric unsharpness

variations in density not associated with normal tissue/bone densities

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45
Q

2 types of radiographic noise

A

Mottle- grainy due to wrong film type, dirty chemicals in processor
Artifacts- fogged film

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46
Q

Black crescents or lines - causes

A

static electricity
finger prints
roller marks

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47
Q

Black areas - causes

A

exposure to white light

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48
Q

White areas - causes

A

grid lines
overlapping body parts
too much difference in body measurement

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49
Q

Film too dark

A

overexposed

decrease technique

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50
Q

Film too light

A

underexposed

increase technique

51
Q

Doubly dark

A

can barely distinguish the object

all black film

52
Q

1/2 Doubly dark

A

able to distinguish object from the rest of primary beam but dark around the edges
not very good detail

53
Q

1/4 Doubly dark

A

able to distinguish object, but just slightly dark

cant see small details

54
Q

Doubly light

A

can barely distinguish the object almost all grayish-white

55
Q

1/2 Doubly light

A

able to distinguish object, but hard to recognize most detail

56
Q

1/4 Doubly light

A

able to distinguish object, can see detail, but not small details

57
Q

Doubly dark & Doubly light adjustment values

A

kVp- 15%

mAs- 50%

58
Q

1/2 Doubly dark & Doubly light adjustment values

A

kVp 10%

mAs 30%

59
Q

1/4 Doubly dark & Doubly light adjustment values

A

kVp by 2-3

60
Q

Purpose of film

A

provide a permanent record that contains vital dx info

61
Q

X-ray film base

A

transparent polyester that provides flexible support

62
Q

X-ray film emulsion

A

gelatin suspension of silver halide crystals that coat the film evenly

63
Q

Silver Halide

A

compound made up of silver and either bromine, chlorine, or iodine
silver bromide crystals are the most common type

64
Q

What happens when X-rays hit the film

A

converts silver halide into black metallic silver

how much is converted depends on films sensitivity

65
Q

Film sensitivity

A

how sensitive the film is to the xrays
can be sensitive to either blue or green spectrum of light
more sensitive= faster speed

66
Q

Fast speed film

A

larger silver halide crystals
requires less exposure from xrays
poor image detail
good for body cavities

67
Q

Slow speed film

A

smaller crystals
decreased sensitivity
increased detail

68
Q

Medium film (par)

A

most commonly used

fairly good detail without too much radiation

69
Q

Film storage and handling

A

store in vertical position
temp. should be kept 50-60 degrees with low humidity
film is least sensitive to red light and most sensitive to white light

70
Q

2 types of film holders

A

cassettes

cardboard (dental rads)

71
Q

Intensifying screens

A

> 95% of the exposure recorded is from the light coming from screens
sheets of luminescent phosphor crystals bound together and mounted in cassette
when the crystals are struck by xrays, they fluoresce and convert the xrays into visible light

72
Q

4 parts of intensifying screen

A
  1. Base layer/support
  2. Reflective- reflects light toward film
  3. PC layer- blue or green fluoresce
  4. Protective coat
73
Q

Calcium tungstate screen

A

Old version
invented in 1896 by Thomas Edison
emissions of blue light
doesn’t convert light very well

74
Q

Rare Earth Phosphor screen

A

much greater xray to light conversion
4x the ability to convert
emission fo light can be green or blue
decreases radiation dose

75
Q

Fast screen speed

A

decreased exposure time
larger crystals
decreased detail
more efficient light conversion

76
Q

Slow screen speed

A

Increased exposure time
smaller crystals
increased detail
less efficient light conversion

77
Q

Medium screen speed

A

most common

medium screen with medium film

78
Q

Screen care

A

cleaning solution recommended by manufacturer
70% alcohol solution
Kim wipes- never ever use paper towels!!!

79
Q

Layers of cassette

A
  1. cassette top
  2. top padding
  3. intensifying screen
  4. film
  5. intensifying screen
  6. bottom padding
  7. cassette bottom
80
Q

5 steps to processing any film

A
  1. developing
  2. rinsing/stop bath
  3. fixing
  4. washing
  5. drying
81
Q

Developer

A

alkaline chemical that converts latent image into visible image

82
Q

Rinse bath

A

stops the developing process
rinses developer off the film
prevents contamination fo the fixer

83
Q

Fixer

A

an acidic solution that removes the unexposed crystals and hardens the gelatin coating to prevent damaging from drying

84
Q

Washing

A

removes the chemicals from the film

in manual processing, the film should be washed for 30 min.

