Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2! > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of blood

A

Plasma-55%

Cells-45% (White blood cells-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Components of plasma

A 
Water (90%)
Ions
Proteins
Gases
Nutrients
Wastes
Hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Components of cells

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do blood cells develop

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does hematophiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow (skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, humerus, femur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe erythrocytes

A 
Red blood cells
Transport O2 in blood
Bioconcave discs
Anucleate
Hemoglobin
Life span of 100-120 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Iron-containing protein, bonds to O2

A

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of blood

Low red blood count or deficient hemoglobin content

A

Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Abnormal hemoglobin
Genetic disorder
Carriers of 1 allele are resistant to malaria in Africa

A

Sickle-cell disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Defend body against infection and tumors
Locate areas of tissue damage by responding to chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the types of white blood cells

A 
Neutrophils 
Eosinophil
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Small cytoplasmic granules stain light purple and give the cytoplasm a coarse appearance
Polymorphonuclear
Highly mobile and phagocytic
Migrate out of blood vessels

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Large, numerous cytoplasmic granules that stain orange
Nuclei have two lobes
Involved in allergic reactions
Weak phagocytes

A

Eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nuclei have multiple lobes

A

Polymorphonuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Large but sparse cytoplasmic granules
Least numerous of white blood cells
Motile
Contain histamine and heparin

A

Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Smallest WBCs

Largest spherical nuclei

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

8 functions of blood

A
  • deliver O2 and nutrients to all body cells
  • transport waste products from cells for elimination
  • transport hormones
  • maintain body temp
  • maintain pH
  • maintain fluid volume
  • prevent blood loss
  • prevent infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lymphocytes that directly attack infected or cancerous cells

A

T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lymphocytes which produce antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Largest white blood cells
Dark, kidney bean shaped nuclei
Motile and highly phagocytic (Emily bacteria and viral infected cells)

A

Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bone marrow become cancerous leading to huge numbers of white blood cells and is treated with chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplants

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cell fragments which are needed for clotting blood

A

Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stoppage of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Steps of Hemostasis

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug forms
Coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Step of Hemostasis when the damaged blood vessel constricts

A

Vascular spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The step of Hemostasis when platelets stick and bind to damaged site and release chemicals to attract more platelets

A

Platelet plug forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Step of hemostasis when the blood clotting and the fibrin threads forms mesh that traps red blood cells

A

Coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How long does it take for Hemostasis to occur

A

Blood clot forms in 3-6 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Clot in unbroken blood vessel

A

Thrombus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Coronary thrombosis =

A

Heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Thrombus breaks away from vessel wall and floats freely

A

Embolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cerebral embolus =

A

Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder, lack clotting factors

A

Hemophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Foreign substance that immune system recognizes

A

Antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

y-shaped proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to antigens

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Clumping caused by antibodies bonding to antigens on red blood cells

A

Agglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the red blood cell surface proteins

A

A antigen
B antigen
Rh antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What antigens does blood type A have on the surface of its red blood cells

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What antigens does blood type b have on the surface of its red blood cells

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What antigens does blood type AB have on the surface of its red blood cells

A

A and B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What antigen does blood type O have on the surface of its red blood cells?

A

None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In blood typing, clumps mean

A

An antigen is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the two circuits which the heart pumps blood to?

A

Pulmonary and systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where does the heart pump blood to in the pulmonary circuit?

A

To and from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Where does the heart pump blood to in the systemic circuit

A

To and from everywhere but the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the three kinds of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Carry blood away from the heart and carry to the capillaries

A

Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Microscopic vessels where exchange between cells and blood takes place

A

Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Received blood from capillaries and carry it back to the heart

A

Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Two sets of pumping gamblers in the heart

A

Left and right atrium

Left and right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Receives systemic blood

A

Right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary)

A

Right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Receives blood from the lungs

A

Left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Pumps blood to organ systems (systemic)

A

Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Pericardial sac

A

Surrounds the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Parts of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Middle layer of the heart wall
Thickest part
Thick muscle layer

