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Plant Science > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Enviromental Factor:

Light

A

A form of electromagnetic radiation

-radiant energy

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2
Q

Light quality

A

determined by type of wavelengths

(shorter the wavelength the higher the energy)

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3
Q

Photosynthesis is driven by specific wavelengths of light

A

roughly equivalent to visible light (red thru violet)

  • long wavelengths do not excite chlorophyll (e.g. infrared light)
  • short lengths can break molecular bonds (e.g. ultraviolet light)
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4
Q

Light-Quality:

Intensity

A

of photons per unit area per unit time

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5
Q

Light- Quality:

Duration

A

length of time light is recieved

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6
Q

Light Intensity

A

Sunlight is more intense near the equator, and less intense the the closer you get to the poles. Also affected by cloud cover and elevation (higher latitude more change).
(more angle= less intensity)

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7
Q

Light Duration

A

Days are longer in the summer than in the winter.

Change in day length is greater near the poles and very small at the equator.

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8
Q

Total Radiation =

A

daylength x intensity

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9
Q

Rate of Photosynthesis

A

Increases with increasing light intensity but species differ in their adaption to light level.

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10
Q

Non-photosynthetic reactions are…

A
  • flowering due to photo-period
  • seed dormancy
  • etiolation
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11
Q

Non-photosynthetic reactions are…

A
  • flowering due to photo-period
  • seed dormancy
  • etiolation-competition for sun- marshal energy to elongation to reach the sun
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12
Q

Responses to light

A
  • phototropism
  • stomatal opening
  • sleep movements
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13
Q

Water

A

water availability is one of the key indicators of plant species adaption to a region

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14
Q

Water Funtions

A
  • solvent of plant chemistry
  • turgor -the pressure applied to have enough water in the plant
  • transport (nutrients and sugars)
  • cooling/ temperature buffer
  • reactant/ source of H and O
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15
Q

Water Properties

A

Cohesion- attraction of like molecules to one another

In Xylem- water molecules move in units

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16
Q

Water Properties

A

Diffusion- movement of a substance from high concentration of low concentration by random motion

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17
Q

Water Properties

A

Osmosis- diffusion of a liquid across a selectively permeable membrane until the concentration of the fluid is equal on both sides of the membrane
(water has random molecular motions)

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

the ratio and the solute molecules is the same on both sides of the membrane -osmosis balances the number of water and solute molecules, regardless of size or weight

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19
Q

Water Potential

A

tendency of water molecules to move

  • diffuse
  • evaporate
  • be absorbed
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20
Q

Water Potential

A

expressed in terms of pressure

  • positive values indicate push
  • negative values indicate suction
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21
Q

Water Potential

A 
water moves from higher potential to lower potential
ie.
  \+3 to +1
  \+1 to -1
  -2 to -4
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22
Q

Plant water potential

A

Composed of osmotic and pressure components

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23
Q

Osmotic Potential

A

the portion of water actively constrained by interaction with dissolved substances -potentials are negative (a tension or pull on water)

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24
Q

Pressure Potential

A

the portion of water actively contributed by compression of stretch surfaces- pressure potentials are positive (a pressure or a push on water)

In cells due to positive push of cell wall and negative xylem due to the pull of the atmosphere.

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25
Q

Water Potential

A

water potential at any point in the plant is the algabreic sum of it’s components.
ie. (-4)+(+2)= -2

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26
Q

Water Potential

A

water potential at any point in the plant is the algabreic sum of it’s components.
ie. (-4)+(+2)= -2
Water Potential = osmotic potential + pressure potential

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27
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintanence of a constant physical and chemical environment within an organism

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28
Q

Transpiration

A

release of water vapor through the stomata
-water pulled from the plant by atmospheric demand and the plant can only control the opening, the stomata, not the pull

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29
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

a loss of soil moisture to the atmosphere by transpiration and evaporation

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30
Q

Potential of Evapotranspiration

-measure of atmospheric demand

A

Demand increases with:

  • lower moisture content in air
  • higher air temp.
  • higher wind speed
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31
Q

Temperature

A

heat is a form of energy -intensity of head

32
Q

Determining Factors of Temperature

A
  • Radiation- transfer without connecting medium
  • Convection- transfer in a moving agent (air mass)
  • Conduction- flow of heat through a substance
33
Q

Location Factors of Temperature

A

Latitude- affects intensity of light
Season- affects duration and intensity of light
Elevation- affects amount of atmosphere present

34
Q

Cardinal Temperatures

A
  • Maximum temperature
  • Minimum temperature
  • Optimum Temperature- (grows the best)- ie puts on the most weight.
35
Q

Developmental Responses

A

Plants mature faster at higher temperatures

-relationship does not hold under severe stress

36
Q

High Temperature Stresses Can Cause…

A
  • Dehydration
  • denature of proteins
  • metabolic imbalance (conversion of sugars into usable energy)
37
Q

Low Temp Stress Can Cause…

A
  • Chilling injury
  • Winter injury
  • Freezing injury
38
Q

Chilling injury is..

