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Landscape Management > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Wilting

A

Loss of internal water pressure

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2
Q

Types of wilt

A

primary
Secondary
Plasmolysis

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3
Q

Primary wilt-

A

can be overcome due to irrigation

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4
Q

Secondary wilt-

A

water loss that a plant cannot overcome, loss in biomass.

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5
Q

plasmolysis-

A

cells completely colapse, worst stage, overall death

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6
Q

Soil texture due to drought tolerance-

A

loam soil for turf management, 40% silt, 40%sand 20%clay. Can drain and hold appropriate soil water content.

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7
Q

during drought respiration is for?

A

the health of the plant

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8
Q

Water is a ______ ______ for light reactions

A

electron donor

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9
Q

_____ is the main site of photosynthesis and cool plants through stomata

A

Leaf

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10
Q

Water stress cause stomata to _______ which decreases ____ as well as ___ rate.

A

close
CO2(comes in through stomata)
Photosynthesis

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11
Q

_____ or _____ need to occur so the stomata can open up or plant will die.

A

irrigation

precipitation

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12
Q

leaf buffer-

A

the area of air right outside the leaf.

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13
Q

Latent heat-

A

heat that water absorbs to become a gas

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14
Q

When there is not enough H20 for roots to take up and replace what is loss from stomata close leads to?

A

Water stress

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15
Q

ways to prevent water stress(4)

A

Irrigation
mulch
drought tolerance plants
Soil amendments

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16
Q

Water _____ can be slow if its dry so drill a ___ in hole in bucket.

A

percolation

1/4in

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17
Q

Mulch(drought)-

A

shredded wood or pine straw
prevents evaporation from soil
place drip hose under mulch

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18
Q

What do douglass fur trees,redwoods, and pines mulches have in common?
Red cedar mulch-

A

nitche together well that cant be dispersed by wind

aesthetics

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19
Q

what do you have to be careful about when using stone gravels of high calcium carbonate content?

A

It will raise the pH of the soil

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20
Q

What type of mulch do acid loving plants like?

A

pine mulch

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21
Q

1 bale=

A

300sf at 4’’ deep

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22
Q

Xeriscaping-

A

landscaping with plant materials adapted to low water and maintenance needs.

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23
Q

Pros of Xerscaping(4)

A

can reduce water use by 30-40%
less maintenance
less money
Fewer pests

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24
Q

Natural zones-

A

these plants survive/thrive with only rainfall

*naitive plants, furthest away form house or structure.

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25
Q

Low-water zones-

A

Plants that survive mostly w/ rainfall

mostly nature or good drought tolerate plants

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26
Q

Moderate water zones-

A

plants that require frequent watering

  • closest to home/structure
  • can be exotic plants,focal points
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27
Q

What is a color pop used for-

A

asthetics

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28
Q

Drought plants(3)

A

sumac, yellow flax,tall fescue

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29
Q

Moisture control-

A

amendments used to improve water holding capacity in soil.

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30
Q

Course peat fibers-

A

bark and wood shaving included in it too.

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31
Q

Organic amendments-

A

will break down over time, during a drought can be hard for plant to get water.

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32
Q

Best time to plant a tree and why?

A

Late fall while dormant, less stress

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33
Q

If you plant a tree while its actively growing the plant will experience _____ and one of 2 things will happen, what are they? what does it depend on?

A

Transpiration
will grow roots and sprout leaves
or itll grow roots and drop leaves
how much root system is harvested

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34
Q

What accelerates transpiration?

A

Wind

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35
Q

Best soil fertility between____ and ____.

A

6-7

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36
Q

What do you consider when planting :(4)

A

Location
Site specific plants
Energy conservation
Species Selection

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37
Q

What do you consider when considering choosing planting location?

A

Roots

building,powerlines, roads, lights

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38
Q

What do you consider when considering choosing planting site specific plants?

