Test 2 Flashcards
Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called
Isotopes
The smallest particle that retains all of the chemical properties of an element is called a(n)
Atom
The smallest chemical unit that has all the properties of a particular compound is called a(n)
Molecule
The mass number of an atom is
The # of protons and neutrons
What type of weak bond results from asymmetry in charge distribution
Vanderwaals
What type of bond forms from the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Covalent
What type of bond forms the strongest chemical bonds and compounds that tend to be strong with great hardness?
Covalent
Based on the definition of a mineral, being a naturally occurring solid, formed by inorganic processes, with a characteristic crystal structure and s specific chemical composition, which materials will be classified as minerals?
Ice and quartz
Why is steel not considered a mineral?
Because it is man made
To which group do most minerals in the Earth’s crust belong?
Silicate
The property of a mineral to resist scratching is referred to as
Hardness
The property of a mineral that relates how heavy it is for its size is referred to as
Specific gravity
Which element is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?
Oxygen
Which of the following is the hardest silicate structure?
Framework
Which rock sample above is held together by naturally forming cement?
B
Which rock sample is formed from cooling and solidifying magma?
A
A neutron is a positively charged particle with an atomic mass of 1, that resides in the nucleus of an atom.
False; neutral-not charged
Ionic bonds are the strongest chemical bonds, and elements and compounds with ionic bonds (such as diamond) tend to be strong and hard.
False
The color of a mineral is not necessarily useful in identification.
True
Minerals can be described in terms of two kinds of features: assemblage and texture.
True
An atom that has an excess positive or negative electrical charge caused by the loss or addition of an electron is called a(n)
Ion
To be considered a mineral, a naturally occurring inorganic solid must have a specific chemical composition and a characteristic ______ structure.
Crystalline
The property of ______ is a mineral’s resistance to scratching.
Hardness
Some minerals break along specific directions of weakness in their crystal structures. This property of a mineral to break in this predictable way is referred to as______.
Cleavage
The _____ of a mineral is the color of the mineral when powdered, which is usually accomplished in soft minerals by rubbing the sample against an unglazed porcelain plate.
Streak
What is the difference between magma and lava?
Magma is found inside and lava is found outside
The Hawaiian Islands are composed of what type of volcanoes?
Shield volcanoes
The degree to which a substance resists flow is known as _______.
Viscosity
Large, loose pyroclasts welded together during an eruption are known as
Tuff
The igneous rock in the figure below has what type of texture
Glassy
A _______ is a mixture of molten and solid rock
Fractional melt
The composition of most magma is 45%-75% ________ by weight.
Silica
What is the name of a fine-grained, felsic igneous rock?
Rhyolite
Igneous rocks that cool underground from a magma are known as _______.
Intrusive
The person in the figure below was a victim of a pyroclastic flow.
True
Beneath the surface, rocks completely melt at about 1000ºC.
False; 1800-2000*C
The presence of higher amounts of water usually results in the lowering of the melting temperature.
True
Small pyroclasts welded together during an eruption results in the formation of a tuff.
True
Hawaiian eruptions are extremely violent and produce large pyroclastic flows.
False
Igneous rocks high in feldspars and quartz are known as felsic rocks.
True
A volcanic neck is a remnant of a pipe that once fed magma to the vent
True
Pumice forms from the slow cooling of lava that froths and bubbles
False; fast
Crater Lake in Oregon is the remnants of a stratovolcano named Mount Mazama.
True
Vulcanian eruptions are not very explosive and only release ash 5km into the air.
Fale; pretty explosive and 10km
Devil’s Postpile near Mammoth, California is a good example of a volcanic neck.
True
Shield volcanoes can commonly extend more than 10 km in height from their bases.
True
_______ is the process that occurs when newly formed crystals are lighter than magma and float to the top of the magma chamber
Crystallization
Sulfur dioxide, which is released during volcanic eruptions, forms small droplets in the atmosphere called _______.
Sulfuric acid
The most violent volcanic eruptions in history are classified as _______ eruptions.
Plinian
When magma is injected horizontally between layers and solidifies, a _______ forms.
Sill
A mafic, phaneritic rock is properly named _______.
Gabbro
The eruption of _______ in 1815 resulted in the “year without a summer”
Tamboura
The three reasons that rocks melt are (1) _________________________, (2) _______________________, (3) ________________________________.
Increase temperature, decrease in pressure, and adding of a flux
Basalt and granite differ in ___
Granite Felix in composition and extrusive. Granites is intrusive
Granite and rhyolite are similar in __
They are both felsic
The figure below shows an example of _______.
Sheet jointing (exfoliation)
A member of this family of hydrous alumino-silicate minerals is generally referred to as a _
Clay
The small spaces between mineral grains are called _
Pores
The uppermost soil horizon that contains a high amount of organic matter is known as the _____ horizon.
O
Organic
The _______ layer is the deepest layer of soil that consists of parent rock material in various stages of weathering.
C
A _______ is a fracture in the rock in which no appreciable movement has occurred.
Joint
A type of chemical weathering in which minerals react with dissolved oxygen in water is known as
Oxidation
Dissolution is a good example of mechanical weathering.
False; frost weathering
Anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen contribute to chemical weathering.
True
The splitting of rocks due to the repeated freezing and thawing is known as root wedging.
False; frost wedging
Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock by physical processes that involves chemical alteration.
False
The wearing away of bedrock and transportation of loosened particles is known as erosion.
True
The uppermost layer of regolith that can support rooted plants is known as soil.
True
Some plants can be responsible for mechanical weathering
True
The _______ layer in a soil profile is known as the zone of accumulation
B
Rich soils with a distinct E-horizon usually support ______
Forests
