Test 2 Flashcards
this type of aggression stems from a feeling of anger; goal is to inflict pain or injury
hostile aggression
behavior perpetrated or attempted which the intention of harming the individual physically, or psychologically, or to destroy an object
aggression
this type of aggression takes place as a means to some other goal
instrumental aggression
hostile aggression is rational and calculated; it is used by the individual in order to maximize personal gains
f
instrumental aggression
tf
most murders are instrumental aggression
f
hostile
what r the three personal tendencies toward violence
genetic predispositions
physiological influences
learning history
what r the three situational tendencies toward violence
environmental stressors
cognitive reasoning
opportunity
what personal tendency toward violence does the psychoanalytic view point support
genetic predisposition
theory that states destructive energy builds up inside us and eventually spills out in the form of violence against others or against the self.
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic viewpoint
tf
research shows that aggressive catharsis frequently leads to more aggression
t
These r biologically based theories and start from the assumption that violence and aggression are a part of human nature; try r innate and inactive
ethnological viewpoint
what are the three “U’s” that describe instinct?
universal (every species has it)
unlearned
in changing
who adapted Darwin’s theory of evolution and the principal of survival of the fittest?
Lorenz
what is one problem with the instinct theory?
fails o account for variations in aggressiveness across individuals and cultures
how do humans differ from animals with the “fighting instinct”?
humans don’t have it; if people put their hands up, the aggressor will continue to b aggressive.
These r biologically based theories and start from the assumption that violence and aggression are a part of human nature; try r innate and inactive
ethnological viewpoint
what are the three “U’s” that describe instinct?
universal (every species has it)
unlearned
in changing
who adapted Darwin’s theory of evolution and the principal of survival of the fittest?
Lorenz
what is one problem with the instinct theory?
fails o account for variations in aggressiveness across individuals and cultures
how do humans differ from animals with the “fighting instinct”?
humans don’t have it; if people put their hands up, the aggressor will continue to b aggressive.
according to Dollard, what is the result of having ones goal attainment blocked
frustration
whose hypothesis stated that frustration leads to (hostile) aggression?
Dollard
who revised Dollards theory?
berkowitz
how did berkowitz revise Dollards theory?
berkowitz stated that frustration produces anger which provides a readiness to aggress, but does not guarantee it
tf
aggressive cues decrease the probability that frustrated people will aggress?
f
increases probability
tf
deprivation can cause frustration and subsequent aggression
f
relative deprivation
explain Zillmans excitation transfer theory
physiological arousal dissipates slowly over time
according to Zillmans excitation transfer theory, what can happen to anger in multiple angering situations?
how long until the arousal comes down?
anger can linger and lead to over reaction
takes approx 30-40 mins
what theory does a good job of explaining: road rage, domestic violence?
excitation transfer theory - Zillman
who was specifically interested in the issue of how aggression might b learned through the observation of others
bandura
tf
once learned, aggressive behavior is more likely to generalize to different situations and across time
t
what r the two cognitive models of aggression?
cognitive scripts
hostile attribution bias
this cognitive model of aggression states that these are a learned series of expected events and how one should respond to them; they are acquired through observation, reinforcement, and socialization and can have self fulfilling effects
cognitive scripts
this cognitive model of aggression infers the tendency to attribute hostile intentions to others
hostile attribution bias
What is this?
tendency to define problems in a hostile way
person adopts hostile goals
person seeks minimal confirming info
person generates few alternatives
person expects fewer negative consequences
hostile attribution bias
aggression that appears to b an angry defensive response to frustration (goal blocking) or provocation n includes responses that r primarily interpersonal and hostile in nature
reactive aggression
aggression that occurs in anticipation of self serving outcomes and is a deliberate behavior that is controlled by external reinforcements
proactive aggression
which aggression is instrumental,
reactive or proactive?
proactive
this type of aggression is generally described as physical/verbal aggression (hitting or pushing, threatening to beat up others) directed as a target
overt aggression
in this type of aggression ones behaviors are intended to damage another’s child’s friendships or feelings of inclusion by the peer group
relational aggression
which form of aggression is direct/indirect?
overt - direct
relational (covert) - indirect
which gender is more relationally victimized?
girls
tf
according to crick and nelaon, friend physical and relational victimization was particularly related to the boy or girls adjustment difficulties
t
how many tv shows out of ten show violence?
