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Plant Science > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Roots

-portion of the plant designed to absorb water and minerals

A
  • Water uptake
    • Mineral uptake
    • Plant anchorage
    • Food storage
    • Vegetative propagation
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2
Q

Tap Root

- one central root, more common with dicots
- grow deep, more energy in a main root
A

Fibrous roots

- numerous branches
- protection against erosion
- large surface area
- common among monocots
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3
Q

Adventitous: structures arising from other than expected places

A

Ex. Brace roots, climbing roots, propagating roots

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4
Q

Stems

-axis of plant which develops from the epicotyl of the embryo or from a but

A

Support and display

	- photosynthesis
	- storage
	- vegetative propagation
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5
Q

Node= the often enlarged portion of a stem from which buds and leaves arise

A

Internode=portion between two nodes

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6
Q

Bud

A
  • dormant shoot meristem

- a unelongated stem with meristem for leaves, lateral buds, flowers or all of the above

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7
Q

Types of Buds

A

Terminal, Axillary, Adventitious

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8
Q

Terminal

A

at the apex, responsible for primary growth

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9
Q

Axillary

A

borne laterally at nodes in angle between leaf and stem

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10
Q

Adventitious

A

at sites other than nodes or stem apicles (aka sucker or watersprout

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11
Q

Tiller: shoot branch of a grass root, rises from the rhizome

A

Crown: bottom of the stem… top of the root

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12
Q

Stolon (runners): grows parallel to the ground- horizontal above ground stem
Monocots and dicots

A

Rhizome: horizontal below ground stem

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13
Q

Bulb

A

Swollen underground stem

-nodes- linear order

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14
Q

Leaves

A
  • vegetative lateral outgrowth of stems typically specially adapted for photosynthesis
  • primary organ of food synthesis allow evaporative cooling
  • storage, vegetative propagation
  • thorn, tendrils, traps
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15
Q

Leaf Types

A

Simple
Pinnate- Compound
Palmate- Compound

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16
Q

Two sets of modified leaf like structure

A
  • petals (corolla)

- sepals (calyx)

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17
Q

A complete flower contains (P.S.P.S)

Incomplete Flowers -lack one of the four parts
A
  • Pistil
    • Stamen
    • Petals
    • Sepals
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18
Q

Plants with Imperfect flowers

A

Dioecious- staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants
Monoecious- staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant

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19
Q

Perfect flower= contains both stamen and pistil in the same unit- can be incomplete though

Imperfect flower= lacks either a stamen or pistil

A

Pistillate flower - only female structures

Staminate flower -only male structures

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20
Q

Pollination

A

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma

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21
Q

Self-pollination: pollen from anther to stigma of same flower or different flower of same plant

A
  • Only one plant to make new generation
    • No dependence on wind or pollinators
    • Offspring are similarly adapted
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22
Q

Cross-pollination: pollen from anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant (same species)

A
  • Allows new combinations of traits that can be better adapted
    • Dioecious
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23
Q

Prevention of Self-fertilization

A
  • Structural barrier
    • Developmental barrier
    • Genetic barrier
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24
Q

Insect vs Wind pollination

A
  • Flower size (wind flowers tend to be small)
    • Odor
    • Pollen size
    • Nectar production
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25
Q

Fruit

A

fertilized, developed ovary (and attached parts)

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26
Q

Ovule

A

structure that bears the embryo sac and will mature into a seed.. Typically inside the fruit

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27
Q

Carpel

A

innermost part of the flower bearing one or more ovules

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28
Q

Pericarp (Fruit wall)

A

Ex A peach
Exocarp- outer layer
Mesocarp- middle part
Endocarp- inner layer

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29
Q

Function of Fruit

A
  • Distribution of seeds

* Physical protection

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30
Q

Fleshy- a soft, thick pericarp

A

Dry- pericarp is hard and dried at maturity

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31
Q

Dehiscence

A

opening of a structure at maturity

e.g. Anthers Dry Fruits

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32
Q

Dehiscent: carpel spits along

Definite seams at maturity

A

Indehiscent: fruit wall does not split at any definite suture

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33
Q

The Seed

A
  • Seedcoat or testa
    • Food source: endosperm, cotyledon
    • Embryo or germ
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34
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg; a cell resulting from the fusion of gametes