A

wet feet

soil physical and chemical properties(pH)

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39
Q

Summer shade-

A

Deciduous plant on west and south side of house.(oaks and maples)

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40
Q

Winter wind breaks-

A

Evergreens west and north side,(leyland cypress & arborvitaes

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41
Q

What are some considerations for species selection?

A 
Privacy
increase property value- 15-25%
Color/flower
Aesthetics
Shade
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42
Q

When selecting a species what should you consult?

A

A USDA hardiness map

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43
Q

3 types of transplants-

A

Ball and burlap-most expensive(typically mature tree)
Bare root- cheapest (mail order)
Container grown- inbetween

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44
Q

Bare root(Whips)-

A

1-2 yr old peices of wood. cooler stored and shipped

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45
Q

Limitations for container grown plants-

A

Limited root system
dont store more than 2-3 weeks
the hole is crucial,needs to be larger than the root system and soil loose

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46
Q

Balled and burlaped process-

A

carve out the rootball

it needs to be in proportion to canopy.larger canopy =larger root ball.

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47
Q

A tree spade uses_____

A

hydrolics

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48
Q

What can you call before digging?

A

Tennesse 1 call- 811

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49
Q

A hole should be _____ the size of the ball. and the top root should be where?

A

3-5x

at the grade

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50
Q

Trunk Flair -

A

1-2 in above ground “lungs”
top of root ball on trunk
planting below flair is #1 planting failure
Functions in O2 diffusuion

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51
Q

When filling a hole you should add?

A

25% organic amendment, Clay soil 2-4’’ of mix,

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52
Q

What should you do with unplanted inventory-

A

store in a cool/shaded area until used,
cover it with wet cheese cloth
keep bare roots stock in water filled buckets

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53
Q

Steps to follow when planting-

A

remove and plastic rope or metal framing from around root ball.
Place tree/shrub in hole
Cut top 1/3 of burlap away from top of ball
make sure root ball stays intact
check for proper debth

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54
Q

A proper hole consists 4 parts-

A

Sloping sides-water capture
Stage-foundation for ball
drainage
backfill

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55
Q

Root girding-

A

roots have grown to the walls of container and start encircling the root mass.

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56
Q

Before planting you should _____ the root ball.”________”

A

Score or butterflying(cut almost in half)

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57
Q

Backfiling soil:

A

bench soil into hole, 5-7’’ layers then pack

use water to help.

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58
Q

What do you do around the outside of the ball to help hold water?

A

Dam- especially at planting, use excavated mix.

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59
Q

What is necessary to hold a new plant upright?
What do you avoid?
What is typically used?

A

Staking-vertical method 2 poles
Avoid hitting the rootball
Standard barbwire post/metal twine (maybe hose)

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60
Q

When and how to use tree wraps-

A

young trees,winter planting,keep loose.

helps prevent sunscald on young trees.

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61
Q

Mulch after:

how deep?

A

planting/steaking and watering

2-4’’ of mulch

62
Q

How do you water after planting?

A

well soak area around root ball, water deep and infrequently

let it dry down for 2-3 days and soak again.

63
Q

What do you prune after planting?

A

Dead, decaying,diseased, and damaged branches.

Dont use pruning compounds.

64
Q

When pruining to maintain what should be selected?

A

A dominate leader.

65
Q

_____ should be crown

_____ should be stem

A

2/3

1/3

66
Q

It is ideal to remove branches before they reach

A

2.5cm in size

67
Q

Non comforming-

A

growing in any undesirable direction, or when two branches cross causing rubbing.

68
Q

3 Ds-

A

Diseased,dead, damaged.

69
Q

what is the most important part of tree care-

A

Pruning-remove 3ds, old or non-conforming branches.

70
Q

Pruning to thin out-

A

removing entire branches are their junction with another branch or trunk.

71
Q

thinning out-

A

Cutting all the way back to the truck

72
Q

Heading (Back) Cut-

A

removing a portion of a branch back to lateral branch or bud.

