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Landscape Management > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define landscape management

A

Art, science, and skill employed by professionals who maintain all or any part of the exterior environment.

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2
Q

Responsible for:

A

Plants ,animals, and inanimate Objects.

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3
Q

Manages: (4)

A

People, Time , Equipment, and money.

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4
Q

What year did Landscape Management Begin

A

1960 along with fertilizer and chemical companies.

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5
Q

How many acres of managed turf areas are in the U.S.

A

50 million

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6
Q

Average size of home lawns in the U.S.

A

0.32 acres or 1,400 sq.ft.

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7
Q

Good lawn and landscape management adds: (2)

A

Pride, Property Value

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8
Q

What is the Largest Franchise in the Country

A

True Green (1969), 200 branches, 1.4 billion

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9
Q

other large franchise companys

A

valleycrest co. , the Brickman Group, Davey Tree Expert Co,

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10
Q

Small sized markets have:

A

opportunities in Niche markets, room for growth, (quality work/ fair prices.)

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11
Q

How many golf courses are in the U.S.

A

19,000

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12
Q

Companies Diversify in what areas:

A

mowing, woody plant care, annual color, Irrigation, Lawn Establishment and/or renovation. aquascapes.

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13
Q

What act re-evaluated over 9000 pesticides?

A

Food Quality Protection Act

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14
Q

Risk cup test exposure over how many years?

A

70 years

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15
Q

California Air and Resource Board did what?

A

Banned 2-cycle models,

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16
Q

What is the major expense for most Landscape firms.

A

Labor

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17
Q

H2B does what?

A

allows foreigners to work seasonally under temporary visas.

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18
Q

Good indicators of the Landscape industry are:

A

housing market and personal income

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19
Q

Landscape freshwater usage:

Golf course:

A
  1. 9%

1. 5%

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20
Q

$ of irrigation sold annually ?

A

800 million

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21
Q

Xeriscapes

A

Designing to take full advantage of rainfall.

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22
Q

Landscape managers must be:

A

Good horticulturists/ Good business people

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23
Q

Profit =

A

Sustainability

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24
Q

how many landscape management companies are in the U.S.

A

50,000 to 145,000

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25
Q

Small companies produce less than

A

200,000 annually, Residential markets(bread&butter)

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26
Q

Top 50 Firms hold only ___% of the market

A

15%

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27
Q

Profession Orginizations

A

Sports Turfmanagers Association(STMA)
Golf Course Superintendent Association (GCSAA)
Professional Landcare Network(Planet)

Landcarenetwork.org, GCSAA.org, STMA.org

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28
Q

1 acre =

1 gal=

A
  1. 560ft^2

3. 785L

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29
Q

Groups of Cells with common origins, structures and functions?

A

Tissues

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30
Q

Monocot

A

3’s, parallel, vascular bundle scattered.

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31
Q

Dicot

A

4, 5, 2 cotyledons, netlike venation, vascualar bundle circular

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32
Q

true leaf is made of: (3)

A

Blade, Petiole and axillary Bud

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33
Q

axis where pinnately compound leaves attach

A

Rachis

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34
Q

Thorns:
Spines:
Prickles:

A

aborted shoots,
aborted leaves
modified epidermal cells.

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35
Q

Stem Functions(4)

A

support, storage, xylem &phloem, photosynthesis

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36
Q

Root Function(4)

A

Anchorage, water/nutrient uptake, storage, Nitrogen Assimilation.

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37
Q

group of flowers

A

group of flowers

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38
Q

Flowers are sessile

A

Spike

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39
Q

flowers with pedicels (unbranched)

A

raceme

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40
Q

compound raceme

A

panicle

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41
Q

flat top youngest flowers at end of rachis

A

corymb

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42
Q

flat top, pedicles originate from common point.

A

umbel

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43
Q

flat toped, oldest flowers at end of rachis

A

Cyme

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44
Q

many single, sessile flowers

A

Head

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45
Q

fleshy spike and modified leaf

A

spathe and spadix

46
Q

Leaf shapes

A

Lancelate, oval, cordate, triangular

47
Q

Leaf margins

A

entire, serrate, ungelate, lobed

48
Q

Leaf venation

A

parallel, pinnate(birdfeather), palmate

49
Q

Growth =

A

cell division +cell elongation + cell differentiation

50
Q

The upper few inches or feet of the earths crust are

51
Q

Soil __% solids and ___% pore space

52
Q

describes how the mineral particles are arranged in soils.

A

Soil Structure

53
Q

Ideal pH range

54
Q

ability of soil to hold and exchange positively charged ions.

A

cation exchange capacity.