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35
Q

Gamete

A

Female and male sex cell

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36
Q

Juvenile

A

Before sexual reproductive maturity

i.e. Vegetable growth, roots, stems, leaves

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37
Q

Mature

A

Producing Flowers

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38
Q

Vegetative Development- Tropism

A

Tropism-directional growth in response to a stimulus
• Positive = toward the stimulus
or
• Negative = away from the stimulus

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39
Q

Types of Tropism

A

-photo- light
(ie. Leaves (positive), stems of ivy on a wall (negative)
-gravi-tropism gravity (plant can detect the pull of gravity)
• thermo- temperature

• thigmo- touch

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40
Q

Dicot Seedling Development

A
  • Stem apex near top of plant

* Axillary buts are aboveground if epigeal emergence

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41
Q

Monocot Seedling Development

A
  • Steam apex near the base of plant

* Below ground axillary buts exist

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42
Q

Primordium=

A

embryonic or early developmental stage of an organ

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43
Q

Branching-

A

roots into favorable environment
Shoots from bud primordium
Greater at low plant densities

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44
Q

Apical Dominance

A

suppression of branching by the tip of the plant, removing the TERMINAL BUDS
Elimination of apical dominance stimulates development of axillary buds or branch roots
Ex- Trim mums because you want small flowers. Trim hedges for fuller hedges.

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45
Q

Developmental Variations

Dwarfing= Reducation or inhibition of height by shortening of internodes.

A

Rosette= Naturally short internodes, leaves in a tight whorl

Bolting = developmental process in which Rosetted plants produce a flower stalk and seed
Ie Biennials

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46
Q

Determinancy

The pattern of stem development

A

• Determinate growth - stem terminates as an inflorescence
Inflorescence- the arrangement of flowers on a floral axis
-Won’t grow another node there
• Indeterminate growth- apical meristem remains vegetative during flowering
-can continue to had nodes even after flowering has begun

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47
Q

Determinate Growth

Stem produces leaves at new nodes until it produces an inflorescence

A

Indeterminate growth

Stem produces leaves at new nodes while flowers develop in leaf axils

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48
Q

Differences due to determinacy
• Period of flowering
○ Uniformity
○ Vulnerability to brief stress

A

• Number of nodes on a stem
○ Height
○ Leaf number
• Partitioning and rate of seed fill

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49
Q

Reproductive Development

Plants regulate time of flowering

A
  • To assure sufficient support
    • To synchronize cross-pollination
    • To complete life cycle in season
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50
Q

Photoperiodism= developmental responses of plants to relative length of light and dark periods
N S
L E L
S L E

A

Photoperiods
○ Days are longer in summer, shorter in the winter
○ Day length varies farther away from the equator
○ Day length is 12 hours everywhere twice per year
○ Days get longer in the spring, shorter in summer

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51
Q

Long Day plants- flower in the spring -before the longest day of the year

A

Short Day plants- flower in summer- after the longest day- when days are getting shorter… causing it to flower

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52
Q

Flowering is induced when night length passes a certain ‘trigger’ duration - It’s actually night length that influences it

A

Photoperiodism of flowering signals a plant to begin flowering on a specific calendar day but the date of the signal depends on latitude.
Thus flowering occurs at an appropriate time in only a limited range of latitude.

