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Lifespan > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

at what age should the infants weight be tripled

A

1

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2
Q

when does the posterior fontanelle close

A

2 months

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3
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close by

A

18 months

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4
Q

what do infants spend most of their calories on

A

growing their brain

it grows a lot from newborn to age 1

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5
Q

plasticity

A

the degree to which the brain can be modified through experience. Makes it possible to assign functions in case of injury.

EX- if part of brain that affects speech is injured, another part of brain can do that task

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6
Q

trust vs mistrust

A

when infants learn if caregiver are reliable

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7
Q

caregivers responsiveness to infant

A

caregivers behavior during feeding and how they comfort during stress

Because of the caregivers, children learn to feel anxious and guilty and when to feel comfortable and secure

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8
Q

environment vs biology temperament

A

environment is based on how children grow and change, intensity shifts

biology is based on basic temperamental patterns that present early and persist through development

Important for parents to realize the Childs temperament and how to help reduce

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9
Q

infant communication

A

cry elicits response from caregiver- communication

they want eye contact

object permanence

they learn cause and effect- such as they throw things and mom picks them up

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10
Q

what is object permanence and when does it occur

A

when baby is aware object exists

happens at 8/9 months

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11
Q

what age does babies start to hold things

A

5 months

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12
Q

attachment

A

emotional bond that occurs between a child and caregiver.

begins long before infant is born when mother feels baby in womb. baby recognizes voice of mother when born

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13
Q

securely attached children

A

more curious, sociable, independent and competent at ages 2-5.
more effective in coping
exhibit more highly developed social skills
generally better prepared to undertake developmental tasks of all types

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14
Q

insecurely attached children

A

difficulty adjusting, have problems with social behavior

hyperactivity and chronic stress reactions

associated w poor cognitive development

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15
Q

difference in cultural attachment between US and other cultures

A

US typically only involves parents, other cultures have a a whole family/tribe caring for infant

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16
Q

what age does separation anxiety occur

A

6 months

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17
Q

when does seperation anxiety stop occuring

A

by 18 months, memory development helps the child to remember the parents image and to trust that the parent will return after an absence

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18
Q

when will infant respond to name

A

7 months

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19
Q

when does infant say first words

A

10-13 months

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20
Q

why should infants have tummy time

A

to strengthen there neck, learn how to get head control, and eventually learn to crawl

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21
Q

2 month gross motor skills

A

lift head when on tummy, turns side to back

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22
Q

3 month old gross motor skills

A

holds head up and steady

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23
Q

5 month old gross motor skills

A

rolls stomach to back, feet to mouth

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24
Q

6 month old gross motor skills

A

rolls back to stomach

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25
Q

7 month old gross motor skills

A

sits with hands for support

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26
Q

9 month old gross motor skills

A

creeps/crawls on hands/knees

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27
Q

10/11 month old gross motor skills

A

pulls up to standing position

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28
Q

12 month old gross motor skills

A

begins walking

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29
Q

when do we get less concerned about chance of SIDS

A

6 months

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30
Q

3 months fine motor skills

A

can hold a rattle

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31
Q

4 months fine motor skills

A

brings objects to mouth (choking hazard!) , holds and shakes rattle

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32
Q

6 months fine motor skills

A

can hold bottle
(now can feed byself)

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33
Q

7 months fine motor skills

A

raking grasp, transfer toys between hands

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34
Q

9 months fine motor skills

A

pincer grasp (can pinch w fingers- feeding themself), claps hands

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35
Q

1 year old fine motor skills

A

can build 2 block tower and eat with fingers

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36
Q

newborn senses

A

can see faces when close (can only see 10-12 inches)

enjoy touch

already have smell/taste preferences

recognize sounds of voices heard before birth

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37
Q

4 month senses

A

can follow gaze

recognizes emotion

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38
Q

6 month senses

A

hear most high pitched noises

prefer sweeter smells

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39
Q

2 year senses

A

by age 2 vision has matured fully

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40
Q

when does eye focusing develop in infants

A

3-4 months

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41
Q

how does Piaget say infants learn

A

senses and motor skills

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42
Q

nutrition of infants

A

breastmilk or formula for first 4 months

can start introducing pureed foods like applesauce between 4-6 months

feed at 2-3 hour intervals

can start eating more foods after teeth growing in, but must be soft

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43
Q

benefits of breastmilk

A

contains antibodies

easy to digest

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44
Q

when to transfer infants to whole milk

A

12 months

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45
Q

when does teeth erupt

A

5-7 months

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46
Q

how do infants develop cavities before having teeth

A

mik is sugary and it sits in their mouth if they fall asleep drinking

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47
Q

weaning

A

process of shifting an infants diet from exclusively breast or bottle-feeding to eating and drinking a wider variety of foods

