Endocrine System Flashcards
And endocrine gland secretes
Hormones
Hormones are secreted from endocrine glands into
The blood
Substances that are secreted by one group of cells that affects the physiology of another group of cells
Hormones
Compared to most other organs in the body, endocrine organs are
Well vascularized
Does the endocrine system have ducts
No
What system does the endocrine system work closely with
Nervous
Study of hormones and endocrine glands
Endocrinology
Why are hormones able to maintain homeostasis
Negative feedback
Major endocrine glands
Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Pancreas Ovaries Testes Pineal
Pure endocrine organs
Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal
Organs containing endocrine cells
Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus
For a cell to be able to respond it must have
A functional hormone receptor
Synergistic hormones
ADH
Increase volume of fluid in body to raise blood pressure
Antagonists
ANP is released when blood pressure is high
Causes kidney to secrete more water so blood pressure decreases
Permissive hormones
You need one in order for the second to do its job
Ultimate goal of hormone action
Alter cell activity by altering protein activity in the target cell
The endocrine system is all the organs of the body that are
Endocrine glands
Cell with a functional receptor (protein) for the hormone
Target cell
What is a receptor
A protein made by the target cell
What three things could happen to hormones after being secreted
It could bind to its receptor causing a change
It could be destroyed by enzymes in the plasma
It could land in the kidneys and be filtered out before reaching its target
The endocrine system is controlled by
Pituitary and hypothalamus glands
Something in the blood is being monitored. When the level of that substance is too low it stimulates the release of the hormone
Humoral trigger
A neuron directly stimulates the gland to cause to cause secretion of the hormone
Neuronal trigger
One endocrine gland releases a hormone hat stimulates another endocrine glad to release its hormone
Hormonal trigger
Insulin
Glucagon
Parathyroid
Aldosterone
Humoral trigger
Oxytocin
ADH
Epinephrine
Neuronal trigger
One endocrine gland releases a hormone to stimulate another endocrine gland
Hormonal trigger
How is the response of the endocrine system different than the nervous system
Slower, longer lasting responses as hormones linger in the blood
Can cells respond to more than one hormone
If they have more than one receptor
Do all cells respond the same to the same hormone
No
Release of hormones occurs in
Short bursts
The hypothalamus and pituitary glands serve as links between
Endocrine and nervous systems
Hypothalamic cells synthesize
Many releasing and inhibiting hormones 2 hormones (oxytocin and ADH) that are then stored and released from the posterior pituitary
How many cells does the pituitary gland synthesize
7
Pituitary is anterior or posterior
Anterior
Regulate growth, development, metabolism and homeostasis
Hypothalamus and pituitary
Where is the pituitary gland located
Inferior to the brain
A depression in the sphenoid bone
Attached at the to hypothalamus by stalk
Two lobes of the pituitary gland
Anterior
Posterior
Hypothalamus secretes what effecting the pituitary gland
Releasing hormones/inhibiting hormones➡️portal veins
These hormones regulate release of anterior pituitary hormones
7 anterior pituitary hormones
Human growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Proclactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone Melanocytes-stimulating hormone
Promotes synthesis of insulin like growth factors
Secreted by the liver, cartilage, bone cells
HGH
Regulators of HGH
Hypothalamic hormones
Blood glucose levels
Stimulates protein synthesis
Maintain muscle and bone mass
Promotes healing of injuries and tissue repair
HGH
Makes fuel for ATP available for growth
Causes fat breakdown and release of fatty acids into blood
Breaks down live glycogen and releases glucose into blood
HGH
Stimulates the formation and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland
TSH
TSH is regulated by
Negative feedback
In females it started follicle development
FSH
In females is stimulates formation of corpus luteum
LH
In males this helps sperm production in testes
FSH
In males this releases testosterone from the testes
LH
Initiated and maintains milk production by mammary glands
PRL
Linked with ED in males
PRL
Controls production and secretion of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
ACTH
Small amounts in the bloodstream
Excess amounts causes skin darkening
MSH
Hormones made in the hypothalamus pass to the
Posterior pituitary
What to hormones are released from the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
ADH
Smooths muscle contraction of uterus during childbirth
Causes letdown of milk from glands to ducts
Some sexual please during sex
Oxytocin
Causes kidneys to retain water
Increases vasoconstriction and blood pressure
Increases dehydration, pain, stress lead to increased secretion
ADH
The thyroid is located
Inferior to the larynx
Follicular and para follicular cells
Thyroid gland
Small round masses in posterior of thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Increases blood calcium
PTH
Where are the adrenal glands located
On top of the kidneys
Adrenal cortex
Outer, middle, inner zones make steroids
Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenl medulla
Aldosterone is the major form of
Mineralocorticoids
Increases rate of protein breakdown
Glucocorticoid
Simulates liver formation of glucose
Glucocorticoid
Breaks down triglycerides in adipose
Glucocorticoid
Anti inflammatory effects
Glucocorticoid
Depresses immune system
Glucocorticoid
Regulated by by negative feedback
Glucocorticoid
Small amounts secreted from adrenal cortex in both females and males
Androgens
At puberty in both genders this stimulates axillary and pubic hair growth
Contribute to adolescent growth spurt
Androgens
In females this contributes to libido
Are converted to estrogens by other body tissues
Androgens
Inner portion of adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla
Part of sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal medulla
Small gland attached to roof of third ventricle of brain
Pineal gland
Produces melatonin
Pineal gland
Sets body’s biological clock–move real eased I darkness and less in sunlight
Pineal gland
When stress responses are successful t leads to
Extra physiological capacity and long term adaption
Three stages of stress response
Initial flight or fight
resistance
Exhaustion
