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final Flashcards

1
Q

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death for smokers

A

true

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2
Q

what is the percentage of lung cancer recovery

A

15%

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3
Q

Hereditary tumors make up only a small fraction of all benign and malignant tumors afflicting humans

A

t

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4
Q

Hereditary is responsible for a large percentage of breast carcinomas

A

F- pretty small percentage

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5
Q

There is a blood test for prostate cancer called a prostatic specific antigen test (PSA)

A

T

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6
Q

Tachycardia is a term meaning that a person has in irregular heart rate

A

F. Rapid Heart rate

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7
Q

Congestive heart failure is characterized by pulmonary and systemic edema

A

T

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8
Q

As many as 25% of all patients with myocardial infarcts have very few symptoms and do not consult a physician

A

T

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9
Q

The pulmonary artery is a vessel that provides blood for the heart

A

F. Goes to lungs to puck up 02

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10
Q

Aspirin is widely used in clinical medicine to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke

A

T

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11
Q

Cocaine related flat arrhythmias and myocardial infarcts do not occur in persons with normal coronary arteries

A

F they do

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12
Q

what is some cerebral injury

A

brain is well protected with cranium and cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

what is the cerebrospinal fluid

A

hydrostatic cushion that insulates the brain (protects it)

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14
Q

could a hematoma may compress brain and impair function?

A

T

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15
Q

increased cranial pressure may decrease blood flow to the brain

A

T

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16
Q

what does the Cerebellum do for the brain

A

thinking part, muscle coordination equilibrium

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17
Q

What is it called when a malignant growth of cells that multiplies at an uncontrollable rate

A

cancer

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18
Q

what is it when a tumor that does not spread of invade other tissues, can cause death

A

benign tumor

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19
Q

What is it when it is to spread disease from one part of the body to another in cancer

A

metastasize

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20
Q

what is it called when a tumor has spread and grown in a part body remote from original site

A

secondary tumor

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21
Q

what is skin cancer

A

malignant melanoma and carcinoma

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22
Q

what are the cancer types?

A
  1. Leukemia
  2. lymphoma
  3. sarcoma
  4. Carcinoma
  5. Melanoma (skin cancer)
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23
Q

what is the prognosis of melanoma

A

thickness of melanoma

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24
Q

What is leukemia

A

cancer of blood forming organs

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25
Q

what is lymphoma

A

cancer of infection fighting organs/ lymphatic

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26
Q

what is sarcoma

A

cancer of bone, muscle or connective tissue

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27
Q

what is carcinoma

A

cancer of epithelial cells, lungs, liver

carcinoma is the most

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28
Q

What are risk factors of cancer

A

One third of cancers are related to poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity. Another third are related to tobacco, which means they could have been prevented.

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29
Q

what is the 5 year survival rate for lung cancer

A

15%

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30
Q

what is the five year survival rate for breast cancer

A

90%

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31
Q

what is the fiver year survival rate for prostate cancer

A

95%

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32
Q

overall what is the fiver year survival rate in cancer

A

68

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33
Q

what are warning signs of cancer

A

C- change in bowel or bladder habits
A- sore that does not heal
U- nusual bleeding or discharge
T- hickening of lump in breasts or elsewhere
I- indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O- obvious change in a wart or mole
N- agging cough or hoarseness

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34
Q

What is the incidence and death rate of lung cancer

A

LEADING TYPE OF CANCER AND DEATH

  • 156,940 deaths
  • 27% of all cancer deaths
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35
Q

what is the death rate of colon and rectal cancer

A

49,380 deaths

largely a disease of older age

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36
Q

what is the death rate of breast cancer

A

39,520 deaths
-majority of deaths in women over 65
-

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37
Q

what is the death rate in prostate cancer

A

240,890 cases, 33,720 deaths

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38
Q

how does the blood circulate through the right side of the heart

A 
Superior Vena Cava (Head)
inferior Vena Cava (Body)
Right Atrium 
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries 
Venues
Vein
Pulmonary Vein
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39
Q

right side of the heart goes to the

A

LUNGS

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40
Q

how does the blood circulate through the left side of the heart

A 
Left Atrium
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
Left Ventricle 
Aorta 
Arteries
Arterioles 
Capillaries 
Venues
Veins
Back to vena Cava's
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41
Q

left side of the heart goes to the

A

body

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42
Q

what are the two large coronary arteries and where do they go

A

Right- Lung

Left- Body

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43
Q

how do impulses travel down internal tracts to atrioventricular node

A

electrical impulse

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44
Q

what is the SA node

A

pacemaker of heart, so heart beats in unison

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45
Q

What are risk factors for heart disease

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Elevated Blood Cholesterol
  3. Elevated low density Lipoprotein
  4. Smoking
  5. Obesity (Overweight)
  6. Diabetes
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46
Q