A

Damaged due to about freezing temps.

  • tropical and subtropical plants
  • reduces enzyme and membrane function
39
Q

Chilling injury is..

Damaged due to about freezing temps.

A
  • tropical and subtropical plants
  • reduces enzyme and membrane function
  • loss of fruit quality
40
Q

Freezing injuries..damage from temps below zero

A
  • dehydration (b/c ice outside cells)
  • puncture by ice forming inside cells
  • discoloration and loss of turgor
41
Q

Winter injuries…damage from cold weather cond.

A
  • desiccation (warm air/ frozen soil)
  • smothering (ice crust)
  • heaving (shrink and swell of freeze thaw cycles)
42
Q

Mineral Nutrients (plants are matter and energy)

A
  • mineral nutrients (inorganic compounds)

- largely supplied from the soil

43
Q

Plants are Synthesizers

A

Meaning their material needs will be the simplest form of matter.

44
Q

17 essential elements: Macronutrient

A

Carbon-organic compound
Hydrogen- charge transfer
Oxygen- respiration

45
Q

Nitrogen- proteins, nucleic acid

Phosphorus- energy transfer

A

Potassium- charge/osmotic balance

Also Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfer

46
Q

Nitrogen- proteins, nucleic acid

Phosphorus- energy transfer

A

Potassium- charge/osmotic balance

Also Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfer

47
Q

Sources of Plant Nutrients

A

Atmosphere: C,H,O,+
Soil Minerals: dissolved
Organic Matter: Degradation of previously living matter
Manufactured fertilizers

48
Q

Manufactured Fertilizers

-regardless of the source, plants absorb essential elements in the same exchangeable or soluble form

A

commercial fertilizers tend to have higher nutrient concentrations and be more readily available (soluble forms) then organic forms

49
Q

Ecology

A

the science dealing with the relationships among living things and their environment

50
Q

Ecosystem

A

a complex of all living organisms of a habitat and their physical enviroments

51
Q

Habitat- where organisms live

A

Identified by:

  • tropic structure
  • biotic diversity
  • materials cycle
52
Q

Food Wed

A

Nutrients and energy move through the food web

53
Q

Energy Flow through an ecosystem

A

Ultimate fate: energy is dissipate as heat and must be replaced. The sun is the source of new energy is the sun. Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy required by animals.

54
Q

Energy flows through leves

A

Primary producers -> herbivore -> primary carnivore -> second carnivore.

55
Q

Nutrient Cycle

A

Elements are lost but not recycled. Organisms pass among organism and the environments. Plants convert elements to organic forms used by animals

56
Q

Nutrient Cycle

A

Elements are lost but not recycled. Organisms pass among organism and the environments. Plants convert elements to organic forms used by animals.

57
Q

Community

A

all species of an ecosystem, collectively

58
Q

Niche

A

a micro-environment suited to particular plants or physiology

59
Q

Succession

A

the orderly change in the balance of species resulting from modification of the physical environment

60
Q

Climax Vegeatation

A

the ultimate, more or less stable stage of succession when certain species dominate an ecosystem

61
Q

Ecological Footprint

A

the bio-productive area required to maintain current consumption and absorb wastes generated
(can be calculated for a individual, geographic area, sociopolitical group, or all humanity.)

62
Q

DNA fingerprinting allows identification of different

A

Genotypes based on differences in size of DNA fragments.

63
Q

If environment had no effect on phenotype, then in a given species the number of genotypes would be

A

more than or equal to the number of phenotypes.

64
Q

Meiosis is a process by which the number of chromosomes in a nucleus is

A

reduced at a specific stage in the plants life

65
Q

For a cultivar to be classified as a hybrid, it must:

A

result from the mating of different species

66
Q

A gene that directs the production of root hairs would be found in

A

All cells throughout the plant. Because all cells carry the same instructions.

67
Q

Scientists use the technique known as RNA interference to

A

Prevent expression of a naturally occurring gene

68
Q

In photosynthesis, an ATP molecule produced by the:

A

Photo-chemical reactions stored less energy per molecule than sugar

69
Q

In a zygote, genes outside the nucleus are

A

acquired only from an egg

70
Q

A product of respiration’s electron transport system (chain) is:

A

water

71
Q

The rate of respiration which an enzymatic reaction proceeds is

A

a faster with higher concentrations of enzyme and substrate.

72
Q

Inbreeding depression results when typically

A

self-fertilizing species achieve a high degree of homo-zygosity.

73
Q

As a result of double fertilizatio, a seed’s embryo and endosperm have…

A

different chromosome numbers but always the same kind of alleles

74
Q

Lipids have a key role in

A

cell membranes

75
Q

When crossing-over occurs in a plant, changes are observed in

A

some trait combinations of that plants progeny

76
Q

Linkage

A

alleles that are located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis

Plant Science (3 decks)

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