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ENVS 4100 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 body segments of an insect

A
  1. head
  2. thorax
  3. abdomen
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2
Q

What are 3 things all insects have

A
  1. 3 body segments
  2. 6 legs
  3. wings
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3
Q

What are the 5 factors that make insects successful

A
  1. flight
  2. small size
  3. reproduction
  4. exoskeleton
  5. metamorphosis
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4
Q

ametabolous development

A

no change in physical form, insect only gets larger

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5
Q

hemimetabolous development

A

body grows in instars
-incomplete transformation

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6
Q

holometabolous development

A

complete transformation
larva molts into a pupae stage

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7
Q

why is # of life stages fixed but development time plastic

A

temperature differences
- as temp increases, development time decreases

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8
Q

voltinism

A

number of generations

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9
Q

univoltine

A

one generation per season/year

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10
Q

multivoltine

A

> 1 generation per season/year

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11
Q

periodical voltinism

A

<1 generation per season/year
(cicada)

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12
Q

why can the number of generations per season vary for a given species

A

seasonal length and temperature can change between locations and years

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13
Q

diapause and characteristics

A

overwintering
-arrested development
-reduced metabolic activity
-abiotic and biotic induction cues

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14
Q

What are the 3 main diapause cues

A
  1. decreased photoperiod
  2. decreased temperature
  3. less resources
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15
Q

phytophagous

A

insects that feed on live or decaying plants

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16
Q

polyphagous

A

many different hosts

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17
Q

oligophagous

A

a few hosts

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18
Q

monophagous

A

one host

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19
Q

haustellate: siphoning

A

ingesting liquid food by sucking it up

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20
Q

haustellate: sponging

A

ingest food by sucking like a vacuum
ex. flies

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21
Q

do immature stages and adults always feed

A

immature always do, but adults sometimes don’t

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22
Q

what are 4 host location sensory cues

A
  1. visual
  2. olfactory
  3. gustatory (taste)
  4. environmental
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23
Q

What are the 4 steps of host location and selection

A
  1. habitat location
  2. host location
  3. host acceptance
  4. host use
24
Q

insect pest definition

A

an insect that has a harmful effect on humans

25
Q

How many of the ~1 mil insect species are pets

A

1-3%

26
Q

what are 5 types of insect pests

A
  1. agricultural
  2. forestry
  3. structural
  4. disease vectors
  5. nuisance
27
Q

injury vs. damage

A

injury: harm on a commodity
damage: value loss of the commodity (yield loss)

28
Q

3 ways that insects can cause injury

A
  1. feeding
  2. altering taste (wine)
  3. body secretions (honeydew)
29
Q

direct feeding injury

A

feeds on harvestable portion of plant (fruit)

30
Q

indirect feeding injury

A

feeds on leaves roots or stems

31
Q

indirect feeding damage

A

causes virus transmission

32
Q

sign vs. symptom

A

sign: evidence of insect
symptom: change in plant appearance from insect feeding

33
Q

density

A

size of pop in relation to the amount of space it occupies

34
Q

what does natality (birth rate) depend on

A
  1. fecundity (# of eggs)
  2. fertility (# of eggs that produce offspring)
  3. sex ratio
35
Q

density independent factors

A

effect does not change with density (hard freeze)

36
Q

density dependent factors

A

effect changes with density (food of resource availability)

37
Q

exponential growth of insect pop

A

-growth rate increaes as the pop gets larger
-r is postive
-density-independent control
-based on infinite amounts of resources

38
Q

logistic growth of insect pop

A
  • r depends on how close N is to K
    -r increases and then slows as N approaches K
    -s-shaped
39
Q

Name some traits of K selection

A

-grow slowly
-pop lives close to carrying capacity
-few progeny that have high chance of surviving

40
Q

Name some traits of r selection

A

-high birth rates
-low investment in offspring
-in unstable environments

41
Q

name 5 traits of agroecosystems

A
  1. lack temporal continuity
  2. low species diversity
  3. uniform phenology
  4. uniform plant condition
  5. frequent pest outbreaks
42
Q

in what ecosystems can pests reach k

A

forests and orchards
-more stable and diverse

43
Q

dispersion

A

spatial arrangement of individuals within a pop
-determines pop density

44
Q

What are the 4 parts of the invasion pathway

A
  1. arrival (usually by humans)
  2. establishment
  3. integration
  4. spread
45
Q

Whats 3 differences between management of native and invasive insects

A

for invasive insect…
- lack of management options
- government regulation
- different scale

46
Q

What are some parts of IPM

A

-minimal pesticides
-reduce #s
-economical and effective
-minimal impact
-informed decision making
-multiple tactics

47
Q

What the main difference between IPM and organic

A

IPM can use synthetic pesticides and organic can’t

48
Q

Describe calendar sprays of synthetic insecticides

A

applied on a specific day even if the insect was not present

49
Q

describe economic injury level

A

pest presence doesn’t always mean economic damage is occurring
-level that economic injury happens

50
Q

Name the 6 IPM tactics

A
  1. chemical (synthetic or natural pesticides)
  2. biological control
  3. cultural (changing the environment to make it unfavorable)
  4. physical (traps)
  5. genetic (manipulation of genes of crop or pest)
  6. behavioral (pheromones, repellent)
51
Q

describe integration

A

harmonious use of multiple tactics to control single pests or groups of pests

52
Q

describe management

A

decision-making rules based on ecological principles and economic and social considerations

53
Q

prevention vs. prophylactic

A

prevention- prevent a pest from entering an area or stopping existing pops from becoming a pest
prophylactic- apply insecticides before a pest is present or reached damaging size

54
Q

Name the 4 IPM steps

A
  1. monitor and ID
  2. evaluate
  3. manage
  4. re-assess
55
Q

What are the 3 IPM scales

A
  1. localized (individual farms/fields)
  2. area-wide (requires coordination)
  3. precision (small scale)
56
Q
A

ENVS 4100 (1 decks)

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