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Radiology -Scott Newman > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

The biological effect of radiation is measured in what units?

A

Rem

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2
Q

The amount of x-rays received in the course of employment by an individual over 18years old is called what?

A

Occupational dose

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3
Q

Chronic exposure to xray radiation will most likely cause which of the following

A

^ rates of neoplasia
^ in rates of sqam cell carcinoma
^ risk of temp or perm infertility

ALL OF THE ABOVE

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4
Q

What causes a clear border around developed xray film?

A

collimation

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5
Q

Repeated exposure of an individual to small amounts of radiation can have which of the following effects?

A

cataract development in the eyes of the operator

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6
Q

What describes the purpose of collimation

A

it reduces the amount of scatter

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7
Q

where should a radiation monitoring device be worn for routine radiography?

A

outside the apron at thyroid level

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8
Q

Why are individuals under the age of 18 excluded from performing or assisting in radiography?

A

because their cells are reproducing more rapidly

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9
Q

What is the purpose of wearing leaded gloves when performing veterinary radiography

A

protect the wearer from scatter radiation

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10
Q

Which of the following statements describes a female radiographer’s special risks?

A

the embryo/fetus is most sensitive to radiation during the first three months of pregnancy

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11
Q

Define X-ray

A

a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light, but much shorter in wavelength

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12
Q

Who credited with the discovery of medical use of x-rays

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgn

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13
Q

Xray absorption is determined by which 3 factors

A

atomic #
density
energy

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14
Q

List 2 concerns if exposed to radiation

A

cancer

infertility

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15
Q

The means of measuring the dose of radiation received by the radiographer

A

Maximum Permissible Dose

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16
Q

How is MPD measured?

A

Measures maximum amount of radiation over a given time

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17
Q

What device is used to measure MPD

A

Dosimeter Badge

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18
Q

Universal rules for positioning animals when taking a radiograph

A

bones/extremities: place on effected side

body cavity: taken V/D

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19
Q

Name the 5 directional terms for body cavities

A 
Ventral 
Dorsal
Cranial
Caudal
Lateral
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20
Q

What are 2 views used when performing a body cavity radiograph?

A

V/D

LAT

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21
Q

What are 2 views you could perform on an extremity radiograph

A

CR/CD

LAT

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22
Q

Directional terms for the extremities

A 
Cranial
Caudal
Palmar 
Plantar
Dorsal
Extension
Flexion
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23
Q

What must be included on the permanent label of a radiograph?

A

Patient
Hospital
Date

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24
Q

What is always included in the view when performing a long bone radiograph

A

joint above and below the bone

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25
Q

What is always included when doing a joint radiograph

A

1/4 to 1/3 of the bone above and below the joint

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26
Q

Name the 2 electrodes involved in generating xrays

A

Cathode -

Anode +

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27
Q

What 2 items are produced from the generation of xrays

A

heat

radiation

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28
Q

what are xray beams composed of and how do they travel

A

photons in the form of a wave

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29
Q

List the 5 different object densities from the least to most dense

A 
air
fat
muscles & organs
bone
metal & enamel
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30
Q

List 5 areas that particularly sensitive to the effects of radiation

A 
Skin & intestinal epithelium
gonads
thyroid
lens of the eye
blood forming organs
31
Q

____ is the amount of energy transmitted by ionizing xrays to matter and is measured in ____

A

absorbed dose

gray

32
Q

___ is the amount of radiation equal to the absorbed dose in tissue and is measured in ____

A

dose equivalent

Sv

33
Q

List 3 different items of protective equipment that contain lead

A

gown
gloves
thyroid shield

34
Q

list 3 safety precautions you should take when taking xrays (other than wearing protective equip)

A 
look away
collimate
restrain devices 
avoid retakes
least time possible
35
Q

5 steps to processing radiographic film

A 
developing
rinsing
fixing
washing
drying
36
Q

The acid chemical that removes unexposed crystals

A

the fixer

37
Q

___ is the alkaline chemical that converts the ____ on the film to a ____

A

developer
latent image
visible image

38
Q

What is the minimum & maximum developing time?

