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Landscape Management > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define landscape management

A

Art, science, and skill employed by professionals who maintain all or any part of the exterior environment.

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2
Q

Responsible for:

A

Plants ,animals, and inanimate Objects.

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3
Q

Manages: (4)

A

People, Time , Equipment, and money.

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4
Q

What year did Landscape Management Begin

A

1960 along with fertilizer and chemical companies.

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5
Q

How many acres of managed turf areas are in the U.S.

A

50 million

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6
Q

Average size of home lawns in the U.S.

A

0.32 acres or 1,400 sq.ft.

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7
Q

Good lawn and landscape management adds: (2)

A

Pride, Property Value

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8
Q

What is the Largest Franchise in the Country

A

True Green (1969), 200 branches, 1.4 billion

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9
Q

other large franchise companys

A

valleycrest co. , the Brickman Group, Davey Tree Expert Co,

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10
Q

Small sized markets have:

A

opportunities in Niche markets, room for growth, (quality work/ fair prices.)

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11
Q

How many golf courses are in the U.S.

A

19,000

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12
Q

Companies Diversify in what areas:

A

mowing, woody plant care, annual color, Irrigation, Lawn Establishment and/or renovation. aquascapes.

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13
Q

What act re-evaluated over 9000 pesticides?

A

Food Quality Protection Act

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14
Q

Risk cup test exposure over how many years?

A

70 years

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15
Q

California Air and Resource Board did what?

A

Banned 2-cycle models,

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16
Q

What is the major expense for most Landscape firms.

A

Labor

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17
Q

H2B does what?

A

allows foreigners to work seasonally under temporary visas.

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18
Q

Good indicators of the Landscape industry are:

A

housing market and personal income

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19
Q

Landscape freshwater usage:

Golf course:

A
  1. 9%

1. 5%

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20
Q

$ of irrigation sold annually ?

A

800 million

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21
Q

Xeriscapes

A

Designing to take full advantage of rainfall.

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22
Q

Landscape managers must be:

A

Good horticulturists/ Good business people

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23
Q

Profit =

A

Sustainability

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24
Q

how many landscape management companies are in the U.S.