85
Q

Manual developing

A

68 degrees for 3 min.
for each degree lower than 68 degrees increase time by 30 seconds
for each degree higher than 68, decrease time by 30 seconds
never develop for longer than 5 min or shorter than 2 min.

86
Q

Fixing

A

twice the developing time

87
Q

Clearing time

A

the minimum amount of time film needs to be in the fixer

20 seconds

88
Q

2 types of water baths

A

stationary
circulating
rinse 20-30 min.
hang to dry

89
Q

Automatic processing

A

involves some routine except operates at a much higher temp. and special chemicals to speed up processing (90-94 degrees)

90
Q

Care for manual equipment

A

buy dilute chemicals
concentrated chemicals
needs to be kept clean and changed regularly

91
Q

Care for automatic equipment

A

service tech will come service the machine every 3-4 months

92
Q

Silver recovery

A

any old film must be sent to silver recovery

93
Q

Film identification

A

all radiographs must contain a permanent label

94
Q

Film ID must include

A

name and address of hospital
date
patient and owners name
age, sex, breed, DOB

95
Q

3 methods of labeling

A

lead markers (old version)
lead impregnated tape (equine)
embosser

96
Q

Split plates

A

when more than one view can be placed on a piece of film
light area must be closed only to specific area to be radiographed
cover un-used parts with lead

97
Q

Thoracic Radiographs most common visible structures

A

Heart, lung fields, trachea, rings, aorta, cranial and caudal vena cava

98
Q

D/V best for

A

heart evaluation

99
Q

V/D best for

A

lungs

never do V/D for dyspnic patient

100
Q

Lateral

A

right side down

101
Q

Dyspnic patient postions

A

standing or sternally recumbent

lateral decubitus

102
Q

Most common visible structures on abdominal xray

A 
Liver 
Stomach
Kidneys- left= lower 
Urinary bladder
\+/- intestines 
\+/- spleen
103
Q

Why take abdominal radiograph?

A

Foreign bodies
tumors
uroliths (stones)
confirm pregnancy

104
Q

Confirming pregnancy in dogs and cats

A

can be anywhere from 45-50 days of age
Zippers
Dystocia (find where fetus is)

105
Q

Why take pelvic rads?

A 
dx hip dysplasia 
arthritis degree
see fractures 
tell where fluxation is 
legg-clave-perthes syndrome= small breed dogs: jumping destroys cartilage
106
Q

common pelvic views

A

V/D & Lateral

107
Q

OFA stands for

A

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals

108
Q

OFA established

A

1966 to assist breeders in addressing hip dysplasia

109
Q

OFA also has a database for

A 
Elbow deformities 
Patellar deformities 
Thyroid dz. 
Congenital heart dz. 
DNA- VonWillebrands dz.
110
Q

Objectives of OFA

A

to gather and distribute info
to advice, encourage, and establish control problems
to encourage and finance research
to receive funds and make grants

111
Q

How old must an animal be to be OFA eligible

A

2 years

112
Q

Top 2 breeds for hip dysplasia

A

Bulldogs & Pugs

113
Q

X-rays for OFA

A

Only 1 needs to be sent, but take 2 and keep one for backup

2 pieces of film in one cassette

114
Q

OFA Embossing card

A 
dogs registered name or # 
DOB
Vet case or X-ray # 
Date
Dr. name or hospital name
115
Q

OFA radiograph is reviewed by

A

3 randomly selected, board certified radiologists

breed, age, and sex of animal are taken into consideration

116
Q

7 categories for OFA registration

A 
Passing: 
     Excellent hip joint conformation 
     Good hip joint conformation
     Fair hip joint conformation
Failing:
     Borderline hip conformation
     Mild hip dysplasia 
     Moderate hip dysplasia 
     Severe hip dysplasia
117
Q

Penn Hip official name

A

Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program

118
Q

PennHip established in ___ by ___

A

1983

Dr. Gail Smith

119
Q

PennHip asses

A

the quality of K9 hip joint and quantitatively measures hip joint laxity

120
Q

PennHip is accurate in puppies as young as

A

16 weeks old

121
Q

PennHip has been on the market since

A

1994

122
Q

3 factors that compose PennHip

A

diagnostic radiographic technique
network of trained vets
medical database for scientific analysis

123
Q

3 views required for PennHip

A

Extended
Compression (frog leg)
Distraction (hind legs placed in position perpendicular to the table top)

Radiology -Scott Newman (4 decks)

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