6/10
approx how many murders has a child seen on tv by age 12?
13K - 20K
what percent of movies on tv show violence?
90%
what percent of violent acts were performed by “good characters” on tv?
40%
what percent of tv programs showed violence within a humorous context?
67%
why does media violence affect us?
4 reasons
- seeing others b aggressive weakens our learned inhibitions against violence
- we learn techniques; imitate
- Primes anger; makes u more aware of anger
- desensitization to violence
tf
3/4 people arrested for violence were drunk during their arrest.
t
tf
according to rapist surveys, 50% o them were drunk when they committed the crime
f
over half
behavior against the criminal code committed by an individual who ha not reached adulthood
legal def of juvenile delinquency
youthful behaviors considered inappropriate
social def of juvenile delinquency
involves diagnostic categories of behavior; conduct disorder and antisocial behavior
psychological drag of juvenile delinquency
what three categories of delinquent acts have increased from 95-05
acts against persons
acts against public order
drug offenses
what three crimes are most occurring with juveniles?
burglary
larceny/theft
auto theft
what percent of people 10-18 are considered delinquent?
only 10%
approx what % of juveniles will have a min of one arrest record by age 18?
30%
when do violent offenses peak for juveniles?
18
tf
most juvenile crime isn’t serious.
t
what r the two types juvenile offenders?
life-course persistent
adolescent-limited
what % of juvenile offenders are arrested for index crimes?
25%
what % of juvenile offenders are arrested for non index crimes?
75%
this type of juvenile offender shows early neurological problems (hyperactivity, difficult temperaments, learning problems)
life course persistent (LCP)
for this type of juvenile delinquent, offending occurs during his or her teen years ending approx 18th birthday
adolescent limited
which type of juvenile offender has low recidivism rates and usually specializes in one type of offense
adolescence limited
which type of juvenile offender has an early onset of behavioral patterns?
multiple school problems?
poor social skills?
life course persistent
what % of juvenile arrests for violent crimes were girls in 1999?
only 17%
what crime is most likely to occur with a female juvenile offender?
running away
which theory suggests that poor parental monitoring, disruptive family events, and inconsistent family discipline are major contributors to early-onset delinquency?
coercion development theory
pathways to antisocial behavior; they start early or late
developmental trajectories
tf
late-onset delinquents are more socially limited, have poorer peer relationships, lower self esteem, and r more likely to b arrested than early-onset delinquents?
f
early onset delinquents have these issues
what r 6 characteristics of successful programs for delinquents?
- start early (4-5 yrs old(
- promote competence across situations
- follow developmental principals
- focus on multiple settings n systems
- acknowledge and respect cultural backgrounds
- focus on the family
this type of prevention is designed to prevent delinquents behavior b4 it emerges
primary prevention
this type of prevention works with specific kids who r high risk and who display some early signs of antisocial behavior but have not yet been referred to the courts
selective prevention
this treatment approach for serious juvenile offenders is not very effective but very expensive usually because they r too limited and poorly conceived
restrictive interventions
this treatment approach incarcerates juveniles for extended period of time
traditional residential treatment
tf
studies show that offenders have lower rates of recidivism than those receiving family based or community based treatment?
f
lower recidivism
a term that describes a person who demonstrates a discernible cluster cluster of psychological, interpersonal, and neurophysiological features that distinguish him or her from the general population
psychopath
a habitual criminal offender who ha not been properly socialized - does not respond appropriately to treatment, rehab, or incarceration
sociopath
tf
a psychopath may or may not be a criminal?
t
tf
psychopaths display specific behaviors that do not have a biological predisposition?
f
they do have a biological predisposition
what are the three different categories of psychopaths, according to Hare (1970)?
primary
secondary
dyssocial
according to Hare (1970), this type of psychopath commits antisocial/violent act because of severe emotional problems
secondary psychopath
according to Hare (1970), this type of psychopath is the “true” psychopath
primary psychopath
according to Hare (1970), this type of psychopath displays aggressive antisocial behaviors that they have learned from their subcultures
dyssocial psychopath
tf
many psychopaths have no history of serious anti-social behavior
t
tf
all serous offenders are psychopaths
f
not all
tf
criminal psychopaths usually stick to one type of crime
f
usually do not
these people demonstrate a wide range of persistent antisocial behavior. As a group, they r manipulative, impulsive, risk-taking, whose greatest thrills come from diverse sexual gratification an target diverse victims over time
criminal psychopath
tf
the persistent offending of psychopaths is usually extremely violent
t
tf
75% of of officers killed in the line were killed by people matching the psychopathic profile
f
1/2
tf
as a group psychopaths are less likely to derive pleasure from both the sexual and nonsexual suffering of others
f
more likely
psychopaths direct violence normally to what sex, m or f?