A

Myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Inner lining of the pumping chambers of the heat
Continuous with endothelium (inner layer of blood vessel)
Simple squamous epithelium

A

Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Describe cardiac muscle cells

A 
Shorter than skeletal muscle fibers
Have single nucleus 
Have striations
Depend of aerobic metabolism
Connected by intercalated discs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Blood flow of the heart

A

Superior/inferior venae cavae➡️right atrium➡️right ventricle➡️pulmonary semilunar valve➡️pulmonary veins➡️left atrium➡️left ventricle➡️aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Which ventricles myocardium is thicker?

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Why does the left ventricle have thicket myocardium?

A

Because it has a harder job–sending blood to the entire body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What to heart valves insure?

A

One way blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Regurgitation

A

Backward blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Key note on the anatomy of the heart

A

The heart has 4 chambers, the right atrium and ventricle with the pulmonary circuit and the left atrium and ventricle with the systemic circuit. The left ventricles greater workload makes it more massive than the right, but the two pump equal amounts of blood. AV valves prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria, and semilunar valves prevent backflow from the outflow vessels into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Coronary circulation meets the heavy demands of ___ for ____

A

Myocardium
Oxygen
Nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Involved in blood supply to the heart

Left and right arteries-both branch from aorta base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Drainage of the heart is to

A

The right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

How do the capillaries drain?

A

Great and middle cardiac veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Where does the drainage of the heart empty to?

A

Coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

A blood clot in an artery

A

Embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

Buildup of plaque in the walls of an artery. This can lead to restriction or cessation (stopping) of blood flow in the artery. A portion of the myocardium may die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Types of blood vessels

A

Artery
Vein
Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart

A

Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart

A

Vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Microscopic blood vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins

A

Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Pathway of blood

A

Artery➡️arteriole➡️capillary➡️venuole➡️vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Blood vessel structure starting with inner to outer

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

The endothelium of the blood vessel

A

Tunica intima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue of the blood vessel

A

Tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Fibrous type of vessel connective tissue

A

Tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Describe the three layers of arteries and their function

A

Intima-smooth lining
Media-allows constriction and dilation of vessels; thicker than in veins; muscle innervated by autonomic fibers
Adventitia-provides flexible support that resists collapse or injury;thicker than veins; thinner than media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Describe the three layers of veins and their functions

A

Intima-smooth lining w semi-lunar valves to ensure one way blood flow
Media-allows constriction and dilation of vessels; thinner than in arteries; muscle innervated by autonomic fibers
Adventitia- provides flexible support that resists collapse or injury; thinner than in arteries; thicker than media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Describe the three layers in capillaries and their function

A

Intima-makes up the entire wall of the capillary; thinness permits transport across vessel wall
Media-absent
Adventitia-absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What are the functions of capillaries?

A
  • Most import vessels functionally
  • tiny
  • 100,000 / 1 cubic cm of muscle tissue
  • primary exchange vessels
  • the small size and large number ensures slow blood flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Describe the function of arteries

A
  • distributors; carry blood vessels to the arterioles which then takes to capillaries
  • arterioles are important in maintaining normal blood pressure and circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Valves which regulate blood flow into the capillaries

A

Precapillary sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Describe the function of veins

A

Collectors and reservoir vessels (able to hold blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

The great ability to stretch, meaning something can hold large amounts of blood with almost no change in blood pressure

A

Capacitance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Which structure has capacitance

A

Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Maintain one way blood flow in veins

A

Valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Describe the reservoir function of veins

A

Pooled blood is moved toward the heart as valves are forced open by pressure from volume of blood from below

