TEST 2 Flashcards
who discovered classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
explain classical conditioning with all the different terms + an example
- unconditioned stimulus US (ex. appealing food / passionate kiss)
- unconditioned response UR (ex. salivation / sexual arousal)
- conditioned stimulus CS (ex. the sound of a bell / erotik cologne)
when CS and US are repeatedly paired together, eventually the CS will be present without US and will evoke CR, this is learning
conditioned response CR (ex. salivation / sexual arousal)
for example:
when your man where’s a certain cologne every time you have sexy time, then you smell that cologne in the air in the middle of your day, you’re prolly going to get turned on WOOO
who discovered operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
explain operant conditioning
- what it is
- what primary reinforcers are as rewards (+ex)
- give an example of operant conditioning
- a person performs a particular behaviour (the operant)
- this behavior is followed by a reward (positive reinforcement) or a punishment
- if reward: the operant is likely to repeat the behaviour again in the future
- if punishment: the person will be less likely to repeat the behaviour
some rewards = primary reinforcers = something intrinsically rewarding about them
ex. food, sex
ex. if a woman constantly feels pain during sexual intercourse, she is less likely to want to have sex often. — it is being associated with a punishment (pain), so the behaviour becomes less frequent
true or false: rewards + punishments are more effective in shaping behaviour when they occur immediately after the behaviour
true!!!
how effective are rewards vs punishments (operant conditioning)
compared with rewards, punishments are not as effective in shaping behaviour
punishments do not eliminate the behaviour — they may teach the operant to be sneaky and engage in it without being caught
explain positive reinforcements (operant conditioning)
+ give an example
positive reinforcement: a person will continue (INCREASE) a behaviour because this behaviour PROVIDES them pleasure / satisfaction / money / prize / object
ex: wearing cologne to attract potential sexual partners
POSITIVE = ADDING (doesn’t necessarily mean good)
explain negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)
+ give an example
negative reinforcement: a person will continue (INCREASE) their behaviour in order to AVOID displeasure / dissatisfaction / or some sort of punishment
ex: not engaging in sex before marriage
explain positive punishment (operant conditioning)
+ example
positive punishment: ADDING a stimulus to DECREASE a behaviour
ex: ticket when speeding
explain negative punishment (operant conditioning)
+ example
negative punishment: REMOVING a stimulus to DECREASE a behaviour
ex: sound beeping constantly when no seatbelt on, sound stops when seatbelt it put on
explain behaviour therapy
- what do cognitive therapists do
- what is the theory of cognition
how are internal cognitive thoughts modify our human behaviour
positive: if i do something nice, someone will be nice to me
negative: negative view of sex may lead to bad experiences with sex + poor view on sex
cognitive therapists will break your thought because the thought in our minds play a huge role in how we see our lives
theory of cognition: analytical intellectual thoughts have an impact on us
give a positive and negative reinforcement example of how our thoughts shape our behaviour
positive reinforcement: if you think about marturbating and you get a good feeling , you will do it
negative reinforcement: a person sees sex as a taboo, they wont want to do it, when they do it, they wont enjoy it
erectile disfunction — performance anxiety… every time they fall into this situation, they think about it happening and it happens
insomnia — just dont think about it
give an example of how behaviour impacts cognition
a person does something and they dont feel good after, they will think poorly of it
having sex and not getting organs, will have a bad thought pattern on sex
who discovered social learning
bandura & walters
explain social learning theory
- what it is
- why we want to redo something over again in the lens of this theory
- social cognitive theory
social learning theory is a more complex form of learning theory — it recognizes imitation and observational learning
- shows the importance of mass media as a source of images of sexuality that young people imitate (however, often inaccurate and unrealistic)
once a behaviour is learned, the likelihood of its being performed depends on its consequences ( if someone learns a flirting technique from a movie and tries it out and it doesn’t work, they probably won’t use it again)
cognitive social learning theory / social cognitive theory:
successful experiences with an activity over time create a sense of competence or self-efficacy at performing the activity
explain social exchange theory
