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Ergonomics > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Well designed displays

A

insure the safe and effective operation of the system

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2
Q

Designs should be related to

A

the principles of human perception

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3
Q

Most displays are

A

visual or auditory

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4
Q

Use auditory presentation if:

A
  • message is simple
  • message is short
  • it won’t be referred to later
  • deals with events in time
  • calls for immediate action
  • visual system of person is overburdened
  • location is too bright or dark
  • job requires continual motion
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5
Q

Use visual presentation if:

A
  • message is complex
  • is long
  • will be referred to later
  • deals with location in space
  • doesn’t call for immediate action
  • auditory system is too burdened
  • location is noisy
  • person’s job requires staying in one position
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6
Q

Static displays

A

fixed signs- don’t move or change- stop sign

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7
Q

Dynamic displays

A

does change- speedometer - may have static parts

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8
Q

Displays could be

A

between static and dynamic

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9
Q

6 principles of static displays

A

Conspicuity- static displays- how well it attracts attention
Visibility
Legibility- how easy to see INDIVIDUAL letters
readability- comprehension
Intelligibility
Maintainability- has to hold up in environment

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10
Q

Humans are maximally sensitive to this color

A

lime yellow- new emergency vehicles are this color

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11
Q

Factors of legibility

A

size/ width of letters
images- pixles
contrast with background

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12
Q

Legibility Distance

A

distance a person can read the sign

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13
Q

Intelligibility

A

Message in displays should be unambiguous and show consequences of ignoring it

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14
Q

Alphanumeric display

A

uses words, numbers, letters

  • assuming person is literate
  • legibility important- some characters are similar
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15
Q

Ability to read or interpret a display is influenced by:

A
  1. Overall density- number of characters on total display
  2. Local density- density in region surrounding a char.
  3. Grouping- related to gestalt principles
  4. Layout complexity- extent to which layout is predictable
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16
Q

Symbolic displays

A

use image to convey message- best if standardized

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17
Q

The speed and accuracy with which you can identify symbolic displays is related to:

A

the gestalt principles

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18
Q

Coding dimensions

A

arbitrary features can be coded to go along with objects/ concepts

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19
Q

Absolute judgement

A

coding- refers to the classification of a stimulus when several options are available

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20
Q

Peoples can discriminate between

A

5 and 7 stimuli

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21
Q

Different coding dimenstions

A
  1. absolute coding
  2. color coding
  3. shape coding
  4. combination codes- uses more than one type
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22
Q

Dynamic display principles

A

same as static >.<

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23
Q

Analog displays

A

have a continuous scale and a pointer

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24
Q

Digital displays

A

present info. in alphanumeric form- better when measures aren’t changing rapidly

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25
Q

Sequence of use

A

the order in which displays are used- very useful for display arrangements. If there’s no sequence, display should be grouped by function

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26
Q

Link analysis

A

technique used to design display configurations- displays with strong links should be closer together

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27
Q

Link

A

How two things are connected

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28
Q

Motion interpret ability

A

how well displays shows motion of object- gps- car on map

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29
Q

Head up displays

A

common in airplanes and video games

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30
Q

3 Types of warning signals

A

Advisories, cautions, warnings

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31
Q

Auditory icons

A

representational, everyday sounds with stereotypical meanings- police siren

32
Q

Earcons

A

brief, recognizable tones to provide info- text ding

33
Q

Three- dimensional displays

A

can be made using auditory localization cues- provide spacial information by directing a user’s attention to a particular location without requiring change of field of vision- surround sound

34
Q

Dichotic Displasy

A

each ear get different signal

35
Q

Speech display

A

transmit slightly more complicated messages. much better when accompanied by visual displays- should use sentences

36
Q

Haptic displays

A

vibration, motion, force to display info

37
Q

Things to consider when creating a display:

A

sensory modality, environment, purpose of system, nature of info. to be communicated, capabilities of the users

