Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 body segments of an insect
A
- head
- thorax
- abdomen
2
Q
What are 3 things all insects have
A
- 3 body segments
- 6 legs
- wings
3
Q
What are the 5 factors that make insects successful
A
- flight
- small size
- reproduction
- exoskeleton
- metamorphosis
4
Q
ametabolous development
A
no change in physical form, insect only gets larger
5
Q
hemimetabolous development
A
body grows in instars
-incomplete transformation
6
Q
holometabolous development
A
complete transformation
larva molts into a pupae stage
7
Q
why is # of life stages fixed but development time plastic
A
temperature differences
- as temp increases, development time decreases
8
Q
voltinism
A
number of generations
9
Q
univoltine
A
one generation per season/year
10
Q
multivoltine
A
> 1 generation per season/year
11
Q
periodical voltinism
A
<1 generation per season/year
(cicada)
12
Q
why can the number of generations per season vary for a given species
A
seasonal length and temperature can change between locations and years
13
Q
diapause and characteristics
A
overwintering
-arrested development
-reduced metabolic activity
-abiotic and biotic induction cues
14
Q
What are the 3 main diapause cues
A
- decreased photoperiod
- decreased temperature
- less resources
15
Q
phytophagous
A
insects that feed on live or decaying plants
16
Q
polyphagous
A
many different hosts
17
Q
oligophagous
A
a few hosts
18
Q
monophagous
A
one host
19
Q
haustellate: siphoning
A
ingesting liquid food by sucking it up
20
Q
haustellate: sponging
A
ingest food by sucking like a vacuum
ex. flies
21
Q
do immature stages and adults always feed
A
immature always do, but adults sometimes don’t
22
Q
what are 4 host location sensory cues
A
- visual
- olfactory
- gustatory (taste)
- environmental
23
Q
What are the 4 steps of host location and selection
A
- habitat location
- host location
- host acceptance
- host use
24
Q
insect pest definition
A
an insect that has a harmful effect on humans
25
How many of the ~1 mil insect species are pets
1-3%
26
what are 5 types of insect pests
1. agricultural
2. forestry
3. structural
4. disease vectors
5. nuisance
27
injury vs. damage
injury: harm on a commodity
damage: value loss of the commodity (yield loss)
28
3 ways that insects can cause injury
1. feeding
2. altering taste (wine)
3. body secretions (honeydew)
29
direct feeding injury
feeds on harvestable portion of plant (fruit)
30
indirect feeding injury
feeds on leaves roots or stems
31
indirect feeding damage
causes virus transmission
32
sign vs. symptom
sign: evidence of insect
symptom: change in plant appearance from insect feeding
33
density
size of pop in relation to the amount of space it occupies
34
what does natality (birth rate) depend on
1. fecundity (# of eggs)
2. fertility (# of eggs that produce offspring)
3. sex ratio
35
density independent factors
effect does not change with density (hard freeze)
36
density dependent factors
effect changes with density (food of resource availability)
37
exponential growth of insect pop
-growth rate increaes as the pop gets larger
-r is postive
-density-independent control
-based on infinite amounts of resources
38
logistic growth of insect pop
- r depends on how close N is to K
-r increases and then slows as N approaches K
-s-shaped
39
Name some traits of K selection
-grow slowly
-pop lives close to carrying capacity
-few progeny that have high chance of surviving
40
Name some traits of r selection
-high birth rates
-low investment in offspring
-in unstable environments
41
name 5 traits of agroecosystems
1. lack temporal continuity
2. low species diversity
3. uniform phenology
4. uniform plant condition
5. frequent pest outbreaks
42
in what ecosystems can pests reach k
forests and orchards
-more stable and diverse
43
dispersion
spatial arrangement of individuals within a pop
-determines pop density
44
What are the 4 parts of the invasion pathway
1. arrival (usually by humans)
2. establishment
3. integration
4. spread
45
Whats 3 differences between management of native and invasive insects
for invasive insect...
- lack of management options
- government regulation
- different scale
46
What are some parts of IPM
-minimal pesticides
-reduce #s
-economical and effective
-minimal impact
-informed decision making
-multiple tactics
47
What the main difference between IPM and organic
IPM can use synthetic pesticides and organic can't
48
Describe calendar sprays of synthetic insecticides
applied on a specific day even if the insect was not present
49
describe economic injury level
pest presence doesn't always mean economic damage is occurring
-level that economic injury happens
50
Name the 6 IPM tactics
1. chemical (synthetic or natural pesticides)
2. biological control
3. cultural (changing the environment to make it unfavorable)
4. physical (traps)
5. genetic (manipulation of genes of crop or pest)
6. behavioral (pheromones, repellent)
51
describe integration
harmonious use of multiple tactics to control single pests or groups of pests
52
describe management
decision-making rules based on ecological principles and economic and social considerations
53
prevention vs. prophylactic
prevention- prevent a pest from entering an area or stopping existing pops from becoming a pest
prophylactic- apply insecticides before a pest is present or reached damaging size
54
Name the 4 IPM steps
1. monitor and ID
2. evaluate
3. manage
4. re-assess
55
What are the 3 IPM scales
1. localized (individual farms/fields)
2. area-wide (requires coordination)
3. precision (small scale)
56
What are the morphological ways to ID an insect
1. taxonomic keys
2. expert identification
3. field guides
4. citizen science and digital ID
57
What are the challenges of morphological ID
-immatures are hard to ID
-need to find it first
-might need special equipment
-specimen quality
-cryptic species (dif species that look identical)
58
COI
cytochrome c oxidase
-a mitochondrial protein-coding gene. It's a commonly used marker for identifying species and inferring phylogenies.
59
why use COI
-easy to amplify
-flanking spaces in universal around species
-use universal primers
60
barcoding steps
1. creation of a reference library for a known species
2. use of that library for identifying an unknown specimen
61
monitoring def
systematic observation of pest pop over time
-known vs. unknown
62
sampling def
technique used to observe pest for the purpose of monitoring
-general vs. species specific
63
why monitor/ sample
1. detection
2. quantify pest abundance/ density
3. quantify pest phenology and pop dynamics
64
direct vs. indirect sampling techniques
direct- samples of insect itself
indirect- samples or measurement of insect activity (plant injury)
65
What are the 2 needs when trapping an insect
1. insect must be mobile
2. trap must be able to retain what it captures
66
lures vs baits.
lures- pheromones or plant volatiles
baits- food-stuff or food-like stuff
67
wing beat monitoring
measure wing beats in trap to ID and count pests or used to lure pests
68
What affects trap captures
1. bycatch
2. temp
3. rain
4. crop stage
5. lure age
69
molecular sampling
detection of pest via genetic marker
-for hard to see pests or cryptic species
-presence or absence
70
relative estimates
a measurement of pest population size that compares the abundance of a pest between different locations or time periods, without necessarily providing an absolute count of the total pest population
71
haphazard vs. random sampling
haphazard sampling- selecting a sample without any systematic method
random sampling- a rigorous process where each item in the population has an equal chance of being chosen
72
sequential sampling
a non-probabilistic method for collecting data that involves taking a series of samples until a researcher is confident in their results
73
