Test #1

Question 1

What is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber?

Answer 1

sarcomere

Question 2

Define Z line

Answer 2

anchors to actin

Question 3

Define M line

Answer 3

Does not move during the contraction of the sarcomere

Question 4

Tendons attach to what?

Answer 4

bone

Question 5

When myosin interacts with actin, if forms a what?

Answer 5

cross bridge

Question 6

What is released from the terminal cisternae when stimulated by the neurotransmitter that was released from the action potential?

Answer 6

Ca2+ (calcium)

Question 7

What is the structure of a neuron that the action potential travels down?

Answer 7

axon

Question 8

Type I muscle fibers are more what?

Answer 8

oxidative

Question 9

What is theory of muscle contraction?

Answer 9

sliding filament theory

Question 10

What is the neurotransmitter released to initiate muscle contraction?

Answer 10

acetylcholine

Question 11

Type II muscle fiber have ____________ cross sectional areas than Type I fibers.

Answer 11

larger

Question 12

An event like the 400 meter run primarily utilizes what energy pathway?

Answer 12

Glycolysis

Question 13

The rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis is what?

Answer 13

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Question 14

Which system is extremely short-lived and is used with explosive movements?

Answer 14

ATP-PC system

Question 15

The substrate for Kreb’s cycle is what?

Answer 15

acetyl coA

Question 16

A baseball pitch primarily utilizes which energy pathway?

Answer 16

ATP-PC system

Question 17

How many ATP do you NET in glycolysis from a molecule of glucose?

Answer 17

2

Question 18

What system is the primary system used to generate ATP during events of long duration?

Answer 18

Kreb’s and ETC

Question 19

The products of glycolysis are what?

Answer 19

pyruvate or lactate, and NADH + H+, and ATP

Question 20

The substrate for glycolysis is what?

Answer 20

Either glucose or glycogen

Question 21

Which kind of VO2max is used to make comparisons?

Answer 21

relative VO2max

Question 22

Relative VO2max

Answer 22

normalized for body weight

Question 23

Absolute VO2max

Answer 23

expressed in L/min

Question 24

Lactate is accumulated during what?

Answer 24

O2 deficit

Question 25

When is the rate of lactate production=rate of lactate removal?

Answer 25

during steady state

Question 26

What are the three fates of lactate?

Answer 26

- used as fuel in the mitochondria - Lactate shuffle -Cori cycle

Question 27

Lactate shuffle

Answer 27

allows lactate to be removed from the cell and transported to other cells

Question 28

Cori cycle

Answer 28

- lactic acid transported to liver - converted into pyruvate in the liver and then to glucose - aka gluconeogenesis

Question 29

VO2max is the best measure of what?

Answer 29

aerobic fitness

Question 30

EPOC =

Answer 30

excess postexercise O2 consumption

Question 31

Training someone to tolerate lactate and pushing back the lactate threshold can allow what?

Answer 31

allow them to run at a higher % of their VO2max.

Question 32

An RER of 1.0 means that the person is primarily utilizing what as a fuel source?

Answer 32

carbohydrate

Question 33

In order to get a person to VO2max, they need to come out of what?

Answer 33

steady state exercise

Question 34

RER is a ratio of what?

Answer 34

VCO2 produced/VO2 consumed

Question 35

Running a marathon requires mostly what kind of energy systems?

Answer 35

aerobic metabolism and beta oxidation

Question 36

What are the kcals for the macromolecules?

Answer 36

Carbohydrates: 4 Protein: 4 Fat: 9 Alcohol: 7

Question 37

Lactate can be removed via what process?

Answer 37

Cori cycle

Question 38

Which kind of sport uses a mix of energy systems?

Answer 38

basketball

Question 39

During the oxygen deficit which energy systems are the main contributors?

Answer 39

anaerobic systems

Question 40

What slows the activation of energy required for a reaction to occur?

Answer 40

enzymes

Question 41

During steady state exercise what type of energy systems are primary contributors?

Answer 41

aerobic systems

Question 42

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 42

cytosol/cytoplasm

Question 43

Where are NADH+H+ and FADH2 used?

Answer 43

Electron transport chain

Question 44

ATP-PC equations

Answer 44

ATP ------ ATPase -- -> ADP & Pi PCr + ADP ---creatine kinase---> Cr & ATP

Question 45

What drives the reactions in the ETC?

Answer 45

electron carriers

Question 46

OBLA

Answer 46

point when blood lactate is greater than 4mM

Question 47

Point of ventilatory threshold (Tvent)

Answer 47

point when ventilation increases exponentially w/ increased intensity

Question 48

Calculating #of acetyl coA

Answer 48

(c/2)

Question 49

Calculating b-oxcytes

Answer 49

(c/2) -1

Question 50

What are our b-oxcytes?

Answer 50

NADH and FADH

Question 51

After calculating the number of ATPs produced by a fatty acid what needs to be done to communicate the cost of transporting the yield?

Answer 51

subtract from the total ATP production for the metabolism of one fatty acid.

Question 52

Acetyl coA produces how many ATP?

Answer 52

12