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Psych 242 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mental Operations

A

cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas

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2
Q

deductive reasoning

A

concluding facts; characteristic of formal operational thought

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3
Q

Metamemory

A

person’s informal understanding of memory. Includes the ability to diagnose memory problems accurately and to monitor the effectiveness of memory strategies

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4
Q

Metacognitive knowledge

A

a person’s knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes

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5
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to use one’s own and others’ emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily

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6
Q

Analytic ability

A

in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions

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7
Q

Creative ability

A

in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems

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8
Q

Practical ability

A

In Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to work

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9
Q

Mental Age (MA)

A

In intelligence testing, a measure of children’s performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child’s

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10
Q

Mathematical representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score

A

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

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11
Q

Intellectual disability

A

substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment that emerge before the age of 18

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Divergent thinking

A

thinking in novel and unusual directions

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14
Q

Learning disability

A

when a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at least one academic subject

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15
Q

Socialization

A

teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture

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16
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

style of parenting in which parents show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children

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17
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

Style of parenting in which parents use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children

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18
Q

Permissive parenting

A

style of parenting in which parents offer warmth and caring but little control over their children

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19
Q

Uninvolved parenting

A

style of parenting in which parents provide neither warmth nor control and minimize the time they spend with their children

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20
Q

Direct instruction

A

telling a child what to do, when, and why

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21
Q

Negative reinforcement trap

A

unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage

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22
Q

Joint Custody

A

custody agreement in which both parents retain legal custody of their children following divorce

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23
Q

Blended family

A

family consisting of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children

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24
Q

Friendship

A

voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking

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25
co-rumination
extensively discussing and revisiting problems, and focusing on negative feelings
26
clique
small group of friends who are similar in age, sex, and race
27
crowd
large group including many cliques that have similar attitudes and values
28
dominance hierarchy
ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with higher status
29
popular children
liked by many classmates
30
rejected children
are disliked by many classmates
31
controversial children
are both liked and disliked by classmates
32
average children
Are liked and disliked by some classmates, but without the intensity found for popular, rejected, or controversial children
33
neglected children
are ignored by classmates
34
instrumental aggression
aggression used to achieve an explicit goal
35
hostile aggression
unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another child
36
prejudice
preconceived opinion (negative) that is not based on reason or actual experience
37
puberty
collection of physical changes that marks the onset of adolescence
38
primary sex characteristics
physical signs of maturity that are directly linked to the reproductive organs
39
secondary sex characteristics
physical signs of maturity that are not directly linked to reproductive organs
40
menarche/spermarche
onset of menstruation/first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm
41
Body Mass Index (BMI)
adjusted ratio of weight to height; used to define "overweight"
42
anorexia nervosa
persistent refusal to eat accompanied by an irrational fear of being overweight
43
bulimia nervosa
disease in which people alternate between binge eating and purging
44
Preconventional level
first level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, where moral reasoning is based on external forces
45
obedience orientation
characteristic of Kohlberg's stage 1, in which moral reasoning in based on the belief that adults know what is right and wrong
46
instrumental orientation
Characteristic of Kohlberg's stage 2, in which moral reasoning is based on the aim of looking out for one's own needs
47
conventional level
second level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, where moral reasoning is based on society's norms
48
Interpersonal norms
characteristic of Kohlberg's stage 3, in which moral reasoning in based on winning the approval of others
49
Social system morality
characteristic of Kohlberg's stage 4, in which moral reasoning in based on maintenance of order in society
50
Postconventional level
third level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, in which morality is based on a personal moral code
51
Social contract
Characteristic of Kohlberg's stage 5, in which moral reasoning is based on the belief that laws are for the good of all members of society
52
Adolscent egocentrism
self-absorption that is characteristic of teenagers as they search for identity
53
imaginary audience
adolescents' feeling that their behavior is constantly being watched by their peers
54
personal fable
belief of many adolescents that their feelings and experiences are unique and have never been experienced by anyone else
55
illusion of invulnerability
adolescents' belief that misfortunes cannot happen to them
56
ethnic identity
feeling that one belongs to a specific ethnic group
57
Crystallization
first phase in Super's theory of career development, in which adolescents use their emerging identities to form ideas about careers
58
Specification
second phase in Super's theory of career development, in which adolescents learn more about specific lines of work and begin training
59
Implementation
third phase in Super's theory of career development, in which individuals enter the workforce
60
personality type theory
view proposed by Holland that people find their work fulfilling when the important features of a job or profession fit their personality
61
depression
disorder characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, irritability, and low self-esteem
62
Adolescent-limited antisocial behavior
behavior of youth who engage in relatively minor criminal acts but aren't consistently antisocial
63
Life-course persistent antisocial behavior
antisocial behavior that emerges at an early age and continues throughout life

Psych 242 (3 decks)

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