98
Q

Two circulatory routes

A

Systemic

Pulmonary

99
Q

Blood is pumped from the left side of the heart

A

Systemic circulation

100
Q

Blood is pumped to all tissues of the body

A

Systemic

101
Q

Blood is pumped from the right side of the heart

A

Pulmonary

102
Q

Blood is pumped to the gas exchange tissues of the lungs

A

Pulmonary

103
Q

Branch into vessels of increasing size

A

Veins

104
Q

Vessels can vary

A

In size and location from person to person

105
Q

Deep veins

A

Veins found deep in the body

106
Q

Superficial veins

A

Veins found near the surface

107
Q

Modified cardiac muscle that specializes in contraction

A

Conduction system of the heart

108
Q

Four main structures that compose the conduction system of the heart

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV bundle
Purkinje system

109
Q

Describe the SA node

A
  • Initiates the mechanical contraction of the heart
  • located in the right atrium just below the junction of the superior vena cava
  • possesses an intrinsic rhythm
110
Q

Pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

111
Q

Intrinsic rhythm

A

Impulses are initiated at regular impulses without any stimulation by nerve impulses from the brain and cord

112
Q

Describe the AV node

A
  • impulses travel here from SA node
  • contract
  • action potential enters through three internodal bundles of conducting fibers
113
Q

What happens as an impulse passes through the AV Node?

A

The impulse slowly passes through the AV node then speeds up as the impulse is relayed through the AV bundle (bundle of His) into the ventricles

114
Q

What conducts impulses through the ventricles?

A

the right and left AV bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. This causes them to contract simultaneously

115
Q

Describe an artificial Pacemaker?

A
  • Devices that electrically stimulate the heart
  • Electrodes sewn directly into the epicardium or directly inserted into the heart chamber
  • Inferior to the heart’s natural pacemaker
116
Q

Impulse conduction generates

A

tiny electrical currents in the heart that spread through surrounding tissues to the surface of the body

117
Q

What is a ECG/EKG?

A

An electrocardiogram

graphic record of the hearts electrical activity—the impules that preced the actual contraction

118
Q

Where are electrodes attached for an ECG/EKG

A

to a voltmeter and to the limbs and chest of the subject

119
Q

Letter A of a EKG

A 
At rest (baseline)
Heart wall is completely relaxed—no change in electrical activity
120
Q

Letter B of an EKG

A

Action potential reaches the first electrode (relatively negative)
P wave represents the depolarization of the atria

121
Q

Letter C of an EKG

A

Action potential reaches the second electrode (pen returns to baseline)
Atrial walls are completely depolarized—no change recorded

122
Q

Letter D of an EKG

A

End of action potential passes the first electrode (relatively positive)
QRS Complex occurs as atrial walls repolarize and ventricular walls depolarize (massive depolarization of ventricles overshadows atrial repolarization)

123
Q

Letter E of an EKG

A

Action potential passes second electrode (returns to baseline)
Atrial walls are completely repolarized and ventricular walls are completely depolarized

124
Q

Describe EKG waves

A
  • Represent the dynamic events that happen during the contraction of the heart
  • Letters are arbitrary and do not stand for any words
125
Q

Describe F Wave of EKG

A

T wave appears as the ventricular walls replarize

126
Q

Describe G Wave of EKG

A

Once the ventricles are completely repolarized it is back to the baseline ECG

127
Q

Describe a Transesophageal Echocardiogram

A

Allows for visuals of heart from behind the heart (video)

Device is inserted into the esophagus

128
Q

Describe Bradycardia

A
  • Slow heart rhythm—below 60 beats per minute
  • Slight bradycardia is normal during sleep and in conditioned athletes when awake
  • Can be caused by damage to the SA node
129
Q

Describe Tachycardia

A
  • Very rapid heart rhythm—more than 100 beats per minute
  • Normal during and after exercise and during the stress response
  • Can result from improper autonomic control of the heart, blood loss, shock and a host of other factors
130
Q

Describe Ventricular Fibrillation

A
  • Complete disruption of the normal heart rhythm

- Death may occur within minutes if the heart beat is not corrected by defibrillation or other means

131
Q

First sound heard when listening to heartbeat

A
  • “Lub”

- occurs when atrioventricular valves close

132
Q

Second sound heard when listening to heartbeat

A
  • “dup”

- occurs when semilunar valves close

133
Q

What are the two parts of the two parts which the lymphatic system consists of?

