test 2 Flashcards
According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when:
defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety
Which disorder is NOT experienced by more women than men?
obsessive-compulsive disorder
which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety?
the psychodynamic approach
the phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is:
agoraphobia
Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to:
increase serotonin activity in the brain
when would religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) be considered compulsive behaviors?
when they interfere with daily function and cause distress
Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior:
is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety
an individual with which disorder would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories?
dissociative fugue
which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?
dysfunction
which is an aspect of the experimental approach?
the manipulation of a variable by the researcher
Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a:
syndrome
the term “external validity” refers to the extent to which the results of a study:
apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied.
Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is:
systematic desensitization
what is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related?
compulsions help people control their obsessions
someone who is experiencing “doubling” is:
feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her.
salina was terrified during the san francisco earthquake of 1989- who wouldn’t be? for a couple weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, the fears gradually diminished, disappearing within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n):
acute stress disorder
Because people who exhibit mania have very elevated moods, a new test for mania includes questions about how happy a person feels and how often he or she laughs. this test has:
face validity
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____ at certain receptor sites in the brain.
GABA
under the instructions of a psychologist, tina’s mother records the number of times Tina hits her brother at home and what happens immediately before hitting. In this situation, Tina’s mother is:
a participant observer
A combat veteran undergoing “eye movement desensitization and reprocessing” is experiencing:
exposure therapy
Fear differs from anxiety in that:
fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general
When all of the sub personalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another, it is termed a:
mutually cognizant pattern
Which treatment is a non-drug biological treatment for anxiety that is general use today?
relaxation therapy
A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a:
Panic attack
Compared to projective tests, personality inventories generally have:
greater reliability and greater validity
People who experience obsessions show:
thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them
People with one anxiety disorder are most likely to:
experience another anxiety disorder
which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?
self-hypnosis
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
Behavioral
The usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorder is to:
merge the sub-personalities into a single identity
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:
misinterpret bodily sensations
One distinction that the DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder is based on:
how long the anxiety symptoms last.
If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what rogers called:
conditions of worth
According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate which set of symptoms to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder?
Excessive worry for six months, edginess, sleep changes, distress.
Dorian was only 10 miles away from Mount St. Helens when it erupted with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ash and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. When rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry and scared. More than a year later, he still had nightmares and woke up in a cold sweat. This description BEST fits a(n):
Post-traumatic stress disorder
If one wanted a drug to improve the effectiveness of GABA, one would choose:
a benzodiazepine
Behavior that violates the legal norms is:
deviant and criminal
Having to walk the dog several times a day when its raining is an example of a:
stressor
Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs:
immediately and is short-term
People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psychological factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the:
diathesis-stress model
Teaching people to accept their worries and line in the present moment– mindfulness therapy– is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach?
cognitive
The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in older men seen at clinics tells you the:
total number of older men with sexual dysfunction at the clinic
Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with independent variable, they are called ____ variables.
confounding
Assume variables X and Y are correlated. A researcher would be able to make the MOST accurate predictions of scores on a variable Y if the correlation between X and Y is:
-.88
Not all participants are the same. Researchers use ____ to reduce the possibility that pre-existing differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation.
random assignment
Women are ____ as likely as men to develop stress disorders.
twice
There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in a small town in the midwest the week. This observation refers to the ____ of schizophrenia in this small population.
incidence
the most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is:
better safe than sorry.
People who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing that cognitive theorists call:
anxiety sensitivity
Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by:
maladaptive assumptions
To determine if a person’s fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, one could:
ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes , and if it interferes with daily living; if she says “yes,” she most likely has a phobia.
An athlete who is in fact well prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, “I can’t do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I’m going to fail!” The theorist who would focus on the athlete’s illogical thinking process as a key factor in his subsequent poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality?
cognitive
A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing:
panic disorder
Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ___ perspective.
sociocultural
A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n):
conditioned stimulus
“phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior.” This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by:
humanistic theorists
If the idea of “preparedness” is accurate, then:
some phobias should be acquired more easily than others
When someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off, that person is exhibiting a(n):
compulsion
A person with post-traumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is:
experiencing avoidance
Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are:
anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them
Is a clinician begins by asking, “would you tell me about yourself?” the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n):
unstructured interview
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of:
preparedness
Which statement BEST describes the difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?
Those with dissociative fugue change where they live
A person with post-traumatic stress disorder who is having “flashbacks” is:
re-experiencing the traumatic event.
Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is:
standardization
Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also:
believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others
An entomologist’s fear of spiders is debilitating. To treat this phobia, a therapist puts the entomologist in a room with spiders, even asking her to handle them. This technique might be used in:
flooding
One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it:
is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions
Some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. These varying represent differences in:
state anxiety
An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not vacuum for a week would be experiencing what therapy procedures?
exposure and response prevention