What are the two types of blood pressure

A

systolic

diastolic

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47
Q

what is diastolic pressure

A

lowest pressure when the ventricles are relaxed

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48
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

highest pressure reached during ventricular contraction

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49
Q

what are signs and symptoms of heart attack

A 
Angina Pectoris: Chest pain - tightness
Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing
Cyanosis: Blue skin coloration
Diaphoretic: Perspiration - sweating
Tachycardia: Rapid Heart Rate (Over 100)
Bradycardia: Slow Heart Rate (Below 60)
Arrhythmia: Irregular Heart Rate
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50
Q

What is the destruction of heart tissue from lack of oxygen

A

myocardial infarction

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51
Q

what is the blockage of coronary arteries- results in M.I.

A

coronary artery disease

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52
Q

what is it when there is thickening and hardening of arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

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53
Q

what is it when there is plaque deposited in arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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54
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

heart attack

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55
Q

what is myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart due to bacterial or viral infection. Tissue destruction

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56
Q

what is rheumatic heart disease

A

damage to heart valves following streptococcus infection- persons own antibodies attack heart valves

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57
Q

what is congestive heart disease

A

Failure of heart to work as an effective pump. Hypertrophy of Atrium and/or Ventricles. Results in pulmonary and systemic edema

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58
Q

what is congenital heart disease

A

heart defect present at birth

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59
Q

what are the two types of congenital heart disease

A

Cyanotic

acyanotic

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60
Q

What is acyanotic heart defect

A

no problems evident at birth

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61
Q

what is cyanotic heart defect

A

infant for with cyanosis

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62
Q

what is the most severe congenital problem

A

tetralogy of fallot

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63
Q

Anencephaly is when there is

A

non brain

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64
Q

what are some side effects from anencephaly

A

cephalic end of neural tube fails to close

  • abnormal cranial cavity
  • neck absent
  • increased incidence in females incompatible with postnatal life
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65
Q

spina bifida is

A

a split spine

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66
Q

what are the side effects of spina bifida

A

malformation of caudal end of neural tube

  • multifactorial pattern of inheritance
  • deficiency of folic acid
  • failure of fusion of vertebral arches
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67
Q

What is Hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of normal circulation of spinal fluid

  • buildup of fluid causes compression
  • atrophy of brain
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68
Q

what is Myelitis

A

infection of spinal cord

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69
Q

what is meningitis

A

infection of meninges surrounding brain/spinal cord

70
Q

what is encephalitis

A

infection of brain

71
Q

what is polio

A

loss of nerve innervation with destruction of lower motor neurons (virus)

72
Q

what is Alzheimer’s disease

A

Atrophy of Cerebral Cortex with loss of neurons Neurofibrillary tangles & senile plaques - Affects Acetylcholine neuron Chronic, progressive disease

73
Q

what is Guillain Barr’e syndrome

A

(Idiopathic Polyneuritis)
Inflammatory changes and widespread demyelination
Onset usually occurs a few weeks after a mild respiratory infection Autoimmune reaction - Immune system attacks myelin Muscular weakness in legs & spreads to trunk & upper extremities
Patient maintains awareness and intellectual functioning
Intercostal muscles impaired Respiratory distress & difficulty swallowing

74
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

degeneration of meylin sheath of nerves in brain and spinal cord

75
Q

the pulmonary vein has what kind of oxygen

A

high

76
Q

the pulmonary artery has what kind of oxygen

A

low

77
Q

what is neurosis

A

Mental disorder characterized by ANXIETY symptoms related to unresolved conflicts.

78
Q

what is the treatment of neurosis

A

psychotherapy- minor tranquilizers

79
Q

what is psychosis

A

Major mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing. Loss of touch with reality.

80
Q

what is the treatment for psychosis

A

major tranquilizers

81
Q

what is the disease that air in pleural space, leaky lung/chest puncture wound

A

pneumothorax

82
Q

what is the disease that has blood in pleural cavity

A

hemathorax

83
Q

what disease is an inflammation of lungs

A

pneumonia

84
Q

what disease has collapse of part of a lung

A

atelectasis

85
Q

what is this disease

Painful breathing
pleura roughened form inflammation

A

Pleuritis

86
Q

What is this disease:

Special type of Pneumonia: Tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Capsules composed of wax & fat - Resistant to destruction
Monocytes accumulate, fuse & form large multinucleated Giant Cells
Also accumulation of lymphocytes & plasma cells

A

TB

87
Q

What is this disease:

Spasmodic contraction of smooth muscle in walls of small bronchi & bronchioles - Increased secretions by the bronchial mucous glands

A

Asthma

88
Q

What is this disease:

Air sacs distal to terminal bronchioles are enlarged & walls of air sacs are destroyed
Large cystic spaces - Air stays in alveoli - loss of elasticity
Surface area in contact with capillary system is significantly decreased
Important cause of disability and death - Rapid increase in incidence
Usually begins in upper lungs but may eventually involve all lobes

A

emphysema

89
Q

what is this disease:

Occurs from exposure to injurious substances
Fibrous thickening of alveolar septa
Lungs rigid - Restricts normal air exchange
Pneumoconiosis: Pulmonary damage caused by dust of other material
Silicosis (Rock Dust), Asbestosis (Asbestos Fibers), Coal dust

A

pulmonary fibrosis

90
Q

what is this disease

Fastidious gram negative bacterium - Legionella pneumophila
Transmitted in air, not from person to person - Cooling towers (mist) -

A

legionnaires disease

91
Q

T or F

antidepressant drugs are not addictive

A

F

They are

92
Q

sign and symptoms of stroke

A

Hemiplegia, Hemiparesis, Unconsciousness or semiconscious, Rehabilitation goals, Transient Ischemis Attack (TIA), Paralysus, Congenital Cerebral Aneurysm, hard time swallowing, personality change,

93
Q

What is Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis on one side of the body

94
Q

What is Hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side of the body

95
Q

What are rehabilitation goals for stroke

A
  1. Regain walking ability 2. Relearn self care activities 3. Prevent stiffness & limitation of motion 4. Emotional adjustments to disability 5. Speech therapy
96
Q

What is TIA

A

Transient Ichemic Attack

Brief episodes of neurological dysfunction

97
Q

What is Paralysis

A

aphasia (loss of speech)

98
Q

What is congenital aneurysm

A

Sac-like outpouching of vessel - Weakness of vessel is congenital - Aneurysm typically develops in young adulthood or middle age - Rupture produces fatal hemorrhage Signs & Symptoms: Headache (Increased intracranial pressure) and stiff neck (Blood irritates the meninges)

99
Q

what happens when someones goes unconscious or semiconscious

A

Difficulty breathing or swallowing-Loss of bladder and/or bowel control (incontinence) - Unequal pupil size - Inability to communicate (slurred speech) - Nausea - Vomiting - Drooling - Headache - Confusion - Dizziness - Tinnuitus - Memory changes - Extreme weakness - Personality changes

100
Q

What are the three major causes of strokes

A

Cerebral Thrombosis
Cerebral Embolism
Cerebral Hemorrhage

101
Q

What is cerebral Thrombosis

A

Atherosclerosis - Narrowing of cerebral vessels - Infarction & necrosis of brain tissue - Phagocytes clean up the debris - cystic cavity - Encephalomalacia (Brain softening)

102
Q

What is Cerebral Embolism

A

Wandering clot usually from atherosclerosis of internal carotid - Piece may break off Dx: Cerebral angiogram Tx: Carotid endarterectomy

103
Q

What is cerebral Hemorrhage

A

Ruptured vessel - Very serious and if vessel is large it is most often fatal - Pressure on brain tissue Dx: Computerized Tomography (CT) scan - Cerebral hemorrhage is more dense on visualization than a cerebral infarction

104
Q

What are the types of strokes

A

TIA

Hemorrhage

105
Q

What is meningoencephalitis

A

infection of the brain and meninges

106
Q

T o F

farther from the equator you are more likely to get MS

A

t

107
Q

T or F

closer to the equator you will less MS more

A

T

108
Q

What is the WART system

A

with
alcohol
repeated
trouble

109
Q

What are the trouble tends to be in one of six areas:

A

1) Family/Significant other problems
2) Job/School problems
3) Financial problems
4) Legal problems
5) Emotional problems
6) Health problems

110
Q

What are the three A’s people with drug problems need

A

1) Admit they have a problem (Addiction)
2) Abstain from drug/alcohol
3) Accept help

111
Q

what are some factors of alcoholism

A

1) Genetics
2) Environmental
3) Social + Alcohol = Alcoholism ——- Multiple Problems
4) Personality
5) Individual problems

112
Q

What disease has:

muscle laking tone- limp- loss of nerve innervation with destruction of lower motor neurons (polio)- loss of reflex arc - atrophy of muscle

A

flaccid paralysis

113
Q

What does norepinephrine do

A

important in stimulation of reward and pleasure. Cocaine and stimulant increase amounts in the brain. individuals with depression have decreased amounts

114
Q

what does dopamine do

A

important in motor movement and emotional life (mode.) high levels results in paranoia. Decreased amounts in individuals with parkinson’s disease. PLEASURE.