73
Q

Why prune-(4)

A

Sunlight
Air movement
Encourages Growth
Reduces the size of the plant

74
Q

training-

A

at planting, to remove dead branches, crossed limbs and to shape the tree or shrub(form)

75
Q

Health(3) pruning-

A

Remove diseased,dead, broken branches.
remove improperly pruned stubs
protect people and property

76
Q

Improve flowering-

A

younger flowering branches have more and bigger flowers.

77
Q

Why do we prune hedges-

A

to increase density

78
Q

Pruning at planting time-

A

prune yearly
remove uncomforming branches
remove lower branches as trees grow keep 1/3

79
Q

when to prune roots-

A

long discolored or broken roots from bare root stock before planting.

80
Q

Bare root hedge plants should be pruned to ___in off the ground

A

6’’

81
Q

Healthy roots are what color

A

white

82
Q

how much growth can be removed at one time?

A

1/3

83
Q

Hand clippers, hedge shears can cut up to

A

.5’’ anvil is optimal

84
Q

Lopping pruners cut up to?

A

.5-1.5’’

85
Q

saws are used for anything above?

A

1.5 and up

86
Q

Best time to prune- why?

A

Late winter/ early spring

reduce the potential for disease

87
Q

Best time to prune spring flowing shrubs-

A

after flowers fade

88
Q

Best time to prune summer and fall flowing shrubs-

A

Winter

89
Q

Renewal pruning-

A

spring removal of 1/3 of the oldest and tallest growth at ground level.(cane prune)

90
Q

When to prune Sap producing trees-

A

wait until they have flowered,(early summer) before pruning.

ex.Azalea, Dogwood, Redbud, Forsythia

91
Q

Plants to prune before spring growth-

A

Nandina, Roses, Hedges, Glossy abelia ,Crape myrtle

92
Q

what is the most common pruning mistake- what is another mistake?

A

leaving to much stub

the flesh cut

93
Q

Woody plants grow in 3 directions-

A

Up, outward, and girth

94
Q

Branch Collar-

A

The junction between the main branch and trunk

a 30 degree angle is best

95
Q

Proper cut will do what?

A

prevent infection/ decay from entering the main trunk

96
Q

Bud orientation =

where do you prune?

A

direction of growth

prune above the bud facing out away from the tree.

97
Q

When using a saw what method do you use?

A

3-cut method.

98
Q

3 cut method-

A

1st cut-6’’ behind between mark 2 and 3
2nd cut-cuts the weight off
3rd cut- above meristematic tissue

99
Q

Cutting V shaped crotches-

A

1st cut- 4’’ above crotch

2nd cut- 1/4’’ above crotch at 45 degree angle

100
Q

Trees that tend to from V shaped crotchs-

A

Bradford pear
Redbuds
Elms
maples

101
Q

Sucker-

A

sprouts from the ground that come from the basal node,alaceration, or upper region of the root system.
they are resource hogs

102
Q

Forks-

A

Just a narrow crotch angle, pick most upright.

103
Q

Water sprouts-

A

develop on main branch and grow directly upward.

104
Q

When pruning large established trees-

A

1 call an arborist- liscenced and bonded

2) Crown thinning
3) Crown raising
4) Crown reduction

105
Q

Crown thinning-

A

selectivly removing branches in the upper crown

106
Q

Crown raising-

A

Removing lower branches to raise the position of the crown

107
Q

Crown reduction-

A

removing large upper branches to lessen the weigh.

least desirable, remove double leader.

108
Q

Arborist companies-

A

True green landcare,

Daivy tree Co.

109
Q

When pruning for density what type of cuts do you want to use?

A

Heading back cuts

110
Q

How long does it take for disease,fungi, or rot to enter a broken branch?

A

within 1 year.

111
Q

Rules to pruning hedges-

A

new growth reaches 6-8’’ above height
prune so wider at bottom than top(TRIANGULAR)
every year remove 1/3 of the oldest tallest limbs

112
Q

Pruning evergreens-

A

prune based on growth habitat

113
Q

Pruning spruces,firs, and douglas firs-

A

Prune in late winter/early summer

just cut about halfway back

114
Q

Pruning pines-

A

Flush tip growth each season
cut candles by 1/3- 1/2
do not cut back further than current years growth.