A
  • Lymphatic vessels

- Lymphoid tissues and organs

134
Q

What are the lymphatic system functions?

A
  • Transport fluids back to the blood

- Play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease

135
Q

excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels

A

lymph

136
Q

Properties of lymphatic vessels

A
  • One way system toward the heart
  • No pump
  • Lymph moves toward the heart
137
Q

What happens as lymph moves towards the heart?

A
  • Milking action of skeletal muscle

- Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls

138
Q

Describe Lymph campillaries

A
  • Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves
  • Fluid leaks into lymph capillaries
  • Capillaries are anchored to connective tissue by filaments
  • Higher pressure on the inside closes minivalves
139
Q

How do lymphatic collecting vessels work?

A
  • Collects lymph from lymph capillaries
  • Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes
  • Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
140
Q

What ducts is lymph returned to?

A

Right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct

141
Q

What materials does lymph return to blood?

A

water
blood cells
proteins

142
Q

What harmful materials enter lymph vessels?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Cancer cells
Cell debris

143
Q

What are the function of lymph nodes?

A
  • Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood

- Defense cells within lymph nodes

144
Q

What are lymph nodes two lines of defense?

A

macrophages

lymphocytes

145
Q

engulf and destroy foreign substances

A

macrophages

146
Q

provide immune response to antigens

A

lymphocytes

147
Q

Describe the structure of lymph nodes

A

Most of kidney-shaped, less than 1 inch long
cortex
medulla

148
Q

outer part of a lymph node that contains follicles

A

cortex

149
Q

collections of lymphocytes

A

follicles

150
Q

inner part of a lymph node which contains phagocytic macrophages

A

medulla

151
Q

What is the flow of lymph through nodes?

A
  • Lymph enters the convex side through afferent lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node
  • Lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels
  • Fewer efferent than afferent vessels causes flow to be slowed
152
Q

what organs contribute to lymphatic function

A

spleen
thymus
tonsils
peyer’s patches

153
Q

Describe the spleen

A
  • Located on the left side of the abdomen
  • Filters blood
  • Destroys worn out blood cells
  • Forms blood cells in the fetus
  • Acts as a blood reservoir
154
Q

Describe the thymus

A
  • Located low in the throat, overlying the heart
  • Functions at peak levels only during childhood
  • Produces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes
155
Q

Describe tonsils

A
  • Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
  • Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials
  • Tonsillitis is caused by congestion with bacteria
156
Q

Describe Peyer’s Patches

A
  • Found in the wall of the small intestine
  • Resemble tonsils in structure
  • Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
157
Q

What is a MALT

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue

Acts as a sentinal to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

158
Q

What are MALT organs

A
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Tonsils
  • Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue
159
Q

The body is constantly in contact with

A

bacteria, fungi, and viruses

160
Q

What are the bodies 2 defense systems for foreign materials

A

nonspecific defense system

specific defense system

161
Q

Nonspecific Defense System

A
  • Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders

- Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials

162
Q

Specific Defense System

A
  • Specific defense is required for each type of invader

- Also known as the immune system

163
Q

Lines of Defense of the nonspecific defense mechanism

A

first and second

164
Q

lines of defense of the specific defense mechanism

A

third line of defense

165
Q

First line of defense

A
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
  • secretions of skin and mucous membranes
166
Q

second line of defense

A
  • phagocytic cells
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • the inflammatory response
167
Q

third line of defense

A
  • lymphocytes
  • antibodies
  • macrophages
168
Q

Body surface coverings, specialized human cells, and chemicals produces by the body

A

nonspecific body defenses

169
Q

Examples of nonspecific mechanisms

A

intact skin and mucous membranes

170
Q

Describe the skin as a first line of defense

A

physical barrier to foreign materials
-the pH of skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial growth
EX)) sebum is toxic to bacteria and vaginal secretions are very acidic