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48
Q

how often should growth, development, health and nutrition be checked in infants

A

every 2 months

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49
Q

how many US babies die before age 3

A

2 in 1000

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50
Q

SIDS

A

leading cause of death on US infants between 1 month and 1 year

caused by kids suffocating

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51
Q

SIDS risk factors

A

Linked to hx of being immature
being in a home where there exposed to cigarette smoke/pollution
unsafe sleeping arrangements (sharing beds, blankets)
more common in boys or if they have some respiratory illness

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52
Q

SIDS prevention

A

Prevention- keep on back, nothing in crib (no blankets, animals, etc.), avoid smoking, use pacifier at bed time (more research needs done for this)

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53
Q

shaken baby syndrome

A

brain injury or death can occur when an infant is shaken, forcing the brain to bounce in skull causing swelling, bruising and bleeds
could possibly damage nerve fibers that control breathing

Its usually out of anger/frustration from caregiver
Parent should be taught if they are frustrated put the baby down and walk away

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54
Q

top 5 causes of death in infants

A

congenital abnormalities
disorders from premature birth
maternal pregnancy complications
SIDS
unintentional injury (accidents, shaken baby syndrome)

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55
Q

what phases does early childhood consist of

A

toddler phase
preschool

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56
Q

toddler phase

A

(1-2 yo)

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57
Q

preschool phase

A

(3-6 yo)

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58
Q

why does the belly protrude around age 1

A

due to the lumbar curve. By age 3 the lumbar is straight and this goes away

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59
Q

when does the anterior fontanel close

A

18 months

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60
Q

how much does toddlers grow from birth to 2 years

A

12 inches

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61
Q

what causes brain to grow in toddlerhood

A

interaction

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62
Q

automaticity

A

when things become so automatic it’s engraved in your brain. Motor skills are done without consciously thinking about it. Develops at age 3

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63
Q

does fine or gross motor skills develop more slowly

A

fine

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64
Q

what should a 2 year old be able to do

A

run/walk
climb, push, pull and hang
starts to jump
learns to pedal tricycle
turn book one page at a time

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65
Q

when can the brain begin to multitask when a skill is developed

A

age 3

66
Q

what does a child need to toilet train

A

They need to be able to communicate they need to go to the bathroom, have control for the bladder. They need to want to

67
Q

autonomy

A

ability to make your own decisions

68
Q

what are some things toddlers can do themselves

A
  1. Pick up toys
  2. Feed themselves w hands or utensils
  3. Dressing themself
69
Q

at what age can a child have the ability to cooperate, share, help and respond empathetically

A

around age 2

70
Q

when are eating habits developed

A

early childhood

71
Q

what is the best way to get a child to eat something

A

feed them what you’re feeding

72
Q

what does it mean if a child develops receptive language before expressive

A

Understands what your saying before they can talk themselves

73
Q

when should a child have a first clear word and can respond to simple commands

A

by age 1

74
Q

when does language explosion occur

A

around 21 months

75
Q

toddlers with disabilities effect on families

A

risk of parenteral rejection
financial strain
abuse/neglect more likely
may be seen as disobediant

76
Q

what is an effective way of disclipline

A

time out if a child is bad -> one minute for each age

award good behaivor

77
Q

how often should children be physically active

A

at least 60 minutes a day

78
Q

parallel play

A

playing aside each other but not with each other. occurs in toddlers

79
Q

what can daycare help improve in ages 1-3

A

cognitive and language development

80
Q

child maltreatment

A

any form of harm to children. can be neglect or abuse

81
Q

child abuse

A

the intentional physical, psychological or sexual injuries inflicted on a child

82
Q

child neglect

A

the failure of a caregiver to care for child, usually unintentional

83
Q

failure to thrive syndrome

A

can occur in infants or toddlers

when child is fallen off the growth curve, with no evidence of disease, from malnutrition.