A

2-5 min

39
Q

What are the 2 types of water baths?

A

Circulation & Stationary

40
Q

What are 2 types of film processing

A

manual

automatic

41
Q

Instrument used to measure the area to be radiographed

A

calliper

42
Q

Thorax Limits

A

Cranial- Thoracic inlet
Caudal- Diaphragm
Dorsal- Thoracic spine
Ventral- Sternum

43
Q

Thorax Landmarks

A

Cranial- Manubrium
Caudal- Xiphoid Process
Dorsal- Dorsal Spinus Processes
Ventral- Sternum

44
Q

Abdomen Limits

A

Cranial- Diaphragm
Caudal- Pelvic Inlet
Dorsal- Lumbar spine
Ventral- Linea alba

45
Q

Abdomen Landmarks

A

Cranial- Xiphoid process
Caudal- Iliac Crest
Dorsal- Dorsal spinus processes
Ventral- Belly wall

46
Q

Whole Body Limits

A

Cranial- Thoracic Inlet
Caudal- Pelvic Inlet
Dorsal- Spine
Ventral- Sternum

47
Q

Whole Body Landmarks

A

Cranial- Manubrium
Caudal- Iliac Crest
Dorsal- Dorsal spinus processes
Ventral- Sternum

48
Q

Pelvis Limits

A

Cranial- Pelvic inlet

Caudal- Tuberichii

49
Q

Pelvis Landmarks

A

Cranial- Iliac crest

Caudal- Tuberichii

50
Q

Cervical Spine Limits

A

Cranial- C1

Caudal- C7

51
Q

Cervical Spine Landmarks

A

Cranial- wings of atlas

Caudal- dorsal tips of scapula

52
Q

Thoracic Spine Limits

A

Cranial- T1

Caudal- T13

53
Q

Thoracic Spine Landmarks

A

Cranial- Dorsal tips of scapula

Caudal- last rib

54
Q

Lumbar spine limits

A

Cranial- L1

Caudal- L7

55
Q

Lumbar spine landmarks

A

Cranial- last rib

Caudal- iliac crest

56
Q

T/L Junction Limits

A

Cranial- T11

Caudal- L2

57
Q

T/L junction Landmarks

A

Cranial- 9th rib

Caudal- iliac crest

58
Q

2 Electromagnetic Radiation behaviors

A
  1. wavelength & frequency

2. protons, neutrons, & electrons

59
Q

3 types of radiation

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary (scatter)
  3. background
60
Q

2 types of primary radiation

A
  1. general (70% of beam)

2. characteristic (30% of beam)

61
Q

Occupational exposure limits

A

whole body- 0.05sv
organs & tissue- 0.5sv
lens of eye- 0.15sv

62
Q

How are extremity radiographs hung?

A

Proximal bones to the top & head to the left

63
Q

Hanging a V/D body cavity?

A

Head at top, and patients left to your right

64
Q

Hanging lateral body cavity?

A

Head to the left, and dorsal aspect at the top

65
Q

4 types of xray units

A

Conventional
Mobile
Mounted
Small portable

66
Q

5 Elements needed for xray production

A 
Electron source- cathode
Acceleration of electrons- kvp
Free path- glass envelope
Target area- focal spots
Vacuum containment- glass envelope
67
Q

Acceleration of cathodes is called

A

Kilovoltage KvP

68
Q

The amount of energy in the circuit is called

A

Milliamperage mA

69
Q

Most common anode

A

Rotating

70
Q

Anode Heel Effect

A

if the anode target angle is decreased, the intensity on the anode side of the xray beam is decreased, more xrays leave the xray tube on the cathode side than on the anode side causing a variation in exposure to the xray film

71
Q

Penumbra Effect

A

If focal spot is too big the image is blurred

72
Q

5 possible areas of failure in the xray tube

A 
Cathode/Filament
Rotor
Anode
Anode Target
Glass envelope
73
Q

Low voltage circuit

A

Pre-heats filament
provides more electrons to the anode
amount produced

74
Q

High voltage circuit

A

Speeds up electrons
sends to target
and measured in KVP
power behind electrons

Radiology -Scott Newman (4 decks)

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