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Geology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called

A

Isotopes

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1
Q

The smallest particle that retains all of the chemical properties of an element is called a(n)

A

Atom

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2
Q

The smallest chemical unit that has all the properties of a particular compound is called a(n)

A

Molecule

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3
Q

The mass number of an atom is

A

The # of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What type of weak bond results from asymmetry in charge distribution

A

Vanderwaals

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5
Q

What type of bond forms from the sharing of electrons between atoms?

A

Covalent

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6
Q

What type of bond forms the strongest chemical bonds and compounds that tend to be strong with great hardness?

A

Covalent

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7
Q

Based on the definition of a mineral, being a naturally occurring solid, formed by inorganic processes, with a characteristic crystal structure and s specific chemical composition, which materials will be classified as minerals?

A

Ice and quartz

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8
Q

Why is steel not considered a mineral?

A

Because it is man made

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9
Q

To which group do most minerals in the Earth’s crust belong?

A

Silicate

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10
Q

The property of a mineral to resist scratching is referred to as

A

Hardness

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11
Q

The property of a mineral that relates how heavy it is for its size is referred to as

A

Specific gravity

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12
Q

Which element is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

Which of the following is the hardest silicate structure?

A

Framework

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14
Q

Which rock sample above is held together by naturally forming cement?

A

B

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15
Q

Which rock sample is formed from cooling and solidifying magma?

A

A

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16
Q

A neutron is a positively charged particle with an atomic mass of 1, that resides in the nucleus of an atom.

A

False; neutral-not charged

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17
Q

Ionic bonds are the strongest chemical bonds, and elements and compounds with ionic bonds (such as diamond) tend to be strong and hard.

A

False

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18
Q

The color of a mineral is not necessarily useful in identification.

A

True

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19
Q

Minerals can be described in terms of two kinds of features: assemblage and texture.

A

True

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20
Q

An atom that has an excess positive or negative electrical charge caused by the loss or addition of an electron is called a(n)

A

Ion

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21
Q

To be considered a mineral, a naturally occurring inorganic solid must have a specific chemical composition and a characteristic ______ structure.

A

Crystalline

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22
Q

The property of ______ is a mineral’s resistance to scratching.

A

Hardness

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23
Q

Some minerals break along specific directions of weakness in their crystal structures. This property of a mineral to break in this predictable way is referred to as______.

A

Cleavage

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24
Q

The _____ of a mineral is the color of the mineral when powdered, which is usually accomplished in soft minerals by rubbing the sample against an unglazed porcelain plate.

A

Streak

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25
Q

What is the difference between magma and lava?

A

Magma is found inside and lava is found outside

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26
Q

The Hawaiian Islands are composed of what type of volcanoes?

A

Shield volcanoes

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27
Q

The degree to which a substance resists flow is known as _______.

A

Viscosity

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28
Q

Large, loose pyroclasts welded together during an eruption are known as

A

Tuff

29
Q

The igneous rock in the figure below has what type of texture

A

Glassy

30
Q

A _______ is a mixture of molten and solid rock

A

Fractional melt

31
Q

The composition of most magma is 45%-75% ________ by weight.

A

Silica

32
Q

What is the name of a fine-grained, felsic igneous rock?

A

Rhyolite

33
Q

Igneous rocks that cool underground from a magma are known as _______.

A

Intrusive

34
Q

The person in the figure below was a victim of a pyroclastic flow.

A

True

35
Q

Beneath the surface, rocks completely melt at about 1000ºC.

A

False; 1800-2000*C

36
Q

The presence of higher amounts of water usually results in the lowering of the melting temperature.

A

True

37
Q

Small pyroclasts welded together during an eruption results in the formation of a tuff.

A

True

38
Q

Hawaiian eruptions are extremely violent and produce large pyroclastic flows.

A

False

39
Q

Igneous rocks high in feldspars and quartz are known as felsic rocks.

A

True

40
Q

A volcanic neck is a remnant of a pipe that once fed magma to the vent

A

True

41
Q

Pumice forms from the slow cooling of lava that froths and bubbles

A

False; fast

42
Q

Crater Lake in Oregon is the remnants of a stratovolcano named Mount Mazama.

A

True

43
Q

Vulcanian eruptions are not very explosive and only release ash 5km into the air.

A

Fale; pretty explosive and 10km

44
Q

Devil’s Postpile near Mammoth, California is a good example of a volcanic neck.

A

True

45
Q

Shield volcanoes can commonly extend more than 10 km in height from their bases.

A

True

46
Q

_______ is the process that occurs when newly formed crystals are lighter than magma and float to the top of the magma chamber

A

Crystallization

47
Q

Sulfur dioxide, which is released during volcanic eruptions, forms small droplets in the atmosphere called _______.

A

Sulfuric acid

48
Q

The most violent volcanic eruptions in history are classified as _______ eruptions.

A

Plinian

49
Q

When magma is injected horizontally between layers and solidifies, a _______ forms.

A

Sill

50
Q

A mafic, phaneritic rock is properly named _______.

A

Gabbro

51
Q

The eruption of _______ in 1815 resulted in the “year without a summer”

A

Tamboura

52
Q

The three reasons that rocks melt are (1) _________________________, (2) _______________________, (3) ________________________________.

A

Increase temperature, decrease in pressure, and adding of a flux

53
Q

Basalt and granite differ in ___

A

Granite Felix in composition and extrusive. Granites is intrusive

54
Q

Granite and rhyolite are similar in __

A

They are both felsic

55
Q

The figure below shows an example of _______.

A

Sheet jointing (exfoliation)

56
Q

A member of this family of hydrous alumino-silicate minerals is generally referred to as a _

A

Clay

57
Q

The small spaces between mineral grains are called _

A

Pores

58
Q

The uppermost soil horizon that contains a high amount of organic matter is known as the _____ horizon.

A

O

Organic

59
Q

The _______ layer is the deepest layer of soil that consists of parent rock material in various stages of weathering.

A

C

60
Q

A _______ is a fracture in the rock in which no appreciable movement has occurred.

A

Joint

61
Q

A type of chemical weathering in which minerals react with dissolved oxygen in water is known as

A

Oxidation

62
Q

Dissolution is a good example of mechanical weathering.

A

False; frost weathering

63
Q

Anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen contribute to chemical weathering.

A

True

64
Q

The splitting of rocks due to the repeated freezing and thawing is known as root wedging.

A

False; frost wedging

65
Q

Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock by physical processes that involves chemical alteration.

A

False

66
Q

The wearing away of bedrock and transportation of loosened particles is known as erosion.

A

True

67
Q

The uppermost layer of regolith that can support rooted plants is known as soil.

A

True

68
Q

Some plants can be responsible for mechanical weathering

A

True

69
Q

The _______ layer in a soil profile is known as the zone of accumulation

A

B

70
Q

Rich soils with a distinct E-horizon usually support ______

A

Forests

Geology (3 decks)

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