Test 1 Flashcards
what is the most common mode of adaptation?
explain it
conformity
ppl accept goals and the means to achieve them
What are the five modes of the conformity perspective?
conformity innovation ritualism retreatism rebellion
conformity perspective:
ppl have few legitimate to achieve societal goals, so they design their own way to get ahead, like robbery
innovation
conformity perspective:
abandon goals, dedicate to current lifestyle. they play by the rules and have a daily safe routine
ritualism
conformity perspective:
ppl abandon goals an the means, often retreat into drugs n alcohol
retreatism
conformity perspective:
occurs when goals are rejected, they creat their own goals by protest or revolutionary activity
rebellion
four social bonds which promote pro social behavior
nonconformist perspective
what r te 4 social bonds of the nonconformist perspective
attachment
commitment
involvement
belief
nonconformist perspective:
ones acceptance of social norms depends on attachment to others
attachment
nonconformist perspective:
time, energy, and effort I’m social activities tie an individual to society
commitment
nonconformist perspective:
heavy involvement in conventional activities that doesn’t leave time to engage in delinquent or criminal acts
involvement
nonconformist perspective:
respect for laws, and enforcing laws.
belief
this perspective sees humans as both neutral (neither good nor bad)
learning perspective
studies demographics & group variables as well as environmental factors and social conditions
sociological criminology
science of the behavior & mental processes of the criminal
psychological criminology
process of identifying traits, tendencies and demographic variables of an offender based on aspects of the crime
criminal profiling
an intentional behavior (not accident) that violates a criminal code committee w/o defense or excuse
criminal behavior
what are the two parts of psychiatric criminology
traditional-behavior seeks to satisfy antisocial urges
contemporaryess focused on unconscious elements, more focused on ego-functioning
why is the FBI reporting system?
Uniform crime report (UCR)
what is the UCR divided into
index crimes (part 1) non-index crimes (part 2)
how is the UCR data collected
each mo agencies report:
- counts of index crimes from victim complaints
- ttl crimes cleared
what crime is the most cleared?
most often?
murder
larceny theft
what is the benefit of self report surveys?
to estimate the number of ppl who commit crimes ur have not been caught
what is the NCVS?
national survey victimization survey
behavior that is illegal due to age of offender
status offense
behavior against the criminal code committed by an individual who has not reached adulthood
juvenile delinquent
legal def.
youthful behaviors considered inappropriate
juvenile delinquent
social def.
involve diagnostic categories of behavior - conduct disorder and antisocial behavior
juvenile delinquent
psychological def
what are three social factors for developing criminal behavior?
poverty
peer experiences
parental and family risk factors
what is the strongest and single best predictor of delinquency?
peer experiences
t/f
statistical risk factors for developing delinquency are sometimes causal relationships
f
never cause and effect
false assumption that relationship constructed from group data can be applied to a single person
ecological fallacy
t/f
there is no evidence that peer relationships precede delinquency or encourage offending
t
who is more likely to use relational aggression?
girls
t/f
IQ is a better predictor of delinquent behavior than school failure
f school failure is a better predictor
these parents impose rules and expect obedience to some absolute standard
authoritarian
these parents are detached and unengaged in the child’s
neglecting
these parents submit to kids desires, make few demands, use little punishment
permissive
these parents explain reason for rules and consistently enforce them in a spirit of open communication
authoritative
which is the best parenting style?
authoritative
what are the worst parenting styles?
2
authoritarian n neglectful
this coercive parenting style; continual reprimanding of child’s every move, verbal threats and disapproval, in consistent punishment. continual aggressive family interactions
enmeshed
very low levels of parental control over the child’s behavior, the child does not learn to curb antisocial behavior. these parents dont recognize that their kids are involved in deviant or antisocial behavior
lax
according to research, which parental styles are most related to delinquency?
permissive n lax
what child age is parental monitoring most important
9-17
t/f
maternal depression is associated with antisocial behavior, emotional outbursts, poor cognitive development, and criminal behavior in children
f
in adolescents
t/f
if the dad drinks, the son will drink?
t
what are the 4 psychological risk factors for development of delinquent behavior
lack of empathy
cognitive and language deficiencies
lower PI (psychometric intelligence) scores
ADHD
ability to understand and share the feelings of others
lack of empathy
ability to experience another’s emotions
affective
understanding another’s emotions
cognitive
increased tendency to engage in antisocial behavior. strong r/ship bw animal cruelty and violent behavior toward humans
low affective empathy
what does psychometric intelligence tests measure?
skills and abilities that predict school achievement
involves a number of behaviors that occur on three primary dimensions: inattention, impulsivity, excessive motor activity
hyperactive syndrome
t/f
hyperactive syndrome is tied to gender? if so, which gender?
t
males
what percent of kids with ADHD engage in serious antisocial behavior?
approx 25%
these people study the biological aspects of behavior. they try to determine which genetic and neurophysiological factors play a part i criminal behavior
biopsychologists
whats the diff bw MZ and DZ?
MZ (monozygotic) 100% identical
DZ (dizygotic) 50% identical
t/f
genetics plays a bigger role in late-onset delinquency?
f
early-onset delinquency
t/f
environment plays a bigger role in late-onset delivery?
t
t/f
heritability and the environment play a role in non-violent criminal and delinquent behavior
t
t/f
persistent offending may be linked to high levels of arousal?
f
low levels of arousal
t/f
people with ADHD are in a constant state of low arousal?
t
a child’s emotional excitability; natural mood disposition determined largely by genetics and biological factors
temperament
t/f
temperament appears in childhood but does not persist through thru life?
f
it persists thru life
t/f
temperament is influenced by social factors
f
environment
what influences self regulation
temperament
are girls or boys better able to regulate their attention and inhibit impulses?
girls
found in the frontal lobe which controls planning and self regulation
serotonin
t/f
if serotonin levels are low, people are more prone to violence.
t
what is serotonin also known as?
the feel good neuron
this theory proposes that criminal behavior is the result of an interaction bw environment conditions and features of the nervous system
Eysencks theory of personality and crime
in eysencks theory what are the three biologically determined personality components?
PEN
what is the psychological component of eysencks theory
classical conditioning
a continuum representing progressive need for stim of areas of the brain
extraversion
an approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes
behaviorism
what units are the building blocks of behavior according to behaviorism
S-R
stimulus and response
