test 2 Flashcards
diabetic ketoacidosis is most frequently seen in type 2 diabetics? T or F?
f. type 1
Congenital malformations are highly dependent on the nature of a harmful agent, but the stage of gestation is seldom an issue? T or F?
F
Very little drug safety testing has been conducted on pregnant women? T or F?
T
Gram positive (+) organism are more pathogenic than gram negative (-) bacteria
F, just identifies the disease or virus
How many cases are there of Zika virus?
82
The smallest infectious agents are rickettsial? T or F?
F, viruses
Rocky mountain spotted fever is a rickettsiae infection spread by mosquitos found in high mountain areas
F, Ticks
The protozoa organism that causes malaria is…
Plasmodium
Tuberculosis can be spread with relative east and is highly contagious? T or F?
f
Are all congenital diseases hereditary?
no
are all hereditary diseases congenital?
yes
What is Anothalmia? and what does it do to peoples lives
born without eyes, people will have trouble sleeping, weird eating patterns
What are the hormones released by the pancreas?
Insulin, Glucagon, gastrin
What are the actions of insulin?
1) Three chief sites of action - Liver cells, muscle and adipose tissue
2) Promotes entry of glucose into cells
3) Promotes utilization of glucose as energy
4) Promotes storage of glucose as glycogen
5) Conversion of glucose into fat (triglycerides)
6) Promotes entry of Amino Acids into cells
7) Stimulates protein synthesis
where is glucose usually stored?
liver and muscle cells
what is the major difference between diabetic shock and diabetic coma?
skin coloration
What does insulin shock consist of
bs is lower than 35 mg. pale skin, weak, confusion, dizziness, needs quick sugar and lasting carbs
what does diabetic coma consist of
red dry warm skin, acetone breath, confusion, intense thirst, fever. needs hypotonic fluids
Facts about Cystic fibrosis
hereditary disease, manifests in childhood, autosomal recessive- chromosome 7, people die before age 28, dysfunction of mucus secreting cells, abnormal thick mucus blocks.
What are the four things Cystic Fibrosis affects?
1) Damage of exocrine pancreatic tissue. Becomes cystic from chronic dilation
2) Endocrine islet cells unaffected
3) Lungs - bronchi and bronchioles obstructed
Increased pulmonary infections and respiratory damage
4) Sweat glands unable to conserve Na+ & CI-
Increased salt content in sweat
What is acute Pancreatitis
escape of pancreatic enzymes from ducts. Results in destruction of tissue and has abdominal pain.
what is the pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis
usually blockage of pancreatic duct into duodenum which causes pressure and the ducts to rupture
What are the two factors predispose an individual to Pancreatitis
1) Gallbladder disease (Share a common duct)
2) Excessive alcohol consumption
What is chronic Pancreatitis
Repeated mild inflammation that is progressive
What is incidence
occurrence NEW disease cases during a given period
What is prevalence
number of existing cases (new & old) on a given date
What id endemic
disease present in population, usually in small numbers
what is epidemic
large numbers of infections in population
what is pandemic
infections in several countries (worldwide)
What is congenital disease
abnormality present at birth
what are four major factors that cause congenital malformations
1) Chromosomal abnormalities (Downs Syndrome)
2) Abnormalities of individual genes (Hemophilia)
3) Intrauterine injury (infection, drugs, radiation)
4) Environmental factors
what is a hereditary disease
chromosome abnormality or defective gene
what are the four categories of FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
1) Central nervous system dysfunction: mental retardation, poor motor control & hyperactivity
2) Growth deficiency: reduction in body length, weight, & head circumference
3) Facial abnormalities: think upper lip, upturned nose, low nasal bridge, & small jaw
4) Other congenital defects: possible cardiac, genital, skeletal and
What form of TB is especially contagious and spreads easily
larynx
what percent of TB patients fail to take meds properly
50%
What disease come from respiratory (Airborne)
chicken pox, TB, strep, Mono, polio
what disease come from Alvine discharge (food and water borne)
Viral Hepatitis, Dysentery, typhoid fever, salmonella
what diseases come form Vector Borne (insect)
rocky mountain spotted fever, malaria, bubonic plague, rabies
what diseases come from open lesion (direct or indirect contact)
syphilis, herpes, gonorrhea, aids, chlamydia, HPV, chicken pox, mumps
What does monosomy mean
one missing chromosome (45)
aka turner syndrome
What does trisomy mean
one extra chromosome (47)
Characteristics of down syndrome
-most common autosomal trisomy is the small chromosome 21.
