test 2 Flashcards
epidemiology
the study of factors that influence health and disease In populations
epidemiology is based on three elements
person- demographics
place- variables of location
time- when, how long
who is John snow
Father of epidemiology
identified broad street pump as source of cholera epidemic
3 epidemiological frameworks
the epidemiological triangle
the web of causation
the ecological model
three components of epidemiology triangle
host (organism, chemical, nutritive, physical forces, psych effects-stress)
agent- the susceptible human or animal
environment - external factors that influence the hosts vulnerability
This applies to all diseases
goes to 2 or more continents
pandemic
unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area/region
epidemic
The amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community, its constant and can generally be predicted
endemic
a stimulus or action that results in an effect or outcome, determines if a relationship exists between risk factor and health effect
causality
web of causation framework
complexity of how illness, disease, and injury are determined by multiple causes affected by interactions of biological and sociobehavioral determinants of health
rates
basic measure of disease used by epidemiologist
mortality
death rate
morbidity
illness/disease rate
infant mortality rate
of deaths of children 1 year of age in one year / # of live births in the same year x 1,000
crude birth rate
of live births in 1 year / midyear pop x 1,000
crude mortality rate
of deaths in 1 year / midyear pop x 100,000
cause-specific mortality rate
of deaths from a stated cause in 1 year / midyear pop x 100,000
age specific mortality rate
of people in a specific age group dying in a year / midyear pop of age group x 100,000
prevalence
number of existing cases
incidence
number of new cases diagnosed in a given period of time
outbreak investigations
investigate, analyze data, interpret data, implement health promotion and risk reduction, evaluate short and long term effects
used for communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases, and exposure to toxins
surveillance
the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health related data
passive surveillence
data collected is based on individuals or institutions that report voluntarily or by mandate
active surveillance
public health professionals collect data
West Nile virus
prevent mosquito bites
Lyme disease
remove tick with tweezers
wear clothes treated with permethrin
check for ticks daily
look for rash
antibiotics to treat Lyme disease
ebola
you cannot get this if person has no symptoms.
can be transmitted via blood, body fluids, objects
no specific treatment
zika
spreads through mosquito
can spread through bodily fluids
prevent dehydration
no NSAID or aspirn
when to get flu shot
6 moths to 8 years- 2x/year
after 8 years, every fall
storage of vaccines
refrigerated: between 36 and 46 degrees
ultra cold: -130°F and -76°F
severe allergic reactions to immunizations
(hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, or weakness), call 9-1-1 and get the person to the nearest hospital.
steps in food borne outbreak investigation
detect
find
generate
test
solve
control
decide
what STD’s have vaccines
Hep A and B
HPV
MMR vaccine
2 doses
when did HIV/AIDS emerge
end of the 20th century
where are communicable diseases the leading causes of death at
lower income countries
mode of transmission
agent leaves its reservoir and enters its host
could be from water, food, air, vectors, fomites, unprotected sexual contact, or penetrating trauma
vector
insects that carry disease from reservoir to human
fomite
an inanimate object- door knob, light switch, etc
humans can pick up disease through fomite
3 main approaches to controlling communicable disease
change the environment
deactivate the agent
increase host resistance
infectivity of the agent
capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in the host
virulence
ability to cause disease
susceptibility of the host
the likelihood of becoming infected with the agent
how to resist disease
immunity
what to consider when caring for someone with CD
the infectious agent
who is at risk
mode of transmission
prevention
treatment
herd immunity AKA community immunity
most of the population is immune, this helps prevents outbreaks for people not immune
the threshold of immunity
the percentage of the population that must be immune to achieve herd immunity to a specific agent
index case
the first case identified in a particular outbreak
secondary cases
patients who were diagnosed with active TB and had contact with the index patient
what do pandemics require
a coordinated early response across political entities such as countries or states
STIs
transmitted through sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids
preventable disease
Common STI
chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis
harmful effects of STI if not treated
reproductive health problems
fetal and perinatal health problems
cancer
transmission of HIV