m
according to Hare, what tool is used to measure psychopathology?
psychopathy checklist (PCL)
what r the 4 measures of psychopathology?
PCL-R
PCL:SV
PCL:YV
P-Scan: Research Version
what r the 2 core factors of psychopathy
- interpersonal & emotional components
2. socially deviant lifestyle
which core factor of psychopathy?
poor planning, impulsivity, excess need for stimulation, prone to boredom
factor 2
socially deviant lifestyle
which factor of psychopathy?
lack of remorse, callousness, selfish use and manipulation of others
factor 1 interpersonal and emotional components
for psychopaths, what does factor 1 loading predict?
planning predatory violence
does not respond well to therapy
may b linked to bio-psych influences
for psychopaths, what doe factor 2 loading predict?
spontaneous/disinhibited violence
recidivism
related to SES, education level, cultural and ethnic background
tf
adult psychopaths who recieve larger doses of treatment exhibit less violent behavior
t
tf
adult psychopaths in normal prison therapy programs r less likely to engage in violent crime upon release than ones who did not undergo treatment
f
more likely
what percent of psychopaths r male/female?
9-10% - fm
25-30% - m
tf
female psychopaths have a higher recidivism rate than males
f
lower rate
tf
female psychopaths show a lack of realistic long term goals
t
describe the type 1 female psychopath (3)
lack of empathy
deception
sensation-seeking
describe the type 2 female psychopath (3)
early behavioral problems
promiscuity
antisocial, nonviolent behavior
what is the issue with diagnostic tools for juvenile psychopaths?
they are not accurate and currently used for research more than diagnosis
are features of adult psychopathy found in children?
yes
why is it damaging to apply the psychopath label to children?
the label
what is wrong with EEG patterns in the psychopaths brain?
immature and slow waves
in Hale n Wattersons experiment, what percent of psychopaths showed abnormally slow wave EEGs
65%
which two brain wave do psychopaths show the most on EEGs?
Delta n Theta
what r the 6 CNS differences among people with psychopathy
- maturation retardation (hypothesis)
- hemisphere asymmetry n deficiency
- frontal lobe
- amygdala dysfunction
- stimulation seeking
- optimal arousal of the cerebral cortex
what side of the brain is more active in people with psychopathy?
rt
which side of the brain is needed for reading facial expressions and emotions?
left
tf
psychopaths are more accurate at reading emotional facial expressions
f
less accurate
which hand is more dominant in psychopaths according to studies
left hand
tf
psychopaths show deficits in frontal lobe activity?
t
tf
studies show higher levels of amygdala activity in people with psychopathy
f
lower levels of amygdala activity
tf
amygdala controls learning through punishment and negative consequences
t
who suggested that psychopathic behavior is due to extreme stimulation seeking
Quay
tf
psychopaths do better under high lvls of arousal than normal people
t
what does RAS generate?
nonspecific cortical arousal
What does SCR/GSR stand for?
what does it measure?
skin conductance response/galvanic skin response
measures sympathetic system emotional arousal
tf
research reveals low SCR/GSR in psychopaths.
what does this mean for the parasympathetic nervous system?
t
low levels means parasympathetic system is on
complex cortical and sensory response to unexpected changes in the environment
(head turns, pupils dilate)
orienting response
this response is automatic, reflexive and produces increase in analytical processing in the senses and the cortex
orienting response
tf
there is strong genetic influence on children with psychopathy
f
not strong genetic influences
tf
psychopaths are less likely to have experienced family abuse, neglect, and indifference, and societal difficulties
f
more likely
tf
some researchers claim that psychopathy is as early as 6 yrs old
f
5
which disorder is normally mistaken for psychopathy in younger years?
conduct disorder
tf
life course persistent offenders are tied to psychopathy
t