171
Q

Describe the stomach as a first line of defense

A

Secretes hydrochloric acid

Has protein-digesting enzymes

172
Q

Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain ____ as a line of defense

A

lysozyme

173
Q

Mucus traps

A

microorganisms in digestive and respiratory pathways

174
Q

Describe Phagocytes

A
  • Engulfs foreign material into a vacuole

- Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material

175
Q

Describe a natural Killer cell

A
  • Can lyse and kill cancer cells

- Can destroy virus- infected cells

176
Q

Describe the inflammatory response as a second line of defense

A
  • Triggered when body tissues are injured
  • Produces four cardinal signs
  • Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing
177
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
178
Q

What are the functions of the inflammatory response

A
  • Prevents spread of damaging agents
  • Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  • Sets the stage for repair
179
Q

Describe complement

A
  • A group of at least 20 plasma proteins
  • Activated when they encounter and attach to cells (complement fixation)
  • Damage foreign cell surfaces
  • Has vasodilators, chemotaxis, and opsonization
180
Q

What are the antimicrobial chemicals

A

complement

interferon

181
Q

Describe interferon

A
  • Secreted proteins of virus-infected cells

- Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses binding

182
Q

Describe a fever

A
  • Abnormally high body temperature
  • Hypothalmus heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens (secreted by white blood cells)
  • High temperatures inhibit the release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria
  • Fever also increases the speed of tissue repair
183
Q

Describe specific defense as a third line of defense

A
  • antigen specific
  • systemic
  • has memory
184
Q

if something is antigen specific it

A

recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances

185
Q

if a specific defense is systemic it

A

is not restricted to the initial infection site

186
Q

specific defenses have memory, meaning

A

it recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

187
Q

types of immunity

A

humoral

cellular

188
Q

humoral immunity

A
  • Antibody-mediated immunity

- Cells produce chemicals for defense

189
Q

cellular immunity

A
  • Cell-mediated immunity

- Cells target virus infected cells

190
Q

an antigen is

A

Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response

191
Q

6 examples of common antigens

A
  • Foreign proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Large carbohydrates
  • Some lipids
  • Pollen grains
  • Microorganisms
192
Q

Describe the concept of self-antigens

A

We have many surface proteins but our immune cells do not attack them because we recognize them as our own proteins. If our cells end up in another person’s body or vice versa then there is a immune response because they are foreign. This restricts donors for transplants

193
Q

Describe allergies

A
  • Many small molecules (called haptens or incomplete antigens) are not antigenic, but link up with our own proteins
  • The immune system may recognize and respond to a protein-hapten combination
  • The immune response is harmful rather than protective because it attacks our own cells
194
Q

What are the cells of the immune system

A

lymphocytes

macrophages

195
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A
  • Originate from hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
  • B lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the bone marrow
  • T lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the thymus
196
Q

Describe macrophages

A
  • Arise from monocytes

- Become widely distributed in lymphoid organs

197
Q

Explain a humoral immune response

A
  • B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen
  • The binding event activates the lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection
  • A large number of clones are produced (primary humoral response)
  • Most B cells become plasma cells
  • -Produce antibodies to destroy antigens
  • -Activity lasts for four or five days
  • Some B cells become long-lived memory cells (secondary humoral response)
198
Q

Describe a secondary response

A
  • Memory cells are long-lived
  • A second exposure causes a rapid response
  • The secondary response is stronger and longer lasting
  • Memory cells are long-lived
  • A second exposure causes a rapid response
  • The secondary response is stronger and longer lasting
199
Q

Describe Active Immunity

A
  • Your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies

- Active immunity can be naturally or artificially acquired

200
Q

Describe passive immunity

A
  • Antibodies are obtained from someone else
  • Immunological memory does not occur
  • Protection provided by “borrowed antibodies”
201
Q

What ways can antibodies be obtained from someone else

A
  • Conferred naturally from a mother to her fetus

- Conferred artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin

202
Q

Describe monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Antibodies prepared for clinical testing or diagnostic services
  • Produced from descendents of a single cell line
203
Q

