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Exercise Physiology > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

This hormone promotes fluid retention at the kidneys

A

ADH

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2
Q

This hormone promotes sodium retention at the kidneys

A

aldosterone

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3
Q

This hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure and a drop in plasma volume. It stimulates aldosterone release

A

renin

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4
Q

The renin-angiotensin system raises:

A

blood pressure

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5
Q

The two catecholamines are:

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

Glucagon and Insulin are produced where?

A

pancreas

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7
Q

This class of hormones can cross the cell membrane

A

steroidal

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8
Q

This hormone stimulates release of T3 and T4

A

TSH

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9
Q

aldosterone is a _____________ hormone

A

steroidal

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10
Q

This class of hormones requires a secondary messenger

A

non-steroidal

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11
Q

Pulse pressure is:

A

Correct: Systolic BP - Diastolic BP

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12
Q

Why does the left ventricle have to build up pressure to eject blood into systemic circulation?

A

to build up enough pressure to open the aortic valve

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13
Q

What is responsible for a low resting heart rate?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

The difference of cardiac and skeletal muscles cells are all of the following EXCEPT:

A

contain both actin and myosin

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15
Q

What is the pressure at the Right Atria?

A

0 mmHg

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16
Q

Cardiac output is:

A

HR x SV

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17
Q

Rate pressure product (or the double product) is:

A

HR x Systolic BP

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18
Q

This is the primary pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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19
Q

Which two locations are the baroreceptors located?

A

carotid arteries and aortic arch

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20
Q

Which of the following ECG waveforms represents atrial depolarization?

A

P wave

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21
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

capillaries

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22
Q

Hemoglobin offloads oxygen to _________ in the muscle.

A

myoglobin

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23
Q

These 2 conditions shift the oxyhemoglobin curve down and to the right.

A

increased core temperature and acidity

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24
Q

The major inspiratory muscle is the __________

A

diaphragm

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25
most CO2 is transported in the blood as _______
bicarbonate
26
What is the partial pressure of O2 on the arterial side?
100 mmHg
27
ADH combats what by retaining water?
dehydration
28
What receptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid bodies, sensing a change in blood chemistry?
chemoreceptors
29
The Pwave represents what?
atrial depolarization
30
What class of hormones can cross the lipid bilayer?
steroids
31
What diagram explains how we are able to deliver oxygen to the working tissues?
oxyhemoglobin curve
32
What plateaus at 50-60% of VO2max?
stroke volume
33
What occurs approximately the same time as the ventilatory threshold?
myoglobin threshold
34
What occurs at 4mmol of blood lactate?
OBLA
35
What pumps blood past the 1 way valves to facilitate venous return
skeletal muscle pump
36
What is the method used to estimate myocardial workload?
rate pressure product
37
Hormones that are not lipid soluble need what?
secondary messangers
38
The Twave represents what?
ventricular repolarization
39
Shifting the oxyhemoglobin curve to the right is called what?
bohr effect
40
What is the name of the equation for VO2?
fick equation
41
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
insulin
42
What is parasympathetic tone?
refers to a low resting heart rate due to chronic endurance training
43
What is the name of the pressure volume diagram?
wigger
44
What hormones are released/triggered by the sympathetic nervous system and raise HR?
catecholamines
45
Inspiration is ____________, expiration is ______________.
active, passive
46
What kind of cells make insulin?
beta cells
47
What kind of cells make glucagon?
alpha cells
48
Increased exercise = increased ________________________ = __________ epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system, increased
49
Mean arterial pressure
map = dbp + 0.33(sbp -dbp)
50
What is the blood pressure value for hypertension?
140/90
51
What factors effects mean arterial pressure?
cardiac output and total vascular resistance
52
Blood flow is directly proportional to what?
the pressure difference of the system
53
Blood flow equation
blood flow = change in pressure/resistance
54
Stroke volume equation
EDV-ESV = SV
55
Franklin-starling mechanism
the greater the EDV = the more forceful contraction
56
PNS effect on heart rate
- vagus nerve - slows herat rate (via hyperpolarization) by inhibiting sa node and av node (depolarization)
57
SNS effect on heart rate
increases heart rate (via prolonged depolarization) by stimulating sa node and av node (prevent repolarization)
58
cardiovascular control is where in the brain?
brain stem
59
What effect do the baroreceptors have on the CVS?
decrease sympathetic stimulus
60
Chemoreceptors respond to changes in what?
blood gases and pH
61
Muscle afferents
send signals to CNS about conditions @ the muscle level
62
Type III muscle afferents
respond to stretch and contraction
63
Type IV muscle afferents
respond to chemical signals
64
During exercise blood flow is decreased where?
liver and kidneys
65
During exercise blood flow is increased where?
muscles
66
What is Rate Pressure Product (double product)?
indicates the work of the heart - increases linearly with exercise intensity
67
RPP equation
RPP = HR x SBP
68
RPP importance
determine risk for heart failure
69
Humoral chemoreceptors
central and peripheral chemoreceptors
70
Central chemoreceptors
- medulla detect PCO2 and H+
71
Peripheral chemoreceptors
- carotid and aorta detect PO2, PCO2, H+, K+
72
What happens if the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right?
hemoglobin has less affinty for oxygen - harder to bind O2 - need higher PO2 to saturate - easier to release/deliver O2
73
What are the 3 ways CO2 can be transported?
dissolved in plasma bound to hemoglobin bicarbonate
74
Ventilation threshold
point where ventilation increases exponentially w/ increase intensity
75
Lactate threshold
highest O2 consumption/intensty w/ blood lactate above resting
76
Obla
when lactate begins to accumlate in the blood
77
Fick equation
VO2 = CO/Q x a-vO2Diff
78
What factors effect cardiac output?
SV: - EDV - Afterload - Contractility HR: - PNS - SNS

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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