115
Q

Candles-

A

new growth on pines

116
Q

Pruning arborvitae,junipers,yews and hemlocks-

A

early spring to prevent the just sheared look
grow continuously
prune to correct growth defects, look better naturally
slow growing.
only green on outside-tip growth

117
Q

3 types of junipers-

A

creeping, spreading, upright

118
Q

yews foliage-

A

produce foliage all the way back to stem

119
Q

Arborvitae foliage is similar to juniper- how do you tell them apart?

A

Arborvitae foliage is flat

120
Q

how can you reestablish lost leaders?

A

tieing up a side branch

121
Q

Espalier-

A

pruning technique, horizontally trained branches symetricall matched on two side.

122
Q

topiery-

A

pruining shapes

123
Q

How long do you wait before fertilizing after planting?

A

3-4 weeks

124
Q

Fertilize trees at a rate of ?

A

2-4 lbs/N/year/1000ftsq of crown area

125
Q

Do not fertilize heavily during when?

A

The heat of the summer

126
Q

Milorganite-

A

processed sewage sludge

127
Q

Spring fert for what?

A

root uptake

128
Q

If the plant is under stress do not fert more than?

A

1/2 lb per application

129
Q

Use dry fertilizers when?

A

When roots are actively growing

130
Q

Soil test do what?

A

provide information specific to the site tested and can gice baseline info on soil health

131
Q

High levels of P and K can do what?

A

Surpress Growth

132
Q

In managed landscapes ___ may not require aditional fertility

A

trees

133
Q

What is the most limiting nutrient to good healthy growth?

A

Nitrogen, 2-4 lbs per year/1000ftsq (trees) 50-200 lbs of product per acre/year

134
Q

Rate of N dependent on:(5)

A 
Desired rate of growth
type of fertilizer used
Irrigation/rainfall
Soil type
Time of year
135
Q

recomendations for N application are based on?

A

caliper or trunk diameter at breast height, .5lb N/in

Rainfall can affect amount

136
Q

Sufficient levels for balance of P and K-

A

P: 60-100 lbs/A
K: 150-300 lbs/A

137
Q

Plant health care fertilizer

A

27-9-9, tree fertilizer

138
Q

Best time to fertilize is?

where do you place w/ respect to drip line

A

Late fall,

2/3 inside and 1/3 outside of dripline

139
Q

photosynsitive plants fert req-

A

does not require as many or as often fertilizing

140
Q

Late fall fert plan-

A

put half of you fert down in fall all at once. at least 3/4 in form of slow release fert.

141
Q

Spring fert plan-

A

put half down in 2 parts. march or may

142
Q

feeder root located where?

A

upper 6 in of soil

143
Q

A salt is what?

A

any combination of a positively charged cation and negatively charged anion.
Salt binds with water, to much can bind water in soil.

144
Q

To avoid salt problems:(6)

A 
choose low salt index ferts
use balanced ferts
dont over apply
use coarse soil amendments
moniter water quality
water heavy and infrequent= flush- encourages deep rooting
145
Q

Mychorihzal fungi

A

Symbiotic fungi that help trees
improve absorption of water and nutrients
helps plant with stress
endo- ecto

146
Q

Nitrogen deficiency-

A

light green-pale yellow leaves,smaller leaf.(older leaves first)

147
Q

P deficiency-

A

reddish brown-purple leaves(older leaves first)

148
Q

K deficiency-

A

Leaf scorch (older leaves first)

149
Q

Iron-

A

interveinal chlorosis

150
Q

Magnesium-

A

same as iron except older leaves first

151
Q

Zinc:

A

whorles of stiff growth near buds(witches broomish)

152
Q

Boron:

A

Death of terminal growth

Landscape Management (3 decks)

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