Test 2 Flashcards
How are DD data used in IPM
- timing monitoring activities
- timing management activities
How can we make predictions about the future using DD that haven’t happened yet?
by making educated guesses about DDs in the future and constantly watching DD accumulation to refine predictions over time
What are the limitations to DD
- getting accurate temp data- (thermometer may not represent the actual temp an insect is feeling)
- development needs lots of research and time
injury definition
physical harm or destruction of a commodity caused by the presence or activity of a pest
damage definition
the monetary/ value loss to the commodity as a result of pest injury
economic injury level (EIL)
lowest pest pop density that will cause economic loss
Formula for EIL?
EIL = C/VIDK
C= management costs per production unit
V= market value per production unit
I= injury per pest equivalent
D= damage per unit injury
K= proportional reduction in injury with management
What could “I” represent (injury per pest equivalent)
- consumption rate
- aphid days
should growers wait for EIL to apply prevention measures
no should interfere before so EIL is not reached
economic threshold
density of pest pop at which management should be implemented to prevent the pest from reaching the EIL
is the ET subjective or objective
both, it can be based on the calculated EIL or not
What are 3 parts of objective ETs
- fixed- % of EIL
- descriptive - insect pop dynamics
- dichotomous - classify pest as economic or not
general equilibrium position (GEP)
average pop density of a pest over a long period of time
describe a severe pest
if pest is present at all economic damage will always result
describe cultural control
tactics to make the environment less attractive to or favorable for insect pests
what are the 4 cultural control strategies
- modify habitat
- alter planting
- divert pest
- reduce yield loss
What are ways to modify the habitat
- soil cultivation
- sanitation (removal of crop residue)
- pruning
- removing alternative hosts
What are ways to alter planting
- spatially modify crop (plant density)
- temporally modify crop
- crop rotation
- fallow
- alter planting or harvesting date (phenological asynchrony)
What are ways to divert the pest
- intercropping (non-host plants)
- trap cropping
What are ways to reduce yield loss
- increase crops tolerance to injury
- irrigation and weed control
What are pros of cultural control
- cost effective
- profitable
- environmentally friendly
What are the cons of cultural control
- requires planning
- can have negative impacts on environment and natural enemies
is cultural control more preventative of reactive
preventative (more than other tactics)
what are passive methods of physical control
-mulches
-traps
-adhesives
-exclusion (fences, screening, trenches)
parasites
live on or in another organism and benefits by driving nutrients at the host’s expense
parasitoids
insect whose larvae feed and develop within or on the body of another insect or arthropod
-always kill host
ectoparasitoid
develop on the host
endoparasitoids
develop inside host and want to keep host alive for as long as possible
Pros of parasitoids as BCAS
- good survival
- strong host association
- sustained at low host densities
- narrow host range
Cons of parasitoids as BCAS
- searching behavior can be impacted by many factors
- synchronization important
predators
nymphs/larvae and adults feed on all life stages of insect or mite prey
Pros of predators as BCAs
- polyphagous
- high rates of consumption
- all life stages are predatory
Cons of predators as BCAs
- polyphagous
- cannibalistic
- expensive to rear
- require high prey densities to establish
classical
intro of a natural enemy into a new area to control a pest
goal: establishment
augmentation
release of natural enemies to increase pop numbers
conservation
manipulation of environment to support natural enemies
pros of classical biocontrol
-cost effective
-sustainable
-compatible with other tactics
-environmentally friendly
cons of classical biocontrol
-expensive
-lengthy to establish
-unpredictable
-non-target risks
inundative release
release of large numbers of BCA to achieve immediate control
why is greenhouse BC so successful
-highly controlled environment
-enclosed space
apparent competition
2 prey species share a natural enemy but density of 1 prey increases as other prey decreases in density
(positive)
apparent mutualism
as prey species 1 increases the shared predator gets satiated and prey species 2 increases
(negative)
intraguild predation
predator eats another predator that shares the same prey
hyperpredation
predator eats another predator that doesn’t share the same prey
banker plants
dif from the crop and provides alternate food and gives them a place to reproduce
factitous prey
reared and produced for food for the predator
conservation BC
-reduce habitat disturbance/loss
-enhance habitat
-modify pesticide practices
insecticide selectivity
general measure of the breadth of organisms an insecticide acts on
-high selectivity is better
what are 4 modes of action
-nerves and muscles
-growth and development
-cellular respiration
-midgut
bioinsecticides
derived from natural sources like bacteria, fungo, plants and animals
what are the 3 types of bioinsecticides
1.microbial
2.semiochemicals
3.non-conventional
insecticide advantages
-work fast
-economical
-easy
-predictable
-provide control when no other options
insecticides challenges
-resistance
-non-target exposure and effects
-environmental contamination
-public perceptions
whats on an insecticide label
-product details
-approved uses
-application instructions
seed treatment advantages and dis
ad: easy, targeted, safe for applicators, effective
dis: prophylactic, resistance development
fumigation ads and dis
ad: targets hard to reach pests, broad spectrum
dis: limited application, toxic to applicators, difficult to apply
soil drip ads and dis
ad: very targeted, can target hard to reach pests
dis: limited application
spray ad and dis
ad: easy, can be targeted
dis: potential for drift, application exposure, problems with coverage, not very targeted
pollinator economic impact level
number of pollinators under which a lack of pollination will have an economic impact
