test 2 Flashcards
at what age should the infants weight be tripled
1
when does the posterior fontanelle close
2 months
when does the anterior fontanelle close by
18 months
what do infants spend most of their calories on
growing their brain
it grows a lot from newborn to age 1
plasticity
the degree to which the brain can be modified through experience. Makes it possible to assign functions in case of injury.
EX- if part of brain that affects speech is injured, another part of brain can do that task
trust vs mistrust
when infants learn if caregiver are reliable
caregivers responsiveness to infant
caregivers behavior during feeding and how they comfort during stress
Because of the caregivers, children learn to feel anxious and guilty and when to feel comfortable and secure
environment vs biology temperament
environment is based on how children grow and change, intensity shifts
biology is based on basic temperamental patterns that present early and persist through development
Important for parents to realize the Childs temperament and how to help reduce
infant communication
cry elicits response from caregiver- communication
they want eye contact
object permanence
they learn cause and effect- such as they throw things and mom picks them up
what is object permanence and when does it occur
when baby is aware object exists
happens at 8/9 months
what age does babies start to hold things
5 months
attachment
emotional bond that occurs between a child and caregiver.
begins long before infant is born when mother feels baby in womb. baby recognizes voice of mother when born
securely attached children
more curious, sociable, independent and competent at ages 2-5.
more effective in coping
exhibit more highly developed social skills
generally better prepared to undertake developmental tasks of all types
insecurely attached children
difficulty adjusting, have problems with social behavior
hyperactivity and chronic stress reactions
associated w poor cognitive development
difference in cultural attachment between US and other cultures
US typically only involves parents, other cultures have a a whole family/tribe caring for infant
what age does separation anxiety occur
6 months
when does seperation anxiety stop occuring
by 18 months, memory development helps the child to remember the parents image and to trust that the parent will return after an absence
when will infant respond to name
7 months
when does infant say first words
10-13 months
why should infants have tummy time
to strengthen there neck, learn how to get head control, and eventually learn to crawl
2 month gross motor skills
lift head when on tummy, turns side to back
3 month old gross motor skills
holds head up and steady
5 month old gross motor skills
rolls stomach to back, feet to mouth
6 month old gross motor skills
rolls back to stomach
7 month old gross motor skills
sits with hands for support
9 month old gross motor skills
creeps/crawls on hands/knees
10/11 month old gross motor skills
pulls up to standing position
12 month old gross motor skills
begins walking
when do we get less concerned about chance of SIDS
6 months
3 months fine motor skills
can hold a rattle
4 months fine motor skills
brings objects to mouth (choking hazard!) , holds and shakes rattle
6 months fine motor skills
can hold bottle
(now can feed byself)
7 months fine motor skills
raking grasp, transfer toys between hands
9 months fine motor skills
pincer grasp (can pinch w fingers- feeding themself), claps hands
1 year old fine motor skills
can build 2 block tower and eat with fingers
newborn senses
can see faces when close (can only see 10-12 inches)
enjoy touch
already have smell/taste preferences
recognize sounds of voices heard before birth
4 month senses
can follow gaze
recognizes emotion
6 month senses
hear most high pitched noises
prefer sweeter smells
2 year senses
by age 2 vision has matured fully
when does eye focusing develop in infants
3-4 months
how does Piaget say infants learn
senses and motor skills
nutrition of infants
breastmilk or formula for first 4 months
can start introducing pureed foods like applesauce between 4-6 months
feed at 2-3 hour intervals
can start eating more foods after teeth growing in, but must be soft
benefits of breastmilk
contains antibodies
easy to digest
when to transfer infants to whole milk
12 months
when does teeth erupt
5-7 months
how do infants develop cavities before having teeth
mik is sugary and it sits in their mouth if they fall asleep drinking
weaning
process of shifting an infants diet from exclusively breast or bottle-feeding to eating and drinking a wider variety of foods
how often should growth, development, health and nutrition be checked in infants
every 2 months
how many US babies die before age 3
2 in 1000
SIDS
leading cause of death on US infants between 1 month and 1 year
caused by kids suffocating
SIDS risk factors
Linked to hx of being immature
being in a home where there exposed to cigarette smoke/pollution
unsafe sleeping arrangements (sharing beds, blankets)
more common in boys or if they have some respiratory illness
SIDS prevention
Prevention- keep on back, nothing in crib (no blankets, animals, etc.), avoid smoking, use pacifier at bed time (more research needs done for this)
shaken baby syndrome
brain injury or death can occur when an infant is shaken, forcing the brain to bounce in skull causing swelling, bruising and bleeds
could possibly damage nerve fibers that control breathing
Its usually out of anger/frustration from caregiver
Parent should be taught if they are frustrated put the baby down and walk away
top 5 causes of death in infants
congenital abnormalities
disorders from premature birth
maternal pregnancy complications
SIDS
unintentional injury (accidents, shaken baby syndrome)
what phases does early childhood consist of
toddler phase
preschool
toddler phase
(1-2 yo)
preschool phase
(3-6 yo)
why does the belly protrude around age 1
due to the lumbar curve. By age 3 the lumbar is straight and this goes away