A

50,000 to 145,000

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25
Small companies produce less than
200,000 annually, Residential markets(bread&butter)
26
Top 50 Firms hold only ___% of the market
15%
27
Profession Orginizations
Sports Turfmanagers Association(STMA) Golf Course Superintendent Association (GCSAA) Professional Landcare Network(Planet) Landcarenetwork.org, GCSAA.org, STMA.org
28
1 acre = | 1 gal=
43. 560ft^2 | 3. 785L
29
Groups of Cells with common origins, structures and functions?
Tissues
30
Monocot
3's, parallel, vascular bundle scattered.
31
Dicot
4, 5, 2 cotyledons, netlike venation, vascualar bundle circular
32
true leaf is made of: (3)
Blade, Petiole and axillary Bud
33
axis where pinnately compound leaves attach
Rachis
34
Thorns: Spines: Prickles:
aborted shoots, aborted leaves modified epidermal cells.
35
Stem Functions(4)
support, storage, xylem &phloem, photosynthesis
36
Root Function(4)
Anchorage, water/nutrient uptake, storage, Nitrogen Assimilation.
37
group of flowers
group of flowers
38
Flowers are sessile
Spike
39
flowers with pedicels (unbranched)
raceme
40
compound raceme
panicle
41
flat top youngest flowers at end of rachis
corymb
42
flat top, pedicles originate from common point.
umbel
43
flat toped, oldest flowers at end of rachis
Cyme
44
many single, sessile flowers
Head
45
fleshy spike and modified leaf
spathe and spadix
46
Leaf shapes
Lancelate, oval, cordate, triangular
47
Leaf margins
entire, serrate, ungelate, lobed
48
Leaf venation
parallel, pinnate(birdfeather), palmate
49
Growth =
cell division +cell elongation + cell differentiation
50
The upper few inches or feet of the earths crust are
Soils
51
Soil __% solids and ___% pore space
50/50
52
describes how the mineral particles are arranged in soils.
Soil Structure
53
Ideal pH range
6-7
54
ability of soil to hold and exchange positively charged ions.
cation exchange capacity.
55
% of organic matter & how much to add per year
3-5%, most common and useful amendment. | add 3 cubic yards/1000 sf /yr
56
Pros/Cons with organic matter
pros: good CEC, buffer, Nutrient reservoir, holds water, Cons: build up changes pH, Can be high in soluble salts. Sedge is best.
57
Sand
2mm- 500mm needs to be 1/3 of soil volume
58
Lime | Gypsum
basic | neutral
59
Acidic Loving plants
Azelia ,Sweet potato
60
Reducing Soil pH
Amonium Nitrate:time consuming Elemental Sulfur: Quick Al Sulfate Intermediate
61
Amino acids, proteins, makes chlorophyll?
Nitrogen
62
ATP
Phosphorus
63
Stomatal Conductance
Potassium
64
Cell walls
Calcium(Secondary)
65
component of chlorophyll
magnesium(Secondary)
66
builds certain amino acids & involved in synthesis of chlorophyll.
Sulfur(Secondary)
67
Activates enzymes ,Most important micro nutrient
Iron
68
water releases electrons to the light reactions and oxygen in the atmosphere.
Chlorine.
69
Use these to raise pH
lime and calcium
70
Chemical equation of Photosynthesis
6CO2+12H20+lightenergy = C6H1206 +6H20+ 602
71
Requirement for photosynthesis
Light, temperature,water, soil, nutrients and CO2
72
Chemical equation for respiration
C6H1206+6O2= 6CO2 +6H20 +released energy
73
Requirements for Respiration
Carbohydrates, 02, Stress
74
produces food, stores energy, uses water, occurs in sunlight, uses carbon dioxide, releases oxygen,
Photosynthesis
75
uses food, releases energy, produces water, produces CO2, uses oxygen, occurs in dark and light.
Respiration.
76
What does transpiration do
transports minerals from soil through the plant, cools plant, moves sugars and plant chemicals, maintaing tugor pressure.
77
Nitrogen must be in what form to be taken
NH3 ammonia
78
how many soil samples
15-20, 4-6in. deep ,S-shape,
79
both, tips and shoots and roots, primary growth, increase in length, produces dermal ground and vascular tissue
Apical Meristems
80
monocots, particulary grasses, occurs between differentiated tissues in internode. usually at base of leaves.
intercalary meristems
81
woody dicots and few biennials & perennials, secondary growth increase in grith
Lateral meristem
82
produces conducting tissue, secondary xylem and phloem.
Vascular Cambrium
83
produces bark
Cork Cambrium
84
A group of cells which are able to divide and enlarge
Meristems
85
3 growth promoting horomones
Auxins(2rings), Gibberillans(5rings), and cytokinins
86
2 growth stopers
Ethylene, Absistic acid(1ring)
87
Chilling injury
20-0 degrees C or 68- 32 F , can be overcome but may slow germination.
88
Critical range for plants
0-15 C or 32-42 F
89
Freezing injury
less than 0C or 32F, intra and extra cellular freezing
90
Death of plants due to cold temps
Winter Kill
91
ice crystals kill the cell once they grow to large
intracellular ice
92
ice forms on the outside and protoplasm of plant become dehydrated.
Extracellular Ice
93
what precent of plants are introduced
90%
94
USDA hardiness zone map is based on
average annual minimum temperatures.
95
What part of plants need to be protected the most?
Flower buds and veg buds.
96
Martin is in what zone
7b
97
Factors that affect hardiness
speed, duration, acclimation,genetic variability.
98
period of gradual decrease in temperature over several months
Acclimation
99
when water freezes it gives off heat energy
Latent Heat of Freezing, protects down to 22F
100
horomone that effects meristematic tissue
Auxin
101
horomone that effects meristematic tissue in leaves,roots and seeds.
Gibberellins
102
horomone that effects root tips
cytokinins
103
horomone that effects shoots
Ethylene
104
horomone that effects green tissue
Abcisic Acid
105
Loss of internal water pressure
Drought
106
Which type of wilting can be overcome?
Primary wilt
107
Overall plant death
plasmolysis
108
silt: sand : clay-loam:
40 40 20
109
How do deep roots help with drought avoidance?
Capture deep water
110
How can transpiration be controlled and how can it be avoided?
Stomatal closure | Leaf shed.
111
How can a plant survive drought periods?
Dormancy

Landscape Management (3 decks)

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