Final

Question 1

2 ways describing how people reason and make decisions

Answer 1

normative and descriptive

Question 2

Problem solving skills can be assessed by

Answer 2

measuring moves, accuracy, verbal reports and time

Question 3

The problem space includes

Answer 3

current state, goal state, all possible steps in between

Question 4

Because problem spaces can be so big, what’s important?

Answer 4

how the problem is represented, how the problem space is searched

Question 5

Means- end analyses explain why some problems are difficult because

Answer 5

you have to move away from the goal to get to the goal

Question 6

Analogies

Answer 6

comparison between one problem to a similar problem

Question 7

Analogies are good if

Answer 7

they are common and accurate representations

Question 8

Categorical reasoning is influenced by

Answer 8

context, interpretation of the premises, and confirmation bias

Question 9

The conditions under which decisions are made can influence decision making

Answer 9

certain or uncertain

Question 10

Persuasive technology

Answer 10

any computing technology designed with the goal of altering user behavior, often through impacting internal states like: attitude, motivation, and beliefs

Question 11

Captology

Answer 11

computers as persuasive technology

Question 12

Persuasion is not

Answer 12

coercive or deceitful

Question 13

Levels of persuasion

Answer 13

micro (doesn’t have overall intent, but has little ones thoughtout) and macro

Question 14

3 major roles computing technologies can have

Answer 14

tool, media, social actor

Question 15

Tools

Answer 15

augment user performance

Question 16

Media

Answer 16

enhance user experience, insight

Question 17

Social actors

Answer 17

form relationship with user and take on role as peer

Question 18

8 steps to design persuasive technology

Answer 18

1. choose behavior to target
2. choose audience
3. find what prevents target behavior
4. choose appropriate and familiar technology channel
5. find relevant examples of persuasive tech.
6. imitate successful examples
7. test and iterate quickly
8. expand on success

Question 19

Steven’s Law

Answer 19

relationship between physical intensity and perceived magnitude

Question 20

Selective Attention

Answer 20

determines our ability to focus on certain sources of information and ignore others

Question 21

Divided attention

Answer 21

determines our ability to do more than one thing at once

Question 22

executive control

Answer 22

performance also depends on this- Strategies a person adopts to control the flow of information and task performance

Question 23

Models of attention

Answer 23

Bottleneck: early and late
Resource: single and multiple

Question 24

Bottleneck models

Answer 24

specifies stage during hip where attention is limited- the early this is closer to perception and late is closer to response

Question 25

Resource models

Answer 25

there is a fixed number of resources we can draw upon. characterized by number of responses

Question 26

Executive control models

Answer 26

don’t hypothesize capacity limitations- bad performance is because of lack of coordination during hip

Question 27

2 specific bottleneck theories

Answer 27

filter and filter attenuation, load

Question 28

Load theory

Answer 28

hybrid bottleneck early and high, depending on the perceptual load at the time. high perceptual load means early selection.

Question 29

Resource Models

Answer 29

unitary- resource model, multiple

Question 30

EPIC

Answer 30

executive- process interactive control- executing control model: decrements in multi task performance is bc of the strategies that ppl adopt to do certain tasks in a certain manner

Question 31

Early-selection explains

Answer 31

the fact that people have little awareness of or memory for stimulus events to which they are not attending

Question 32

Late-selection explains

Answer 32

why major decrements in performance are often associated with processes that occur after perception

Question 33

Unitary-resource model

Answer 33

depicts how people can control how attention is divided across tasks

Question 34

Multiple-resource model

Answer 34

explains why multiple-task performance is often worse when tasks share the same sensory and motor modalities or processing codes

Question 35

Executive control processes theory

Answer 35

emphasizes the importance of the strategic coordination of the tasks

Question 36

selective listening

Answer 36

used to present a target message with a distractor message to determine what characteristics of the distractor interfere with the target message by masking the target or confusing the listener

Question 37

Selective listening is easy when

Answer 37

The target message is physically distinct from the distractor
There is spatial separation of the target and distractor
The target and distractor are of different intensities
The target and distractor are from different frequency regions within the auditory spectrum

Question 38

covert orienting

Answer 38

you should be able to selectively attend to a location that is different from your fixated point- spotlight

Question 39

endogenous orienting

Answer 39

voluntary shift of attention

Question 40

exogenous orienting

Answer 40

involuntary shift of attention

Question 41

inhibition of return

Answer 41

once your attention shifts bc or exogenous orienting, you’re unlikely to ever return it there again

Question 42

performance-operating characteristic (POC) curve

Answer 42

compares performance of that task alone with performance with that task and divided attention

Question 43

independence point

Answer 43

part on POC curve where no attentional limitation arise because of doing multiple tasks

Question 44

Performance efficiency

Answer 44

the distance between the POC curve and the independence point

Question 45

cost of concurrence

Answer 45

difference between performance for one task alone and dual-task performance

Question 46

2 main effects on attention by arousal

Answer 46

visual narrowing and decrease in vigilance

Question 47

vigilance

Answer 47

sustained attention

Question 48

ways to decrease decrements of vigilance

Answer 48

stronger signals, auditory signals better- even better when alternate between auditory and visual, give person breaks as incentive