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Exercise Physiology > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

This hormone promotes fluid retention at the kidneys

A

ADH

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2
Q

This hormone promotes sodium retention at the kidneys

A

aldosterone

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3
Q

This hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure and a drop in plasma volume. It stimulates aldosterone release

A

renin

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4
Q

The renin-angiotensin system raises:

A

blood pressure

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5
Q

The two catecholamines are:

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

Glucagon and Insulin are produced where?

A

pancreas

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7
Q

This class of hormones can cross the cell membrane

A

steroidal

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8
Q

This hormone stimulates release of T3 and T4

A

TSH

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9
Q

aldosterone is a _____________ hormone

A

steroidal

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10
Q

This class of hormones requires a secondary messenger

A

non-steroidal

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11
Q

Pulse pressure is:

A

Correct: Systolic BP - Diastolic BP

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12
Q

Why does the left ventricle have to build up pressure to eject blood into systemic circulation?

A

to build up enough pressure to open the aortic valve

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13
Q

What is responsible for a low resting heart rate?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

The difference of cardiac and skeletal muscles cells are all of the following EXCEPT:

A

contain both actin and myosin

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15
Q

What is the pressure at the Right Atria?

A

0 mmHg

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16
Q

Cardiac output is:

A

HR x SV

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17
Q

Rate pressure product (or the double product) is:

A

HR x Systolic BP

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18
Q

This is the primary pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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19
Q

Which two locations are the baroreceptors located?

A

carotid arteries and aortic arch

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20
Q

Which of the following ECG waveforms represents atrial depolarization?

A

P wave

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21
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

capillaries

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22
Q

Hemoglobin offloads oxygen to _________ in the muscle.

A

myoglobin

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23
Q

These 2 conditions shift the oxyhemoglobin curve down and to the right.

A

increased core temperature and acidity

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24
Q

The major inspiratory muscle is the __________

A

diaphragm

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25
Q

most CO2 is transported in the blood as _______

A

bicarbonate

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26
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 on the arterial side?

A

100 mmHg

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27
Q

ADH combats what by retaining water?

A

dehydration

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28
Q

What receptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid bodies, sensing a change in blood chemistry?

A

chemoreceptors

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29
Q

The Pwave represents what?

A

atrial depolarization

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30
Q

What class of hormones can cross the lipid bilayer?

A

steroids

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31
Q

What diagram explains how we are able to deliver oxygen to the working tissues?

A

oxyhemoglobin curve

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32
Q

What plateaus at 50-60% of VO2max?

A

stroke volume

33
Q

What occurs approximately the same time as the ventilatory threshold?

A

myoglobin threshold

34
Q

What occurs at 4mmol of blood lactate?

A

OBLA

35
Q

What pumps blood past the 1 way valves to facilitate venous return

A

skeletal muscle pump

36
Q

What is the method used to estimate myocardial workload?

A

rate pressure product

37
Q

Hormones that are not lipid soluble need what?

A

secondary messangers

38
Q

The Twave represents what?

A

ventricular repolarization

39
Q

Shifting the oxyhemoglobin curve to the right is called what?

A

bohr effect

40
Q

What is the name of the equation for VO2?

A

fick equation

41
Q

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

A

insulin

42
Q

What is parasympathetic tone?

A

refers to a low resting heart rate due to chronic endurance training

43
Q

What is the name of the pressure volume diagram?

A

wigger

44
Q

What hormones are released/triggered by the sympathetic nervous system and raise HR?

A

catecholamines

45
Q

Inspiration is ____________, expiration is ______________.

A

active, passive

46
Q

What kind of cells make insulin?

A

beta cells

47
Q

What kind of cells make glucagon?

A

alpha cells

48
Q

Increased exercise = increased ________________________ = __________ epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

sympathetic nervous system, increased

49
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

map = dbp + 0.33(sbp -dbp)

50
Q

What is the blood pressure value for hypertension?

A

140/90

51
Q

What factors effects mean arterial pressure?

A

cardiac output and total vascular resistance

52
Q

Blood flow is directly proportional to what?

A

the pressure difference of the system

53
Q

Blood flow equation

A

blood flow = change in pressure/resistance

54
Q

Stroke volume equation

A

EDV-ESV = SV

55
Q

Franklin-starling mechanism

A

the greater the EDV = the more forceful contraction

56
Q

PNS effect on heart rate

A
  • vagus nerve
  • slows herat rate (via hyperpolarization) by inhibiting sa node and av node (depolarization)
57
Q

SNS effect on heart rate

A

increases heart rate (via prolonged depolarization) by stimulating sa node and av node (prevent repolarization)

58
Q

cardiovascular control is where in the brain?

A

brain stem

59
Q

What effect do the baroreceptors have on the CVS?

A

decrease sympathetic stimulus

60
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to changes in what?

A

blood gases and pH

61
Q

Muscle afferents

A

send signals to CNS about conditions @ the muscle level

62
Q

Type III muscle afferents

A

respond to stretch and contraction

63
Q

Type IV muscle afferents

A

respond to chemical signals

64
Q

During exercise blood flow is decreased where?

A

liver and kidneys

65
Q

During exercise blood flow is increased where?

A

muscles

66
Q

What is Rate Pressure Product (double product)?

A

indicates the work of the heart
- increases linearly with exercise intensity

67
Q

RPP equation

A

RPP = HR x SBP

68
Q

RPP importance

A

determine risk for heart failure

69
Q

Humoral chemoreceptors

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

70
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • medulla
    detect PCO2 and H+
71
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • carotid and aorta
    detect PO2, PCO2, H+, K+
72
Q

What happens if the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right?

A

hemoglobin has less affinty for oxygen
- harder to bind O2
- need higher PO2 to saturate
- easier to release/deliver O2

73
Q

What are the 3 ways CO2 can be transported?

A

dissolved in plasma
bound to hemoglobin
bicarbonate

74
Q

Ventilation threshold

A

point where ventilation increases exponentially w/ increase intensity

75
Q

Lactate threshold

A

highest O2 consumption/intensty w/ blood lactate above resting

76
Q

Obla

A

when lactate begins to accumlate in the blood

77
Q

Fick equation

A

VO2 = CO/Q x a-vO2Diff

78
Q

What factors effect cardiac output?

A

SV:
- EDV
- Afterload
- Contractility

HR:
- PNS
- SNS

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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