38
Q

4 things to keep in mind when writing a survey question

A
  1. Be brief
  2. Be objective
  3. Be Specific
  4. Be simple
39
Q

Social desirability bias

A

People put the answers they think will make them look better to other people

40
Q

Semantic differential technique

A

using bipolar pairs at opposite ends of scale

41
Q

Response types for scales

A

multichotomous and continuous (usually give you better data)

42
Q

Prototype

A

allows stakeholders to interact with an envisioned product, to gain experience with it a realistic setting, and to explore imagined uses

43
Q

Actual definition of prototype

A

limited representation of a design that allows users to interact with it and explore it suitability

44
Q

Low fidelity prototyping

A

doesn’t look much like final product. Cheap, easy to make, easy and fast to modify

45
Q

Types of low fidelity prototyping

A

Storyboard- gets feedback from colleges and gets design team to consider scenario it’ll be used in in more detail. that’s it?

46
Q

High fidelity prototyping

A

looks more like finished product- useful for selling ideas to ppl and for testing out technical issues

47
Q

Horizontal prototyping

A

wide range of functions with little detail

48
Q

Vertical prototyping

A

providing a lot of detail for fewer functions

49
Q

What are task analyses used for?

A

help understand human and system performance in a particular task/ scenario

50
Q

Task analyses involve:

A

identifying tasks, collecting task data, analyzing data so tasks are understood, presenting documented representation

51
Q

2 Kinds of task analyses

A

hierarchical and cognitive

52
Q

HTA

A

breaks tasks down into goals, operations, and plans

53
Q

HTA goals

A

unobservable task goals associated with the task in question

54
Q

HTA operations

A

observable behaviours the operator must do to accomplish goal

55
Q

HTA plans

A

unobservable

56
Q

The bottom level of any HTA will always be an

A

operation

57
Q

HTA- underneath subgoals

A

what the operator needs to do to achieve that subgoal

58
Q

Steps to an HTA

A

goals, sub goals, operations, plans

59
Q

CTA

A

breaks down components of task in terms of cognitive ability required during each step

60
Q

Pros of task analysis

A

HTA’s are:

easy to learn and implement
requires minimal training
quick to use
used in wide range of contexts
gives great insight into specific tasks of product
tasks can be analyzed to any level of detail needed

61
Q

Cons of task analysis

A 
descriptive, not analytical
little that can DIRECTLY improve design
can be time consuming 
analyst must be trained well
no good software for HTA
62
Q

Factors that contribute to workload

A

types of task user must perform
number of tasks
accuracy requirements
time demands

63
Q

We can assess workload via

A

empirical: measure direct
analytical: predict early during system development

64
Q

4 major types of empirical techniques for assessing workload

A

primary task, secondary task, physiology, subjective- rating scales and interviews

65
Q

Commonly used measures for primary task assessments

A

accuracy and reaction time

66
Q

Workload

A

the amount of effort/ work a person or group must perform in a time limit

67
Q

Mental workload

A

amount of mental effort required of a task in a time limit

68
Q

Problems with primary task measures

A

not diagnostic of mental resources that are being overloaded- like which exact ones

not good for measuring differences in workload when performance doesn’t change

69
Q

Paradigms of secondary task measures

A

loading task- maintain perf. on secondary task while primary sufferes

subsidiary- opposite

70
Q

What kind of secondary tasks should you use

A

ones that draw on resources also being used in primary task

71
Q

Workload is assumed to rise with

A

arousal- one way to test by physiology

72
Q

Problems with subjective task measures

A

users may confuse perceived difficulty with effort

workloads might be inaccessible to conscious evaluation

may not be sensitive to aspects of task environment that affect primary task performance- can fix if do a primary task also

73
Q

6 scales of NASA- TLX

A

physical demand, mental demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, frustration level

74
Q

If you use analytical techniques, you should

A

use a battery of them

75
Q

5 categories of analytical techniques

A

comparison, expert opinion, mathematical models, task analysis, simulation models

Ergonomics (3 decks)

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