53
Q

Vernalization=

A

induction of flowering exposure to cool temperatures for a required period of time

54
Q

Vernalization causes flowering to be delayed until a ‘winter’ period has passed

A

E.g. bolting could be induced by vernalizaton
Ie Brocoli- plant later
Apples- can’t grow in Georgia

55
Q

Radicle

A

the embryonic root

56
Q

Secondary Root

A

a branch root (aka lateral root)

57
Q

Tap Root

A

primary root that persists and maintains its dominance

58
Q

Fibrous Root System

A

root system with many adventitious and lateral roots

59
Q

Adventitious

A

structure arising from an unusual place; e.g. roots from stems

60
Q

Node

A

Swollen portion of the stem from which leaves, branches, and flowers arise

61
Q

Internode

A

region of stem between the nodes

62
Q

Tiller

A

branch of a grass plant arising from basal nodes

63
Q

Culm

A

hollow stem of a grass

64
Q

Terminal Bud

A

growing point at stem apex responsible for primary growth

65
Q

Axillary Bud

A

dormant shoots in the angle between the leaf and stem

66
Q

Crown

A

short stems or the region where stem and root join

67
Q

Stolon

A

an above ground horizontal stem

68
Q

Rhizome

A

a below ground horizontal stem

69
Q

Bulb

A

compact stem enclosed in fleshy or papery leaves

70
Q

Tuber

A

enlarged tip of a fleshy underground stem

71
Q

Tendril

A

coiling leaf or stem structure adapted for climbing

72
Q

Blade

A

flattened or expanded portion of leaf

73
Q

Sheath

A

Portion of grass leaf that surrounds the stem

74
Q

Collar

A

junction of blade and sheath of a grass leaf

75
Q

Auricles

A

ear-like appendages at junction of sheath and blade of grass leaf

76
Q

Ligule

A

membranous or fringed structure at top of the sheath

77
Q

Petiole

A

stalk that attaches a leaf blade to a stem; common in dicot leaves

78
Q

Stipules

A

flattened, leaflike appendages at the petiole base

79
Q

Sessile

A

attached directly; e.g. without petiole or pedicel

80
Q

Leaf Type: Cotelydon

A

the embryonic leaf

81
Q

LT: Unifoliolate

A

blade forms a single unit (aka simple)

82
Q

LT: Trifoliolate

A

leaf blade formed of three leaflets

83
Q

LT: Palmate

A

leaflets arise from a common point

84
Q

LT: Pinnate

A

leaflets on each side of a common axis in a feather like arrangement

85
Q

Leaf Arrangments:

Alternate

A

one leaf per node with adjacent leaves forming on opposite sides

86
Q

Opposite

A

Two leaves per node formed on opposite sides of the node

87
Q

Whorled

A

three or more leaves developed at a node

88
Q

Pistil

A

the female reproductive organ of a flower

89
Q

Stamen

A

the male reproductive organ of a flower

90
Q

Inflorescence

A

the arrangement of flowers on a flower axis; flower cluster

91
Q

I.T. Rachis

A

central axis of an inflorescence

92
Q

I.T. Peduncle

A

stalk supporting the whole inflorescence

93
Q

I.T. Spike

A

flowers attached directly to the floral axis

94
Q

I.T. Raceme

A

Flowers borne on short stalks from a single floral axis

95
Q

I.T. Panicle

A

Flowers borne on compound branches

96
Q

I.T. Head

A

Flowers attached directly to an enlarged stem tip

97
Q

Grasses- parallel veins in a narrow blade

A

Broad-leafs- net of veins branching from the midrib

98
Q

Abscission

A

natural separation of an organ.

A layer of thin-walled cells forms: an abscission layer

99
Q

Senescence
The stage of development during which deterioration occurs leading to death
-sometimes defined by specific criteria
e.g. decline in chlorophyll, dry weight

A

Annuals: whole plant senescence
Perennials: may involve only certain organs
Deciduous: sheds leaves at end of a growing season
Perennials that are not “evergreens”

100
Q

Agronomic crops

A

whole plant senescence of annuals allow easy harvest and storage

101
Q

Horticultural produce

A

can result in loss of quality if not suspended

102
Q

Climacteric

A

developmental process of certain ripening fruits marked by an increase in respiration and a softening of fruit tissues

103
Q 
Climatic	  
Apple	       
Banana	        
Tomato	       
Cantaloupe
A 
Non-Climacteric
Bean
Cherry
Orange
Grape
104
Q

