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test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of factors that influence health and disease In populations

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2
Q

epidemiology is based on three elements

A

person- demographics
place- variables of location
time- when, how long

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3
Q

who is John snow

A

Father of epidemiology

identified broad street pump as source of cholera epidemic

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4
Q

3 epidemiological frameworks

A

the epidemiological triangle
the web of causation
the ecological model

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5
Q

three components of epidemiology triangle

A

host (organism, chemical, nutritive, physical forces, psych effects-stress)

agent- the susceptible human or animal

environment - external factors that influence the hosts vulnerability

This applies to all diseases

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6
Q

goes to 2 or more continents

A

pandemic

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7
Q

unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area/region

A

epidemic

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8
Q

The amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community, its constant and can generally be predicted

A

endemic

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9
Q

a stimulus or action that results in an effect or outcome, determines if a relationship exists between risk factor and health effect

A

causality

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10
Q

web of causation framework

A

complexity of how illness, disease, and injury are determined by multiple causes affected by interactions of biological and sociobehavioral determinants of health

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11
Q

rates

A

basic measure of disease used by epidemiologist

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12
Q

mortality

A

death rate

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13
Q

morbidity

A

illness/disease rate

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14
Q

infant mortality rate

A

of deaths of children 1 year of age in one year / # of live births in the same year x 1,000

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15
Q

crude birth rate

A

of live births in 1 year / midyear pop x 1,000

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16
Q

crude mortality rate

A

of deaths in 1 year / midyear pop x 100,000

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17
Q

cause-specific mortality rate

A

of deaths from a stated cause in 1 year / midyear pop x 100,000

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18
Q

age specific mortality rate

A

of people in a specific age group dying in a year / midyear pop of age group x 100,000

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19
Q

prevalence

A

number of existing cases

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20
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases diagnosed in a given period of time

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21
Q

outbreak investigations

A

investigate, analyze data, interpret data, implement health promotion and risk reduction, evaluate short and long term effects

used for communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases, and exposure to toxins

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22
Q

surveillance

A

the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health related data

23
Q

passive surveillence

A

data collected is based on individuals or institutions that report voluntarily or by mandate

24
Q

active surveillance

A

public health professionals collect data

25
Q

West Nile virus

A

prevent mosquito bites

26
Q

Lyme disease

A

remove tick with tweezers
wear clothes treated with permethrin
check for ticks daily
look for rash
antibiotics to treat Lyme disease

27
Q

ebola

A

you cannot get this if person has no symptoms.

can be transmitted via blood, body fluids, objects

no specific treatment

28
Q

zika

A

spreads through mosquito
can spread through bodily fluids

prevent dehydration
no NSAID or aspirn

29
Q

when to get flu shot

A

6 moths to 8 years- 2x/year
after 8 years, every fall

30
Q

storage of vaccines

A

refrigerated: between 36 and 46 degrees

ultra cold: -130°F and -76°F

31
Q

severe allergic reactions to immunizations

A

(hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, or weakness), call 9-1-1 and get the person to the nearest hospital.

32
Q

steps in food borne outbreak investigation

A

detect
find
generate
test
solve
control
decide

33
Q

what STD’s have vaccines

A

Hep A and B
HPV

34
Q

MMR vaccine

A

2 doses

35
Q

when did HIV/AIDS emerge

A

end of the 20th century

36
Q

where are communicable diseases the leading causes of death at

A

lower income countries

37
Q

mode of transmission

A

agent leaves its reservoir and enters its host

could be from water, food, air, vectors, fomites, unprotected sexual contact, or penetrating trauma

38
Q

vector

A

insects that carry disease from reservoir to human

39
Q

fomite

A

an inanimate object- door knob, light switch, etc

humans can pick up disease through fomite

40
Q

3 main approaches to controlling communicable disease

A

change the environment
deactivate the agent
increase host resistance

41
Q

infectivity of the agent

A

capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in the host

42
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause disease

43
Q

susceptibility of the host

A

the likelihood of becoming infected with the agent

44
Q

how to resist disease

A

immunity

45
Q

what to consider when caring for someone with CD

A

the infectious agent
who is at risk
mode of transmission
prevention
treatment

46
Q

herd immunity AKA community immunity

A

most of the population is immune, this helps prevents outbreaks for people not immune

47
Q

the threshold of immunity

A

the percentage of the population that must be immune to achieve herd immunity to a specific agent

48
Q

index case

A

the first case identified in a particular outbreak

49
Q

secondary cases

A

patients who were diagnosed with active TB and had contact with the index patient

50
Q

what do pandemics require

A

a coordinated early response across political entities such as countries or states

51
Q

STIs

A

transmitted through sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids

preventable disease

52
Q

Common STI

A

chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis

53
Q

harmful effects of STI if not treated

A

reproductive health problems
fetal and perinatal health problems
cancer
transmission of HIV

community (4 decks)

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