55
Q

% of organic matter & how much to add per year

A

3-5%, most common and useful amendment.

add 3 cubic yards/1000 sf /yr

56
Q

Pros/Cons with organic matter

A

pros: good CEC, buffer, Nutrient reservoir, holds water,
Cons: build up changes pH, Can be high in soluble salts.
Sedge is best.

57
Q

Sand

A

2mm- 500mm needs to be 1/3 of soil volume

58
Q

Lime

Gypsum

A

basic

neutral

59
Q

Acidic Loving plants

A

Azelia ,Sweet potato

60
Q

Reducing Soil pH

A

Amonium Nitrate:time consuming
Elemental Sulfur: Quick
Al Sulfate Intermediate

61
Q

Amino acids, proteins, makes chlorophyll?

62
Q

ATP

A

Phosphorus

63
Q

Stomatal Conductance

64
Q

Cell walls

A

Calcium(Secondary)

65
Q

component of chlorophyll

A

magnesium(Secondary)

66
Q

builds certain amino acids & involved in synthesis of chlorophyll.

A

Sulfur(Secondary)

67
Q

Activates enzymes ,Most important micro nutrient

68
Q

water releases electrons to the light reactions and oxygen in the atmosphere.

69
Q

Use these to raise pH

A

lime and calcium

70
Q

Chemical equation of Photosynthesis

A

6CO2+12H20+lightenergy = C6H1206 +6H20+ 602

71
Q

Requirement for photosynthesis

A

Light, temperature,water, soil, nutrients and CO2

72
Q

Chemical equation for respiration

A

C6H1206+6O2= 6CO2 +6H20 +released energy

73
Q

Requirements for Respiration

A

Carbohydrates, 02, Stress

74
Q

produces food, stores energy, uses water, occurs in sunlight, uses carbon dioxide, releases oxygen,

A

Photosynthesis

75
Q

uses food, releases energy, produces water, produces CO2, uses oxygen, occurs in dark and light.

A

Respiration.

76
Q

What does transpiration do

A

transports minerals from soil through the plant, cools plant, moves sugars and plant chemicals, maintaing tugor pressure.

77
Q

Nitrogen must be in what form to be taken

A

NH3 ammonia

78
Q

how many soil samples

A

15-20, 4-6in. deep ,S-shape,

79
Q

both, tips and shoots and roots, primary growth, increase in length, produces dermal ground and vascular tissue

A

Apical Meristems

80
Q

monocots, particulary grasses, occurs between differentiated tissues in internode. usually at base of leaves.

A

intercalary meristems

81
Q

woody dicots and few biennials & perennials, secondary growth increase in grith

A

Lateral meristem

82
Q

produces conducting tissue, secondary xylem and phloem.

A

Vascular Cambrium

83
Q

produces bark

A

Cork Cambrium

84
Q

A group of cells which are able to divide and enlarge

85
Q

3 growth promoting horomones

A

Auxins(2rings), Gibberillans(5rings), and cytokinins

86
Q

2 growth stopers

A

Ethylene, Absistic acid(1ring)

87
Q

Chilling injury

A

20-0 degrees C or 68- 32 F , can be overcome but may slow germination.

88
Q

Critical range for plants

A

0-15 C or 32-42 F

89
Q

Freezing injury

A

less than 0C or 32F, intra and extra cellular freezing

90
Q

Death of plants due to cold temps

A

Winter Kill

91
Q

ice crystals kill the cell once they grow to large

A

intracellular ice

92
Q

ice forms on the outside and protoplasm of plant become dehydrated.

A

Extracellular Ice

93
Q

what precent of plants are introduced

94
Q

USDA hardiness zone map is based on

A

average annual minimum temperatures.

95
Q

What part of plants need to be protected the most?

A

Flower buds and veg buds.

96
Q

Martin is in what zone

97
Q

Factors that affect hardiness

A

speed, duration, acclimation,genetic variability.

98
Q

period of gradual decrease in temperature over several months

A

Acclimation

99
Q

when water freezes it gives off heat energy

A

Latent Heat of Freezing, protects down to 22F

100
Q

horomone that effects meristematic tissue

101
Q

horomone that effects meristematic tissue in leaves,roots and seeds.

A

Gibberellins

102
Q

horomone that effects root tips

A

cytokinins

103
Q

horomone that effects shoots

104
Q

horomone that effects green tissue

A

Abcisic Acid

105
Q

Loss of internal water pressure

106
Q

Which type of wilting can be overcome?

A

Primary wilt

107
Q

Overall plant death

A

plasmolysis

108
Q

silt:
sand :
clay-loam:

109
Q

How do deep roots help with drought avoidance?

A

Capture deep water

110
Q

How can transpiration be controlled and how can it be avoided?

A

Stomatal closure

Leaf shed.

111
Q

How can a plant survive drought periods?

Landscape Management (3 decks)

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