test 2 Flashcards
epidemiology
the study of factors that influence health and disease In populations
epidemiology is based on three elements
person- demographics
place- variables of location
time- when, how long
who is John snow
Father of epidemiology
identified broad street pump as source of cholera epidemic
3 epidemiological frameworks
the epidemiological triangle
the web of causation
the ecological model
three components of epidemiology triangle
host (organism, chemical, nutritive, physical forces, psych effects-stress)
agent- the susceptible human or animal
environment - external factors that influence the hosts vulnerability
This applies to all diseases
goes to 2 or more continents
pandemic
unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area/region
epidemic
The amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community, its constant and can generally be predicted
endemic
a stimulus or action that results in an effect or outcome, determines if a relationship exists between risk factor and health effect
causality
web of causation framework
complexity of how illness, disease, and injury are determined by multiple causes affected by interactions of biological and sociobehavioral determinants of health
rates
basic measure of disease used by epidemiologist
mortality
death rate
morbidity
illness/disease rate
infant mortality rate
of deaths of children 1 year of age in one year / # of live births in the same year x 1,000
crude birth rate
of live births in 1 year / midyear pop x 1,000
crude mortality rate
of deaths in 1 year / midyear pop x 100,000
cause-specific mortality rate
of deaths from a stated cause in 1 year / midyear pop x 100,000
age specific mortality rate
of people in a specific age group dying in a year / midyear pop of age group x 100,000
prevalence
number of existing cases
incidence
number of new cases diagnosed in a given period of time
outbreak investigations
investigate, analyze data, interpret data, implement health promotion and risk reduction, evaluate short and long term effects
used for communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases, and exposure to toxins
surveillance
the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health related data
passive surveillence
data collected is based on individuals or institutions that report voluntarily or by mandate
active surveillance
public health professionals collect data