84
Q

5 leading causes of death in a 1-4 year old

A

unintentional injuries
birth defects
cancer
homicides
heart disease

85
Q

at what age is balance and coordination similar to an adults

A

age 4

86
Q

when does bones harden and lower body elongonates

A

preschool age

87
Q

at what age does automaticity develop

A

age 3

88
Q

at what age can a child skip

A

age 4

89
Q

when can a child hop on one foot and walk on a balance beam

A

age 5

90
Q

at what age should a child be able to write their name

A

age 5

91
Q

at what age does a child use utensils without the need to concentrate

A

age 4

92
Q

at what age are naps usually fully given up by

A

age 5 or earlier

93
Q

how many words should a 5 year old have

A

over 2000

94
Q

what does speech development reflect in preschool age

A

mental and emotional development

95
Q

is it common for preschool age to talk to themselves often

A

yes it has no concern. We want them to build communication skills and use pretend play

96
Q

why do girls sometimes have more communication skills than boys

A

play.
How they play correlates to how they communicate. Little girls have toys that are more encouraged to play with things that can interact like dolls, but boys play with things like trucks which creates less interaction

97
Q

pre-operational period

A

Piagets
ages 2-7
Uses symbols to learn. They are not quite there yet for understanding how the world works.

98
Q

what is extrinsic vs intrinsic learning

A

they are both motivations to learning

Intrinsic- do things because things feel good internally

Extrinsic- do things because they will get something out of it- like prize

99
Q

animism

A

belief in children that all things that move are alive and have human feelings

100
Q

reification

A

believing dreams and stories are real

101
Q

egocentrism

A

viewing everything as a personal POV- doesn’t understand other peoples

102
Q

symbolic representation

A

Using something to represent something else

like a rock as a rocketship

103
Q

magical thinking

A

creating illogical explanations for things that they dont understand

such “i was bad yesterday and now im sick”

104
Q

if we see a issue with kids when should we fix it

A

immediately

105
Q

head start

A

free program for young children from low income families helping them succeed

106
Q

issues seen in spectrum disorders

A

overstimulation
poor eye contact
inflexibility to new routines
limited smiling
want things in certain order

107
Q

causes of autism

A

unclear

risk factors- family history, males

108
Q

when do children learn morals

A

around preschool age
ex- sharing, self control

parents are models of this

109
Q

initiative vs guilt

A

eriksons
ages 4-6

initiative- purposefulness of young children. they want to succeed

110
Q

shame vs guilt

A

shame- viewed as more painful. comes from core identity. reflects negativity on identity

guilt- feeling about about something particular

111
Q

how do American families deal with tantrums

A

dismiss emotions and discipline

other cultures focus on problems, emotions, teaching appropriate behavior

112
Q

Hostile aggression

A

behavior intended to harm others

113
Q

instrumental aggression

A

behavior not intended to hurt another but does so accidentally

114
Q

assertiveness

A

standing up for ones rights

115
Q

prosocial behavior

A

actions intended to benefit others

116
Q

when does frustration occur

A

when goals are blocked

117
Q

who is most likely to be abused

A

youngest child
boys at younger ages, girls at older ages
african american children

118
Q

middle childhood ages

A

6-12

119
Q

focus more on fact than fantasy, forms positive self esteem, close peer relationships, begins to think abstractly, develops secondary sex characteristics

A

middle childhood

120
Q

physiological changes of middle childhood

A

Middle childhood ages have a gradual, slow growth until the pre-adolescent growth spurt (which averages age 9 in girls and age 11 in boys). Think about late elementary school when girls are all of a sudden taller than the boys.

sensory organs mature, GI tract more mature

bones are still growing

muscle strength develops

coordination improves

121
Q

how much does avg 6yo weigh

A

45 lbs

122
Q

how much does avg 12yo weigh

A

85 lbs

123
Q

what gender has growth spurt first

A

girls- age 9/10

boys is 11/12

124
Q

when does competition begin, as well as rough play

A

middle aged children

Competition is good for this age group – mentally, physically, socially. Try different sports and different activities.

