Test #2 Flashcards
This hormone promotes fluid retention at the kidneys
ADH
This hormone promotes sodium retention at the kidneys
aldosterone
This hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure and a drop in plasma volume. It stimulates aldosterone release
renin
The renin-angiotensin system raises:
blood pressure
The two catecholamines are:
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Glucagon and Insulin are produced where?
pancreas
This class of hormones can cross the cell membrane
steroidal
This hormone stimulates release of T3 and T4
TSH
aldosterone is a _____________ hormone
steroidal
This class of hormones requires a secondary messenger
non-steroidal
Pulse pressure is:
Correct: Systolic BP - Diastolic BP
Why does the left ventricle have to build up pressure to eject blood into systemic circulation?
to build up enough pressure to open the aortic valve
What is responsible for a low resting heart rate?
parasympathetic nervous system
The difference of cardiac and skeletal muscles cells are all of the following EXCEPT:
contain both actin and myosin
What is the pressure at the Right Atria?
0 mmHg
Cardiac output is:
HR x SV
Rate pressure product (or the double product) is:
HR x Systolic BP
This is the primary pacemaker of the heart
SA node
Which two locations are the baroreceptors located?
carotid arteries and aortic arch
Which of the following ECG waveforms represents atrial depolarization?
P wave
Where does gas exchange occur?
capillaries
Hemoglobin offloads oxygen to _________ in the muscle.
myoglobin
These 2 conditions shift the oxyhemoglobin curve down and to the right.
increased core temperature and acidity
The major inspiratory muscle is the __________
diaphragm
most CO2 is transported in the blood as _______
bicarbonate
What is the partial pressure of O2 on the arterial side?
100 mmHg
ADH combats what by retaining water?
dehydration
What receptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid bodies, sensing a change in blood chemistry?
chemoreceptors
The Pwave represents what?
atrial depolarization
What class of hormones can cross the lipid bilayer?
steroids
What diagram explains how we are able to deliver oxygen to the working tissues?
oxyhemoglobin curve
What plateaus at 50-60% of VO2max?
stroke volume
What occurs approximately the same time as the ventilatory threshold?
myoglobin threshold
What occurs at 4mmol of blood lactate?
OBLA
What pumps blood past the 1 way valves to facilitate venous return
skeletal muscle pump
What is the method used to estimate myocardial workload?
rate pressure product
Hormones that are not lipid soluble need what?
secondary messangers
The Twave represents what?
ventricular repolarization
Shifting the oxyhemoglobin curve to the right is called what?
bohr effect
What is the name of the equation for VO2?
fick equation
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
insulin
What is parasympathetic tone?
refers to a low resting heart rate due to chronic endurance training
What is the name of the pressure volume diagram?
wigger
What hormones are released/triggered by the sympathetic nervous system and raise HR?
catecholamines
Inspiration is ____________, expiration is ______________.
active, passive
What kind of cells make insulin?
beta cells
What kind of cells make glucagon?
alpha cells
Increased exercise = increased ________________________ = __________ epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system, increased
Mean arterial pressure
map = dbp + 0.33(sbp -dbp)
What is the blood pressure value for hypertension?
140/90
What factors effects mean arterial pressure?
cardiac output and total vascular resistance
Blood flow is directly proportional to what?
the pressure difference of the system
Blood flow equation
blood flow = change in pressure/resistance
Stroke volume equation
EDV-ESV = SV
Franklin-starling mechanism
the greater the EDV = the more forceful contraction
PNS effect on heart rate
- vagus nerve
- slows herat rate (via hyperpolarization) by inhibiting sa node and av node (depolarization)
SNS effect on heart rate
increases heart rate (via prolonged depolarization) by stimulating sa node and av node (prevent repolarization)
cardiovascular control is where in the brain?
brain stem
What effect do the baroreceptors have on the CVS?
decrease sympathetic stimulus
Chemoreceptors respond to changes in what?
blood gases and pH
Muscle afferents
send signals to CNS about conditions @ the muscle level
Type III muscle afferents
respond to stretch and contraction
Type IV muscle afferents
respond to chemical signals
During exercise blood flow is decreased where?
liver and kidneys
During exercise blood flow is increased where?
muscles
What is Rate Pressure Product (double product)?
indicates the work of the heart
- increases linearly with exercise intensity
RPP equation
RPP = HR x SBP
RPP importance
determine risk for heart failure
Humoral chemoreceptors
central and peripheral chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors
- medulla
detect PCO2 and H+
Peripheral chemoreceptors
- carotid and aorta
detect PO2, PCO2, H+, K+
What happens if the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right?
hemoglobin has less affinty for oxygen
- harder to bind O2
- need higher PO2 to saturate
- easier to release/deliver O2
What are the 3 ways CO2 can be transported?
dissolved in plasma
bound to hemoglobin
bicarbonate
Ventilation threshold
point where ventilation increases exponentially w/ increase intensity
Lactate threshold
highest O2 consumption/intensty w/ blood lactate above resting
Obla
when lactate begins to accumlate in the blood
Fick equation
VO2 = CO/Q x a-vO2Diff
What factors effect cardiac output?
SV:
- EDV
- Afterload
- Contractility
HR:
- PNS
- SNS