when does the anterior fontanel close
18 months
how much does toddlers grow from birth to 2 years
12 inches
what causes brain to grow in toddlerhood
interaction
automaticity
when things become so automatic it’s engraved in your brain. Motor skills are done without consciously thinking about it. Develops at age 3
does fine or gross motor skills develop more slowly
fine
what should a 2 year old be able to do
run/walk
climb, push, pull and hang
starts to jump
learns to pedal tricycle
turn book one page at a time
when can the brain begin to multitask when a skill is developed
age 3
what does a child need to toilet train
They need to be able to communicate they need to go to the bathroom, have control for the bladder. They need to want to
autonomy
ability to make your own decisions
what are some things toddlers can do themselves
- Pick up toys
- Feed themselves w hands or utensils
- Dressing themself
at what age can a child have the ability to cooperate, share, help and respond empathetically
around age 2
when are eating habits developed
early childhood
what is the best way to get a child to eat something
feed them what you’re feeding
what does it mean if a child develops receptive language before expressive
Understands what your saying before they can talk themselves
when should a child have a first clear word and can respond to simple commands
by age 1
when does language explosion occur
around 21 months
toddlers with disabilities effect on families
risk of parenteral rejection
financial strain
abuse/neglect more likely
may be seen as disobediant
what is an effective way of disclipline
time out if a child is bad -> one minute for each age
award good behaivor
how often should children be physically active
at least 60 minutes a day
parallel play
playing aside each other but not with each other. occurs in toddlers
what can daycare help improve in ages 1-3
cognitive and language development
child maltreatment
any form of harm to children. can be neglect or abuse
child abuse
the intentional physical, psychological or sexual injuries inflicted on a child
child neglect
the failure of a caregiver to care for child, usually unintentional
failure to thrive syndrome
can occur in infants or toddlers
when child is fallen off the growth curve, with no evidence of disease, from malnutrition.
5 leading causes of death in a 1-4 year old
unintentional injuries
birth defects
cancer
homicides
heart disease
at what age is balance and coordination similar to an adults
age 4
when does bones harden and lower body elongonates
preschool age
at what age does automaticity develop
age 3
at what age can a child skip
age 4
when can a child hop on one foot and walk on a balance beam
age 5
at what age should a child be able to write their name
age 5
at what age does a child use utensils without the need to concentrate
age 4
at what age are naps usually fully given up by
age 5 or earlier
how many words should a 5 year old have
over 2000
what does speech development reflect in preschool age
mental and emotional development
is it common for preschool age to talk to themselves often
yes it has no concern. We want them to build communication skills and use pretend play
why do girls sometimes have more communication skills than boys
play.
How they play correlates to how they communicate. Little girls have toys that are more encouraged to play with things that can interact like dolls, but boys play with things like trucks which creates less interaction
pre-operational period
Piagets
ages 2-7
Uses symbols to learn. They are not quite there yet for understanding how the world works.
what is extrinsic vs intrinsic learning
they are both motivations to learning
Intrinsic- do things because things feel good internally
Extrinsic- do things because they will get something out of it- like prize
animism
belief in children that all things that move are alive and have human feelings
reification
believing dreams and stories are real
egocentrism
viewing everything as a personal POV- doesn’t understand other peoples
symbolic representation
Using something to represent something else
like a rock as a rocketship
magical thinking
creating illogical explanations for things that they dont understand
such “i was bad yesterday and now im sick”
if we see a issue with kids when should we fix it
immediately
head start
free program for young children from low income families helping them succeed
issues seen in spectrum disorders
overstimulation
poor eye contact
inflexibility to new routines
limited smiling
want things in certain order
causes of autism
unclear
risk factors- family history, males
when do children learn morals
around preschool age
ex- sharing, self control
parents are models of this
initiative vs guilt
eriksons
ages 4-6
initiative- purposefulness of young children. they want to succeed
shame vs guilt
shame- viewed as more painful. comes from core identity. reflects negativity on identity
guilt- feeling about about something particular
how do American families deal with tantrums
dismiss emotions and discipline
other cultures focus on problems, emotions, teaching appropriate behavior
Hostile aggression
behavior intended to harm others
instrumental aggression
behavior not intended to hurt another but does so accidentally
assertiveness
standing up for ones rights
prosocial behavior
actions intended to benefit others
when does frustration occur
when goals are blocked
who is most likely to be abused
youngest child
boys at younger ages, girls at older ages
african american children
middle childhood ages
6-12
focus more on fact than fantasy, forms positive self esteem, close peer relationships, begins to think abstractly, develops secondary sex characteristics
middle childhood
physiological changes of middle childhood
Middle childhood ages have a gradual, slow growth until the pre-adolescent growth spurt (which averages age 9 in girls and age 11 in boys). Think about late elementary school when girls are all of a sudden taller than the boys.