Examples of uses for monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Diagnosis of pregnancy

- Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies

204
Q

Describe antibodies

A
  • Soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma cells)
  • Carried in blood plasma
  • Capable of binding specifically to an antigen
205
Q

Describe antibody structures

A
  • Four amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds
  • Two identical amino acid chains are linked to form a heavy chain
  • The other two identical chains are light chains
  • Specific antigen-binding sites are present
206
Q

Antibody classes

A 
lgM
lgA
lgD
lgG
lgE
207
Q

can fix complement

A

lgM

208
Q

found mainly in mucos

A

lgA

209
Q

important in activation of B cell

A

lgD

210
Q

can cross the placental barrier

A

lgG

211
Q

involved in allergies

A

lgE

212
Q

How do antibodies inactivate antigens?

A
  • Complement fixation
  • Neutralization
  • Agglutination
  • Precipitation
213
Q

Describe cellular immune response

A
  • Antigens must be presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell (antigen presentation)
  • T cells must recognize nonself and self (double recognition)
  • After antigen binding, clones form as with B cells, but different classes of cells are produced
214
Q

What are the types of T cell clones

A

cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells
Suppressor T cells

215
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A
  • Specialize in killing infected cells

- Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)

216
Q

Helper T cells

A
  • Recruit other cells to fight the invaders

- Interact directly with B cells

217
Q

Suppressor T cells

A
  • Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells
  • Stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity
218
Q

A few members of each T cell clone are

A

memory cells

219
Q

tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person

A

autografts

220
Q

tissue grafts from and identical person (twin)

A

isografts

221
Q

tissue taken from an unrelated person

A

allografts

222
Q

tissue taken from a different animal species

A

xenografts

223
Q

which graft is ideal for donation

A

autografts and isografts

224
Q

how often are xenografts successful

A

never

225
Q

what increases the success of an allograft

A

closer tissue match

226
Q

Describe allergy hypersensitivity

A

Abnormal, vigorous immune responses

227
Q

What are the different types of allergies

A
  • immediate hypersensitivity

- Delayed hypersensitivity

228
Q

Describe immediate hypersensitivity

A
  • Triggered by release of histamine from IgE binding to mast cells
  • Reactions begin within seconds of contact with allergen
  • Anaphylactic shock
229
Q

Dangerous systemic response of immediate allergies

A

anaphylactic shock

230
Q

Describe delayed hypersensitivity

A
  • Triggered by the release of lymphokines from activated helper T cells
  • Symptoms usually appear 1–3 days after contact with antigen
231
Q

Describe immunodeficiencies

A

-Production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal
-May be congenital or acquired
Includes AIDS – Acquired -Immune Deficiency Syndrome

232
Q

Describe autoimmune diseases

A
  • The immune system does not distinguish between self and nonself
  • The body produces antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues
233
Q

What are examples of autoimmune diseases

A 
MS
Myasthenia gravis
Juvenile diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
glomerulonephritis
234
Q

white matter of brain and spinal cord are destroyed

A

MS

235
Q

impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles

A

myasthenia gravis

236
Q

destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin

A

juvenile diabetes

237
Q

destroys joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

238
Q

affects kidney, hear, lung and skin

A

SLE

239
Q

impairment of renal function

A

glomerulonephritis

240
Q

Describe self tolerance breakdown

A
  • Inefficient lymphocyte programming
  • Appearance of self-proteins in the circulation that have not been exposed to the immune system
  • -Eggs
  • -Sperm
  • -Eye lens
  • Cross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with self-antigens
  • -Rheumatic fever
241
Q

Describe the lymphatic system and body defenses from a developmental standpoint

A
  • Except for thymus and spleen, the lymphoid organs are poorly developed before birth
  • A newborn has no functioning lymphocytes at birth; only passive immunity from the mother
  • If lymphatics are removed or lost, severe edema results, but vessels grow back in time

A&P 2! (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions