Test 2

Question 1

How are DD data used in IPM

Answer 1

1. timing monitoring activities
2. timing management activities

Question 2

How can we make predictions about the future using DD that haven’t happened yet?

Answer 2

by making educated guesses about DDs in the future and constantly watching DD accumulation to refine predictions over time

Question 3

What are the limitations to DD

Answer 3

1. getting accurate temp data- (thermometer may not represent the actual temp an insect is feeling)
2. development needs lots of research and time

Question 4

injury definition

Answer 4

physical harm or destruction of a commodity caused by the presence or activity of a pest

Question 5

damage definition

Answer 5

the monetary/ value loss to the commodity as a result of pest injury

Question 6

economic injury level (EIL)

Answer 6

lowest pest pop density that will cause economic loss

Question 7

Formula for EIL?

Answer 7

EIL = C/VIDK
C= management costs per production unit
V= market value per production unit
I= injury per pest equivalent
D= damage per unit injury
K= proportional reduction in injury with management

Question 8

What could “I” represent (injury per pest equivalent)

Answer 8

1. consumption rate
2. aphid days

Question 9

should growers wait for EIL to apply prevention measures

Answer 9

no should interfere before so EIL is not reached

Question 10

economic threshold

Answer 10

density of pest pop at which management should be implemented to prevent the pest from reaching the EIL

Question 11

is the ET subjective or objective

Answer 11

both, it can be based on the calculated EIL or not

Question 12

What are 3 parts of objective ETs

Answer 12

1. fixed- % of EIL
2. descriptive - insect pop dynamics
3. dichotomous - classify pest as economic or not

Question 13

general equilibrium position (GEP)

Answer 13

average pop density of a pest over a long period of time

Question 14

describe a severe pest

Answer 14

if pest is present at all economic damage will always result

Question 15

describe cultural control

Answer 15

tactics to make the environment less attractive to or favorable for insect pests

Question 16

what are the 4 cultural control strategies

Answer 16

1. modify habitat
2. alter planting
3. divert pest
4. reduce yield loss

Question 17

What are ways to modify the habitat

Answer 17

1. soil cultivation
2. sanitation (removal of crop residue)
3. pruning
4. removing alternative hosts

Question 18

What are ways to alter planting

Answer 18

1. spatially modify crop (plant density)
2. temporally modify crop
3. crop rotation
4. fallow
5. alter planting or harvesting date (phenological asynchrony)

Question 19

What are ways to divert the pest

Answer 19

1. intercropping (non-host plants)
2. trap cropping

Question 20

What are ways to reduce yield loss

Answer 20

1. increase crops tolerance to injury
2. irrigation and weed control

Question 21

What are pros of cultural control

Answer 21

• cost effective
• profitable
• environmentally friendly

Question 22

What are the cons of cultural control

Answer 22

• requires planning
• can have negative impacts on environment and natural enemies

Question 23

is cultural control more preventative of reactive

Answer 23

preventative (more than other tactics)

Question 24

what are passive methods of physical control

Answer 24

-mulches
-traps
-adhesives
-exclusion (fences, screening, trenches)

Question 25

parasites

Answer 25

live on or in another organism and benefits by driving nutrients at the host's expense

Question 26

parasitoids

Answer 26

insect whose larvae feed and develop within or on the body of another insect or arthropod -always kill host

Question 27

ectoparasitoid

Answer 27

develop on the host

Question 28

endoparasitoids

Answer 28

develop inside host and want to keep host alive for as long as possible

Question 29

Pros of parasitoids as BCAS

Answer 29

1. good survival 2. strong host association 3. sustained at low host densities 4. narrow host range

Question 30

Cons of parasitoids as BCAS

Answer 30

1. searching behavior can be impacted by many factors 2. synchronization important

Question 31

predators

Answer 31

nymphs/larvae and adults feed on all life stages of insect or mite prey

Question 32

Pros of predators as BCAs

Answer 32

1. polyphagous 2. high rates of consumption 3. all life stages are predatory

Question 33

Cons of predators as BCAs

Answer 33

1. polyphagous 2. cannibalistic 3. expensive to rear 4. require high prey densities to establish

Question 34

classical

Answer 34

intro of a natural enemy into a new area to control a pest goal: establishment

Question 35

augmentation

Answer 35

release of natural enemies to increase pop numbers

Question 36

conservation

Answer 36

manipulation of environment to support natural enemies

Question 37

pros of classical biocontrol

Answer 37

-cost effective -sustainable -compatible with other tactics -environmentally friendly

Question 38

cons of classical biocontrol

Answer 38

-expensive -lengthy to establish -unpredictable -non-target risks

Question 39

inundative release

Answer 39

release of large numbers of BCA to achieve immediate control

Question 40

why is greenhouse BC so successful

Answer 40

-highly controlled environment -enclosed space

Question 41

apparent competition

Answer 41

2 prey species share a natural enemy but density of 1 prey increases as other prey decreases in density (positive)

Question 42

apparent mutualism

Answer 42

as prey species 1 increases the shared predator gets satiated and prey species 2 increases (negative)

Question 43

intraguild predation

Answer 43

predator eats another predator that shares the same prey

Question 44

hyperpredation

Answer 44

predator eats another predator that doesn't share the same prey

Question 45

banker plants

Answer 45

dif from the crop and provides alternate food and gives them a place to reproduce

Question 46

factitous prey

Answer 46

reared and produced for food for the predator

Question 47

conservation BC

Answer 47

-reduce habitat disturbance/loss -enhance habitat -modify pesticide practices

Question 48

insecticide selectivity

Answer 48

general measure of the breadth of organisms an insecticide acts on -high selectivity is better

Question 49

what are 4 modes of action

Answer 49

-nerves and muscles -growth and development -cellular respiration -midgut

Question 50

bioinsecticides

Answer 50

derived from natural sources like bacteria, fungo, plants and animals

Question 51

what are the 3 types of bioinsecticides

Answer 51

1.microbial 2.semiochemicals 3.non-conventional

Question 52

insecticide advantages

Answer 52

-work fast -economical -easy -predictable -provide control when no other options

Question 53

insecticides challenges

Answer 53

-resistance -non-target exposure and effects -environmental contamination -public perceptions

Question 54

whats on an insecticide label

Answer 54

-product details -approved uses -application instructions

Question 55

seed treatment advantages and dis

Answer 55

ad: easy, targeted, safe for applicators, effective dis: prophylactic, resistance development

Question 56

fumigation ads and dis

Answer 56

ad: targets hard to reach pests, broad spectrum dis: limited application, toxic to applicators, difficult to apply

Question 57

soil drip ads and dis

Answer 57

ad: very targeted, can target hard to reach pests dis: limited application

Question 58

spray ad and dis

Answer 58

ad: easy, can be targeted dis: potential for drift, application exposure, problems with coverage, not very targeted

Question 59

pollinator economic impact level

Answer 59

number of pollinators under which a lack of pollination will have an economic impact