Test #1 Flashcards
What is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber?
sarcomere
Define Z line
anchors to actin
Define M line
Does not move during the contraction of the sarcomere
Tendons attach to what?
bone
When myosin interacts with actin, if forms a what?
cross bridge
What is released from the terminal cisternae when stimulated by the neurotransmitter that was released from the action potential?
Ca2+ (calcium)
What is the structure of a neuron that the action potential travels down?
axon
Type I muscle fibers are more what?
oxidative
What is theory of muscle contraction?
sliding filament theory
What is the neurotransmitter released to initiate muscle contraction?
acetylcholine
Type II muscle fiber have ____________ cross sectional areas than Type I fibers.
larger
An event like the 400 meter run primarily utilizes what energy pathway?
Glycolysis
The rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis is what?
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Which system is extremely short-lived and is used with explosive movements?
ATP-PC system
The substrate for Kreb’s cycle is what?
acetyl coA
A baseball pitch primarily utilizes which energy pathway?
ATP-PC system
How many ATP do you NET in glycolysis from a molecule of glucose?
2
What system is the primary system used to generate ATP during events of long duration?
Kreb’s and ETC
The products of glycolysis are what?
pyruvate or lactate, and NADH + H+, and ATP
The substrate for glycolysis is what?
Either glucose or glycogen
Which kind of VO2max is used to make comparisons?
relative VO2max
Relative VO2max
normalized for body weight
Absolute VO2max
expressed in L/min
Lactate is accumulated during what?
O2 deficit
When is the rate of lactate production=rate of lactate removal?
during steady state
What are the three fates of lactate?
- used as fuel in the mitochondria
- Lactate shuffle
-Cori cycle
Lactate shuffle
allows lactate to be removed from the cell and transported to other cells
Cori cycle
- lactic acid transported to liver
- converted into pyruvate in the liver and then to glucose
- aka gluconeogenesis
VO2max is the best measure of what?
aerobic fitness
EPOC =
excess postexercise O2 consumption
Training someone to tolerate lactate and pushing back the lactate threshold can allow what?
allow them to run at a higher % of their VO2max.
An RER of 1.0 means that the person is primarily utilizing what as a fuel source?
carbohydrate
In order to get a person to VO2max, they need to come out of what?
steady state exercise
RER is a ratio of what?
VCO2 produced/VO2 consumed
Running a marathon requires mostly what kind of energy systems?
aerobic metabolism and beta oxidation
What are the kcals for the macromolecules?
Carbohydrates: 4
Protein: 4
Fat: 9
Alcohol: 7
Lactate can be removed via what process?
Cori cycle
Which kind of sport uses a mix of energy systems?
basketball
During the oxygen deficit which energy systems are the main contributors?
anaerobic systems
What slows the activation of energy required for a reaction to occur?
enzymes
During steady state exercise what type of energy systems are primary contributors?
aerobic systems
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol/cytoplasm
Where are NADH+H+ and FADH2 used?
Electron transport chain
ATP-PC equations
ATP —— ATPase – -> ADP & Pi
PCr + ADP —creatine kinase—> Cr & ATP
What drives the reactions in the ETC?
electron carriers
OBLA
point when blood lactate is greater than 4mM
Point of ventilatory threshold (Tvent)
point when ventilation increases exponentially w/ increased intensity
Calculating #of acetyl coA
(c/2)
Calculating b-oxcytes
(c/2) -1
What are our b-oxcytes?
NADH and FADH
After calculating the number of ATPs produced by a fatty acid what needs to be done to communicate the cost of transporting the yield?
subtract from the total ATP production for the metabolism of one fatty acid.
Acetyl coA produces how many ATP?
12
