Endocrine System Flashcards by kaitlyn hohman

And endocrine gland secretes

Hormones

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Hormones are secreted from endocrine glands into

The blood

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Substances that are secreted by one group of cells that affects the physiology of another group of cells

Hormones

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Compared to most other organs in the body, endocrine organs are

Well vascularized

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Does the endocrine system have ducts

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What system does the endocrine system work closely with

Nervous

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Study of hormones and endocrine glands

Endocrinology

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Why are hormones able to maintain homeostasis

Negative feedback

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Major endocrine glands

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Pineal

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Pure endocrine organs

Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal

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Organs containing endocrine cells

Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus

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For a cell to be able to respond it must have

A functional hormone receptor

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Synergistic hormones

ADH

Increase volume of fluid in body to raise blood pressure

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Antagonists

ANP is released when blood pressure is high

Causes kidney to secrete more water so blood pressure decreases

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Permissive hormones

You need one in order for the second to do its job

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Ultimate goal of hormone action

Alter cell activity by altering protein activity in the target cell

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The endocrine system is all the organs of the body that are

Endocrine glands

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Cell with a functional receptor (protein) for the hormone

Target cell

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What is a receptor

A protein made by the target cell

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What three things could happen to hormones after being secreted

It could bind to its receptor causing a change
It could be destroyed by enzymes in the plasma
It could land in the kidneys and be filtered out before reaching its target

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The endocrine system is controlled by

Pituitary and hypothalamus glands

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Something in the blood is being monitored. When the level of that substance is too low it stimulates the release of the hormone

Humoral trigger

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A neuron directly stimulates the gland to cause to cause secretion of the hormone

Neuronal trigger

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One endocrine gland releases a hormone hat stimulates another endocrine glad to release its hormone

Hormonal trigger

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Insulin Glucagon Parathyroid Aldosterone

Humoral trigger

Oxytocin ADH Epinephrine

Neuronal trigger

One endocrine gland releases a hormone to stimulate another endocrine gland

Hormonal trigger

How is the response of the endocrine system different than the nervous system

Slower, longer lasting responses as hormones linger in the blood

Can cells respond to more than one hormone

If they have more than one receptor

Do all cells respond the same to the same hormone

Release of hormones occurs in

Short bursts

The hypothalamus and pituitary glands serve as links between

Endocrine and nervous systems

Hypothalamic cells synthesize

``` Many releasing and inhibiting hormones 2 hormones (oxytocin and ADH) that are then stored and released from the posterior pituitary ```

How many cells does the pituitary gland synthesize

Pituitary is anterior or posterior

Regulate growth, development, metabolism and homeostasis

Hypothalamus and pituitary

Where is the pituitary gland located

Inferior to the brain A depression in the sphenoid bone Attached at the to hypothalamus by stalk

Two lobes of the pituitary gland

Anterior | Posterior

Hypothalamus secretes what effecting the pituitary gland

Releasing hormones/inhibiting hormones➡️portal veins | These hormones regulate release of anterior pituitary hormones

7 anterior pituitary hormones

``` Human growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Proclactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone Melanocytes-stimulating hormone ```

Promotes synthesis of insulin like growth factors | Secreted by the liver, cartilage, bone cells

HGH

Regulators of HGH

Hypothalamic hormones | Blood glucose levels

Stimulates protein synthesis Maintain muscle and bone mass Promotes healing of injuries and tissue repair

HGH

Makes fuel for ATP available for growth Causes fat breakdown and release of fatty acids into blood Breaks down live glycogen and releases glucose into blood

HGH

Stimulates the formation and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

TSH

TSH is regulated by

Negative feedback

In females it started follicle development

FSH

In females is stimulates formation of corpus luteum

In males this helps sperm production in testes

FSH

In males this releases testosterone from the testes

Initiated and maintains milk production by mammary glands

PRL

Linked with ED in males

PRL

Controls production and secretion of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

ACTH

Small amounts in the bloodstream | Excess amounts causes skin darkening

MSH

Hormones made in the hypothalamus pass to the

Posterior pituitary

What to hormones are released from the posterior pituitary

Oxytocin | ADH

Smooths muscle contraction of uterus during childbirth Causes letdown of milk from glands to ducts Some sexual please during sex

Oxytocin

Causes kidneys to retain water Increases vasoconstriction and blood pressure Increases dehydration, pain, stress lead to increased secretion

ADH

The thyroid is located

Inferior to the larynx

Follicular and para follicular cells

Thyroid gland

Small round masses in posterior of thyroid gland

Parathyroid

Increases blood calcium

PTH

Where are the adrenal glands located

On top of the kidneys

Adrenal cortex

Outer, middle, inner zones make steroids

Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenl medulla

Aldosterone is the major form of

Mineralocorticoids

Increases rate of protein breakdown

Glucocorticoid

Simulates liver formation of glucose

Glucocorticoid

Breaks down triglycerides in adipose

Glucocorticoid

Anti inflammatory effects

Glucocorticoid

Depresses immune system

Glucocorticoid

Regulated by by negative feedback

Glucocorticoid

Small amounts secreted from adrenal cortex in both females and males

Androgens

At puberty in both genders this stimulates axillary and pubic hair growth Contribute to adolescent growth spurt

Androgens

In females this contributes to libido | Are converted to estrogens by other body tissues

Androgens

Inner portion of adrenal glands

Adrenal medulla

Part of sympathetic nervous system

Adrenal medulla

Small gland attached to roof of third ventricle of brain

Pineal gland

Produces melatonin

Pineal gland

Sets body's biological clock--move real eased I darkness and less in sunlight

Pineal gland

When stress responses are successful t leads to

Extra physiological capacity and long term adaption

Three stages of stress response

Initial flight or fight resistance Exhaustion