115
Q

What does serotonin do

A

important in mood control, sensory perception and sleep patters. Individuals who attempt or comment suicide have low levels

116
Q

what does acetylcholine do

A

fast acting chemical that controls muscles, thinking and memory. ALZHEIMER

117
Q

what does GABA do

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitters allows for fine motor movement. decreased amounts in individuals with hunting tons chorea. unintensoria- autosomal dominant

118
Q

what does endorphins do

A

morphine type neurotransmitters. control of PAIN threshold. higher level in individuals who exercise.

119
Q

what are the functions of cerebral spinal fluid

A

lubricates, protects, removes waste and brings nutrients to the brain.

120
Q

T or F

A person buried in sand to the neck with suffocate

A

T

121
Q

What does inhalation do

A

Bellows actions of thoracic cage- diaphragm depends- intercostal muscles expand chest

122
Q

What does Exhalation do

A

Intercostals relax -diaphragm rises- volume of thoracic cage reduces

123
Q

What are terminal bronchioles

A

smallest bronchioles with blind ends and function only

124
Q

what are respiratory bronchioles

A

have alveoli in their walls that transport O2 and participate in gas exchange

125
Q

What are alveolar ducts

A

branches from respiratory bronchioles

126
Q

what are pulmonary alveoli

A

air sacs forms from alveolar duct

127
Q

What are the percentages of air we breath and exhale

A

Normal air 20% oxygen and 79% nitrogen

inhaled air is 16% oxygen

128
Q

What is pneymothorax

A

air in pleural space, leaky lung/chest puncture wound

129
Q

what is hemathorax

A

blood in pleural cavity

130
Q

what is pneumohemathorax

A

blood and air in pleural cavity

131
Q

what requires oxygen and that waste products be removed

A

cell metabolism

132
Q

what circulates blood with nutrients, waste and gases

A

circulatory system

133
Q

what delivers O2 and removal of Co2

A

respiratory system

134
Q

Respiration have two functions…what are they

A
  1. Ventilation- movement of air in and out

2. gas exchange between alveolar air in pulmonary capillaries

135
Q

What is involved with Alveolus

A
  1. Small air space -thin wall
  2. network of capillaries
  3. relatively small volume of air
  4. two types of cells
    a. Flat squamous cells -air exchange
    b. large secretory cells- produce lipid material- surfactant
136
Q

What is involved with Acinus -Function unit of lung

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. Alveoli
137
Q

what are the partial blood gases

A

PO2 and Pco2

138
Q

Lung disease is characterized by

A

decreased PO2 and increased PCO2

139
Q

Tuberculosis is very well controlled throughout the world

T or F

A

False

140
Q

T or F

There is no discussion of chronic fatigue syndrome in our textbook

A

T

141
Q

What does surfacant do

A

keep air sacs open and not collapse. It produces lipid material. helps with infants

142
Q

what is vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air expelled after a deep inhalation

143
Q

T or F

Vital Capacity is a term for the normal amount of air moved in and out of lungs with normal breathing

A

F

maximum volume of air expelled after deep inhalation

144
Q

COPD

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease

A

is emphysema and chronic bronchitis

145
Q

what does dyspnea mean

A

difficulty breathing

146
Q

what is cyanosis

A

skin discoloration

147
Q

Asthma is

A

pollen, cold air, triggers, hard time getting air in

148
Q

what is residual volume

A

Air that cannot be expelled from the lungs

149
Q

what is FEV

A

Maximum volume of air that can be expelled in 1 second

Narrowed bronchioles cause a reduced FEV

150
Q

if you smoke you will die from

A

cancer, heart disease

151
Q

the cancer causing agent in cigarettes is

A

tar

152
Q

the vessel that carries blood away from heart

A

aorta

153
Q

pulmonary vein

A

towards heart

154
Q

pulmonary artery

A

from heart

155
Q

two major risks for heart disease

A

hypertension, cholesterol

156
Q

SA is the

A

pace maker of the heart

157
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain

158
Q

diaphoretic

A

perspiration- sweating

159
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid heart rate

160
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

161
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregular heart rate

162
Q

if you have swelling in legs

A

CHF (congestive heart failure)

- back up blood in body due to heart not pumping right.

163
Q

collateral circulation does what

A

helps with blockage of vessels, re routes blood

164
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart

165
Q

who is at higher risk of MS

A

women 20-40 years old

166
Q

adult spina bifida has no treatment

A

T

167
Q

what is Gyukkaub are disease

A

doesn’t affect person mentally

168
Q

total lung volume is

A

residual plus vital capacity

169
Q

emphysema is when

A

you can’t get air out

170
Q

79% of the air we breathe is oxygen

A

F Nitrogen

171
Q

functional unit of lung

A

acinus

172
Q

what kind of energy controls the nervous system

A

electrical, chemical

human diseases (3 decks)

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