-1 in 600 births
79% of trisomy #21 is aborted
-increased incidence of other congenital problems
Trisomy of other autosomes are
13- sever developmental abnormalities
- cleft lip and palate- abnormal skull and brain- abnormal eye development
- congenital heart defects
- polydactyl( extra fingers and toes)
Tuberculosis characteristics
-Probably leading cause of death in 1900 - Referred to as Consumption
-30,000 new cases in U.S. yearly - 2,000 deaths yearly
-15 million people in U.S. carry the organism - Inactive
-5% will develop clinical disease
-During active tuberculosis, large number of bacilli are expelled
-Infection causes Caseation of the lungs - Cheesy material
-Necrotic tissue - Dead tissue - Macrophages & Lymphocytes - Granuloma
-PPD - Pure Protein Derivative - Tuberculin test
-Subcutaneous injection - Examined in 48 to 72 hours
-Greater than 10mm swelling a positive test - Chest X-ray done
-Culturing bacillus is difficult - 6 to 8 weeks - Grows slowly
-Treatment takes 6 months to 1 year
Isonaizid - rifampin – ethambutol
Malaria characteristics
Transmitted by Anopheles mosquito
- plasmodium invades RBC- feed on hemoglobin
- some species cause infected RBC to plug small vessels in brain, heart or vital organs
- 100 million people can be affected at any given time and 1 million die yearly
characteristic of Chlamydia
BACTERIA
-Cause (Chlamydia Trachomatis)
-Symptoms (burning urination, urethral and vaginal discharge)
MOST COMMON
Treatment (Tetracycline)
Dangers ( Pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility, transmission to fetus)
Characteristics of Gonorrhea
BACTERIA
- Cause (Meisseria Gonorrhea)
- Symptoms- same as Chlamydia
- Treatment- penicillin
- Dangers (same as Chlamydia
Characteristics of Venereal Warts
VIRUS
- Cause (Human Papilloma Virus)
- Symptoms (soft, fleshy, painless growths around the anus, vulvaginal area or penis
- treatment ( no cure, Podophyllin apply to warts)
- Dangers (can obstruct the opening of urethra, major cause of cervical cancer)
Characteristics of herpes
VIRUS
- Cause ( Herpes Simplex II)
- Symptoms (blisterlike sore at point of infection, form crusty scabs that dry and fall off, first outbreak is the worst)
- Treatment (no cure)
- dangers (possible ling to cervical cancer, transmission to fetus
Characteristics of syphilis
BACTERIA
- Cause (treponema Pallidum)
- Symptoms ( PRIMARY- large, ,painless sore at site) (SECONDARY- often on the soles of feet, palms, hair loss, flu-like)
- Treatment (Penicillin)
- Dangers (neurological problems, cardiovascular damage, transmission to fetus)
Characteristics of AIDS
VIRUS
- Cause (HIV)
- Symptoms (fatigue, fever, chills, skin blotches, white spots)
- treatment (no cure)
- Dangers (pneumonia, capos sarcoma, death)
Characteristics of Lice and Scabies
PARASITE
- Cause (Phthirius Pubis Sarcoptes Scabies)
- Symptoms (itching)
- Treatment (topical cream or lotion with Lindane)
- Dangers( skin disorders
Chylamydia and Gonorrhea have similar symptoms and are often mistaken for one another
true
How many autosomes do we have
22
how many sex chromosomes do we have in one sperm and egg
1
what does CO-dominant Inheritance mean
Both alleles fully expressed in heterozygous state
What are some Co-dominant disorders
Sickle cell anemia
What does Sex-linked mean
hereditary disease transmitted on X chromosome
What are some Sex-linked disorders
Hemophilia- deficiency of protein necessary for normal blood coagulation
what normally comes with Syphillis
chancre
What happens with an intrauterine injury
Fetus may be injured by drugs, radiation, or an infection. Congenital malformation highly depends on nature of harmful substance and gestation stage. 3rd-8th week most critical
What is an autosomal dominate inheritance
Dominant gene expresses itself in a heterozygous state
What are some autosomal dominant inheritance disorders
1) Achondroplasia: Dwarfism with disproportionately short limbs
2) Polycystic Kidney Disease: Cysts in kidneys - Renal failure
3) Multiple Neurofibromatosis - Multiple tumors from peripheral nerves
Disfigurement
What is autosomal recessive
inborn errors of metabolism, only show up in homozygous state
What are disorders that come with autosomal recessive?
PKU (mental)
Tay-Sachs Disease (Jewish, mental deterioration, kindness, neurological, 6 mon-4mon death)
Cystic Fibrosis (dysfunction of mucous and sweat glands)
What are some bacteria characteristics
- Shape
- gram staining reaction
- Biochemical and cultural characteristics
- Antigenic structure
How do you classify bacteria with shape
Spherical (Cocci) Rod (Bacillus) Spiral (Spirochete) Staph (cluster) Diplo (pair) Strep (chains)
How do you classify bacteria with gram staining reaction
- -Purple dye then iodine- decolorized with alcohol- then dyed red
- -Gram and resist decolorization- stays purpose
- -Gram - alcohol decolorizes- dyed red
How can you classify bacteria with biochemical and cultural characteristics
-Fastidious - Require special culture media - temperature - pH &/or environment
-Aerobic - Bacteria grows with O2 - Most Bacteria
-Anaerobic - Bacteria grows without O2
-Some are both aerobic & anaerobic
-Flagella - Hair like processes - motility
-Spores - dormant & resistant
Each bacterium has its own biochemical profile - Adds in identification
how do you classify a bacteria with antigenic structure
each bacterium has a large number of antigens
What is legionnaires disease
bacteria, bacilli,
what are the general actions of antibiotics
toxic or inhibitory to cell. can cause hypersensitivity adverse (anaphylactic reaction)
IN viral infections much of the damage does not come from what, and what from?