125
Q

healthiest age of kids

A

middle aged
due to fewer illness, increased immunity, better nutrition, decreased stress

126
Q

what can lead to decline in physical activity in middle aged kids (6-12)

A

TV, video games, unsafe neighborhoods, lack of sidewalks, lack of supervision at home

127
Q

max amount of screen time for age 6-12

A

2 hours a day.

should be monitored for violent/sexual content

128
Q

pre-operational age

A

2-7ish

129
Q

concrete operational age

A

7ish-12

130
Q

concrete operational thinking style

A

revirsable, flexible, marked by cause and effect

they understand things if they are said/shown in different ways

131
Q

what age group uses language as a effective communication group and can express themselves verbally

A

middle ages (6-12)

132
Q

how to promote literacy in middle aged groups

A

reading, good language, peers, drawing, painting, making music, writing, field trips

133
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

An individual’s mental age is divided by chronological age, which is multiplied by 100 to eliminate the decimal point; older versions of how intelligence test scores were computed. So this makes sense because you compare people to others in same age range

134
Q

factors influencing IQ test

A

no test is perfectly reliable
doesn’t measure everything that works against a individuals success
cultural exposure
may be sick, tired, sad, etc

race is not a factor- culture is!

135
Q

In middle childhood, children must learn how to deal with:

A

The complexities of friendship and justice
Social rules and manners
Gender-role conventions
Obedience to authority
Moral law

136
Q

achievement motivation

A

An internalized need to persist toward success and excellence.

culturally based; some groups value academic achievement more than others

137
Q

social cognition

A

thought, knowledge, and understanding that involve the social world

occurs in middle childhood

138
Q

aspects of social cognition

A

social inferences
social responsibilities
social regulations

139
Q

eriksons industry vs inferiority

A

age 6-12

gains satisfactory from achieving goals- succeed= industry

kids who dont succeed fear inferiority

140
Q

how to praise children

A

Encourage tasks that are achievable but challenging
Avoid being punitive, overly demanding

be realistic

141
Q

steps of ethnic development

A

First step in forming an ethnic identity involves learning which group one belongs to

Second step is learning what it means to belong to that group

develops in early childhood!

142
Q

prejudice vs discrimination

A

Prejudice - A negative attitude formed without adequate reason and usually directed toward people because of their membership in a certain group

Discrimination - action of treating others in a prejudiced manner

143
Q

what interweaves personality and social behavior

A

social concept

children become more realistic

144
Q

what is the most important socializing influence for children in middle schoool

A

family

145
Q

when does bullying peak

A

middle childhood

146
Q

latchkey children

A

Left unsupervised after school, because both parents work

some may mature some may isolate

147
Q

should middle aged children be given honest answers about sex

A

yes

148
Q

IDEIA

A

Individuals with disabilities education with improvement act

Children who have disabilities are entitled to a free and appropriate education under the provisions of IDEIA.

149
Q

levels of intellectual disability via IQ

A

mild 55-75 can learn to 6th grade level

moderate 45-55 -needs additional schooling, unlikely to make it past grade 2

severe 25-20- needs group home

profound- under 25. needs constant supervision

150
Q

what gender is learning disorders more common in

A

boys

151
Q

dyslexia

A

involves incorrectly perceiving letters and words

152
Q

common characteristics of ADHD in children

A

Have unrelated thoughts
Not listen when spoken to
Squirms, roams, is restless
Struggles waiting a turn
Interrupts in conversations

153
Q

A person’s ideas about fairness and justice and right and wrong

A

morality

154
Q

3 phases of moral behaivor

A

knowledge
emotion
action

155
Q

piagets stages of moral development

A
  1. moral realism- all rules must be obeyed
  2. moral relativism- understanding rules are created and agreed on. morality depends on intentions
156
Q

Kohlberg moral reasoning

A

pre-conventional- based on punishments and rewards

conventional- based on social conformity

post conventional- based on moral principles

157
Q

what percent of children 6-11 is considered obese

A

18%

158
Q

Resilient children

A

Children who are able to overcome difficult environments to lead socially competent lives

159
Q

5 leading causes of death in ages 5-9

A

unintentional injuries
cancer
birth defects
homicide
heart disease

160
Q

5 leading cause of death in ages 10-14

A

unintentional injuries
suicide
cancer
birth defects
homicide

Lifespan (4 decks)

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