Phytohormones=
Compounds produced by a plant in minute amounts, that coordinate growth and development in different parts of the plant, and let the plant respond to environmental signals

A

• Compounds are synthesized by the plant
• Site of synthesis may not be site of activity
• Active in micro quantities (e.g. 10^-9 M)
• Responses are usually formative (irreversible such as a new branch or a discarded organ)
i.e. Apical dominant plant is producing hormones in the tip that are sent to the root

105
Q

Plant Growth Regulator (PGR)

A

chemical analogs of phytohormones

(Human-synthesized compounds with similar activity

106
Q

Bioassay

A

the use of living organisms to quantitatively estimate the amount of biologically active substances present in a sample

107
Q

Oat coleoptile bioassay- 1920’s
Diffusible substance cause tip curvature
-proportion of concentration of substance

A

Challenges of studying phytohormones
• Detection in the plant is difficult
• Threshold concentration varies with site and growth stage
• Same compound has different effects in different part of the plants
• Interaction common: effects change if other compounds present

108
Q

Chemistry- science of the composition and properties of substances and reactions by which they are produced or converted.

A

Physiology- study of the normal functioning of organisms, and of activities that maintain and transmit life
I.e. the science of essential living processes

109
Q

Biochemistry vs ‘lab’ chemistry

A 
• Biochemistry exclusive use of organic molecules
• Faster reactions at low temperatures
• Precision in products from a reaction
• More complex reaction combinations
- Control rate and ratio of reactions
110
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that changes the rate of a reaction without itself undergoing a permanent chemical change

111
Q

Enzyme

A

protein molecule that acts as a catalyst for a specific biochemical reaction
-lowers the trigger energy- lower barrier
Metabolic reactions involve a transfer of energy

112
Q

Thermodynamic Principles

A
  • Synthesis requires energy
  • Decomposition releases energy
  • Activation energy is required to break chemical bonds
113
Q

A reduction in root length, function, and available energy supply would be most likely caused by a loss of function in the…

A

Phloem

114
Q

Plant cells have a selectively permeable membrane:

A

between the cell wall and the protoplasm

115
Q

A toxic chemical that prevented respiration would least affect mature

A

fiber cells

116
Q

Mature Cells are moved further from soil level by the action of

A

Intercalary Meristem

117
Q

A significant difference between plants and animals is…

A

every plant cell has cell wall

118
Q

Formation of cells occur in the

A

Cambium

119
Q

The tissue system with the greatest difference between how it functions in the root and how it functions in the stem would be the…

A

Dermal

120
Q

The successful practice of science results in:

A

ideas that may change in the future

121
Q

Substrate= reactants in an enzymatic reaction

A

Product= that results from a reaction between chemicals

122
Q

Enzymes provide

A

Rate control
and
Precision

123
Q

Coupled Reactions=

A

pairing of energy- releasing reaction to an energy-requiring reaction of compounds.

124
Q

Types of Coupled Reactions

Exergonic and Endergonic energy- Enzymes are the key to coupling reactions

A

Energy transfer will be greater in the reaction. if Enzymes couple.
A common exergonic (energy-supplying) component of coupled reactions in plants is ATP and ADP
-enzyme couples reactions

125
Q

Adenosine Triphospate ATP

A

ADP- unused and can be reused to transform into ATP (ready and available)
Glucose-storage ATP- available

126
Q

Photosynthesis converts light energy into available and then stored chemical energy

A

Cellular respiration converts stored chemical energy to available chemical energy

127
Q

Photosynthesis

A

-A chemical process in which light energy is absorbed by a pigment and converted into stale chemical potential

128
Q

H₂O+ CO₂+ -> C₆H₁₂O₆+ O₂

A

Inputs Products
Water Carbohydrate
Carbon Dioxide Oxygen

129
Q

Light reactions- light energy to available chemical energy

A

Dark Reactions- available chemical energy to stored chemical energy

Plant Science (3 decks)

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