damage is not caused by virus, but by inflammation
Antiviral antibodies are only effective in what?
extracellular fluid
What are some characteristics of antiviral agents
- -Virus lack cell wall, cell membrane & complex metabolic machinery
- -Not susceptible to disruptive antibiotics
- -There are very few effective antiviral agents
- -Many are toxic to body tissues - Disrupt DNA
- -Many antiviral agents are only effective topically
makeup of viruses
- -size and complexity vary. 8-400 genes
- -Molecule of RNA or DNA called Genome enclosed with a protein shell called a CAPSID
Classification of Viruses
- Nucleic Acid structure
- size
- Structural configuration
- Biological characteristics
What are the two modes of Action for Viruses
- Latent Viral infection
2. Cytopathogenic effect- virulent-cellurlar injury
what is the latent viral infection mode of action
infects cell without causing any disease. viruses coexist with cells in lymphoid and intestinal disease. may become activated periodically
What is the Cytopthogentic effect- virulent- cellular injury mode of action
a. may causes necrosis and degeneration of cell
b. cell hyperplasia- proliferation
c. nomination of necrosis and hyperplasia
What are some facts about viruses
- -Certain viruses may cause tumors - HPV - 90% of Cervical Cancer
- -Slow virus infections - slow progressive lesions or slow neurological disease
What health problems does trichomanas vaginalis cause
female- inflammation of vagina, itching, burning and discharge
male- infects urethra
What health problems does Amebiasis: Entamoeba histolytic- intestinal parasite bring
invades mucosa of colon- mucosal ulcers- may invade liver
what health problems does Giardia Lamblia bring
cramps, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea
What health problems does toxoplasma gondii bring
attack fetus and cause fetal abnormalities
what health problems does Cryptosporidium parvum bring
causes infection
What health problems does pneumocystis Pneumonia bring
inflammatory reaction, causes pulmonary infection in persons with impaired immune systems like AIDS patients,
what health problems does ascaris bring
intestinal problems
what health problems does pinworms bring
anal itching
what health problems does trichinella spiralis bring
inflammatory response
what health problems does tapeworms bring
deprivation of nutrients, classified by the animal they host in
what health problems does flukes bring
liver, intestinal and lung
what classification does roundworms have
nematodes
what classification do tapeworms have
cestodes
what classification do flukes have
trematodes and where they are at
what classification do anthropoids have
insects
what are the three types of lice
Head- pediculosis capitas
Body- pediculosis corporis
Pubic- phthirus pubis (arthropod)
what are the three autosomal recessive diseases
Tay schaps
PKU
cystic fibrosis
T or F
Do both parents have to be carriers of tay schaps to spread to children
t
what is the gene for Kleinfellers syndrome
trisomy XXY
what disease was seen in 1999 in NYC
West nile virus, speak by mosquitos
urethritis is most common in
MEN
What does the exocrine system do
recreates enzymes in intestinal tract
What does tripsin do
breaks down proteins
what does amalase do
breaks down carbs
what does lipase do
breaks down fats
What do alpha cells do
glucagon (raises blood sugar)
what do beta cells do
insulin (lowers blood sugar)
what do delta cells do
gastrin (digestive)
what are the three major problems with diabetes
vision
blood circulation
kidney
what happens with diabetic ketoacidosis
PH is too low
how many chromosomes are in a single egg or sperm
23
how many autosomes are there in a single egg or sperm
22
how many chromosomes is there all together with all other cells
44
how many sex chromosomes are in an egg and sperm
1
what are 4 characteristics of FAS
- growth deficiency
- face abnormalities
- poor mobile control
- brain abnormalities
do all bacteria form spors?
N. but some do
anaerobic requires
no oxygen to grow
aerobic requires
oxygen to grow
what bacteria causes plague
yursineus pestis
what bacteria causes gass gangrene, botulism, tetris
glistridium
what causes rocky mounted spotted fever,
ruchestria by ticks
what are the four classifications of disease
airborne
food and water
insect
direct and indirect
what do warts spread by
HPV
what worms migrate to rectum
pinworm
round worms
What is trichinella
cysts in muscles, get it by eating raw pork
what do you get by eating infected meat and around cats
toxoplasmosis
how do you get rid of Giardia and cryptosporidium
filtration
what are protozoan std called
trichimonis
where was the first west nile virus found
1999 NYC, by mosquitos, infects brain.
Protozoan are
single celled, large, plasmodium