sensory organs mature, GI tract more mature
bones are still growing
muscle strength develops
coordination improves
how much does avg 6yo weigh
45 lbs
how much does avg 12yo weigh
85 lbs
what gender has growth spurt first
girls- age 9/10
boys is 11/12
when does competition begin, as well as rough play
middle aged children
Competition is good for this age group – mentally, physically, socially. Try different sports and different activities.
healthiest age of kids
middle aged
due to fewer illness, increased immunity, better nutrition, decreased stress
what can lead to decline in physical activity in middle aged kids (6-12)
TV, video games, unsafe neighborhoods, lack of sidewalks, lack of supervision at home
max amount of screen time for age 6-12
2 hours a day.
should be monitored for violent/sexual content
pre-operational age
2-7ish
concrete operational age
7ish-12
concrete operational thinking style
revirsable, flexible, marked by cause and effect
they understand things if they are said/shown in different ways
what age group uses language as a effective communication group and can express themselves verbally
middle ages (6-12)
how to promote literacy in middle aged groups
reading, good language, peers, drawing, painting, making music, writing, field trips
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
An individual’s mental age is divided by chronological age, which is multiplied by 100 to eliminate the decimal point; older versions of how intelligence test scores were computed. So this makes sense because you compare people to others in same age range
factors influencing IQ test
no test is perfectly reliable
doesn’t measure everything that works against a individuals success
cultural exposure
may be sick, tired, sad, etc
race is not a factor- culture is!
In middle childhood, children must learn how to deal with:
The complexities of friendship and justice
Social rules and manners
Gender-role conventions
Obedience to authority
Moral law
achievement motivation
An internalized need to persist toward success and excellence.
culturally based; some groups value academic achievement more than others
social cognition
thought, knowledge, and understanding that involve the social world
occurs in middle childhood
aspects of social cognition
social inferences
social responsibilities
social regulations
eriksons industry vs inferiority
age 6-12
gains satisfactory from achieving goals- succeed= industry
kids who dont succeed fear inferiority
how to praise children
Encourage tasks that are achievable but challenging
Avoid being punitive, overly demanding
be realistic
steps of ethnic development
First step in forming an ethnic identity involves learning which group one belongs to
Second step is learning what it means to belong to that group
develops in early childhood!
prejudice vs discrimination
Prejudice - A negative attitude formed without adequate reason and usually directed toward people because of their membership in a certain group
Discrimination - action of treating others in a prejudiced manner
what interweaves personality and social behavior
social concept
children become more realistic
what is the most important socializing influence for children in middle schoool
family
when does bullying peak
middle childhood
latchkey children
Left unsupervised after school, because both parents work
some may mature some may isolate
should middle aged children be given honest answers about sex
yes
IDEIA
Individuals with disabilities education with improvement act
Children who have disabilities are entitled to a free and appropriate education under the provisions of IDEIA.
levels of intellectual disability via IQ
mild 55-75 can learn to 6th grade level
moderate 45-55 -needs additional schooling, unlikely to make it past grade 2
severe 25-20- needs group home
profound- under 25. needs constant supervision
what gender is learning disorders more common in
boys
dyslexia
involves incorrectly perceiving letters and words
common characteristics of ADHD in children
Have unrelated thoughts
Not listen when spoken to
Squirms, roams, is restless
Struggles waiting a turn
Interrupts in conversations
A person’s ideas about fairness and justice and right and wrong
morality
3 phases of moral behaivor
knowledge
emotion
action
piagets stages of moral development
- moral realism- all rules must be obeyed
- moral relativism- understanding rules are created and agreed on. morality depends on intentions
Kohlberg moral reasoning
pre-conventional- based on punishments and rewards
conventional- based on social conformity
post conventional- based on moral principles
what percent of children 6-11 is considered obese
18%
Resilient children
Children who are able to overcome difficult environments to lead socially competent lives
5 leading causes of death in ages 5-9
unintentional injuries
cancer
birth defects
homicide
heart disease
5 leading cause of death in ages 10-14
unintentional injuries
suicide
cancer
birth defects
homicide