- rewards + costs
Weighing out pros and cons in the relatinship and establishing if it is worth it to keep investing
- rewards: money, good, services, sexual gratification, approval
- costs: time, effort, money, embarrassment
theory suggest that we try to maximize rewards and minimize costs when we act
theory suggest that we try to maximize rewards and minimize costs when we act
what is equity in the lens of social exchange theory
+ what happens when there’s no equity
Equity - what you’re putting into the relationship is the same as what youre getting back from it
- when participants in a relationship believe that the rewards they receive from it are proportional to the costs they bear (same balance of rewards to costs, if this isn’t the case, then the relationship is unstable and the person may feel unpleasant or angry)
If no equity: investing too much and not getting anything in return
- we start questioning
- we look for alternative
- we start comparing ourselves to other people and their relationships – this can result to infidelity or breaking up)
explain comparison levels in the lens of social exchange theory
comparison level — the level of expected outcomes
comparison level for alternatives — the level of outcomes in the best alternative relationship
what are the criticisms of the social exchange theory
- criticized for applying ideas of rewards and costs to romantic relationships
- may downplay other motivations
- this theory cannot explain selfless behaviours
- can’t explain certain relationship types such as older couples (people together for many many years) they may still be together even though one person puts more effort than the other but they stay together through old age ////// inconsistent and not logical in abusive relationships (a person has a really high cost to profit ratio but they stay) ////// true love defies equity (altruistic — they do good things without expecting anything in return)
explain the relation between cognition and sexuality
what we think is often what we feel
- psychological distress is often a result of negative thoughts that do not reflect reality and may be an exaggeration of problems
how we perceive a sexual event makes all the difference in the world
- perception, labelling and evaluation of events are crucial
ex. a man who didn’t get an erection one time
- he may see it and perceive it as a slight problem, label it a temporary erection problem and evaluate that sexual experience pretty good.
OR
- he might perceive it a serious problem and label it impotence and evaluate the experience as horrible. the second case would increase chances of sexual problems the next time they engage sexually
what do cognitive psychologists study
cognitive psychologist believe that it is very important to study people’s cognitions — the way people perceive or think
who came up with the gender schema theory
Sandra Bem
what is a schema
schema — general knowledge framework that a person has about a particular topic
schemas organise and guide perceptions, help us remember, may distort our memory
what is the gender schema theory
- what it does / show
- what a gender schema is
- stereotype-consistent/inconsistent
helps explain gender-role development and the impact of gender on people’s daily lives and thinking
gender schema — a cognitive structure compromising the set of attributes (behaviour, personality, appearance) that we associate with males and females OR a psychological mental representation of gender roles
our behaviours are influenced by era-appropriate
- our gender schema predisposes us to process information on the basis of gender
- the schema helps us remember schema-consistent (stereotype-consistent) information well, but it distorts out memory of information that is inconsistent with the schema (stereotype-inconsistent)
- stereotypes may be very slow to change because our schemas filter our stereotype-inconsistent information so that we don’t remember it
explain gender consistent and gender non-consistent in the basis of the gender schema theory
gender-consistent: a person will appear of the given gender that we are used to (what is consistent to our cultural era knowledge of a biological female or male) consistency causes less anxiety from one person to another.
a person sees someone that goes against their gender schema will have bells ringing (a boy with long hair — you will question if it is a boy or girl — at the beginning you will question it because you associate long hair with being a girl and this boy is being gender inconsistent)
gender non-consistent: doesn’t fall into mental or psychological representation of how that biological gender should be perceives — this causes anxiety. doesn’t fit their gender schema so they wont remember it or they will change it to fit their gender schema (kids shown image of boxing girls thought it was boys)
what do sociologists study
sociologists are interested in the ways society and culture shape human sexuality
