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Principles > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What dose response relationship is used for skin erythema and hematologic depression?

A

Linear, threshold

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2
Q

The model for ALARA has what type of dose-response relationship?

A

Linear, nonthreshold

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3
Q

What does response relationship is used for radiation therapy?

A

Nonlinear, threshold

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4
Q

When performing a portable x-ray, the patient’s skin should be at least ______ below the collimator/

A

30 cm

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5
Q

Studies consist of observations and statistical analysis of data, such as the incidence of disease within groups of people.

A

Epidemiology

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6
Q

Carcinogenesis is

A

the formation of cancer

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7
Q

Who reviews regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides to include those recommendations in US radiation protection criteria?

A

NCRP

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8
Q

There are ____ major organizations responsible for evaluating the relationship between radiation EqD and induced biologic effects.

A

Four

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9
Q

Every diagnostic imaging system must have a protective tube housing and

A

correctly functioning control panel

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10
Q

Who provides limits for occupational dose limits and public dose limits?

A

ICRP

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11
Q

_______ is the most significant late stochastic effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation.

A

Cancer

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12
Q

Diagnostic x-rays are considered to have a

A

Linear, nothreshold

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13
Q

A lead-lined metal diagnostic-type protective tube housing is required to protect the patient and imaging personnel from

A

Off-focus

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14
Q

Which organization reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment?

A

NRC-BEIR

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15
Q

The housing enclosing the x-ray tube must be constructed so that the radiation leakage through any portion of the housing away from the useful beam, measured at a distance of ____m from the x-ray source, does not exceed ____ mGy/hr when the tube is operated at its highest voltage at the highest current that allows continuous operation.

A

1.0. 0.88

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16
Q

_______ means that below a certain radiation level or dose, no biologic effects are observed.

A

Threshold

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17
Q

Which organization mandates that every facility have a Radiation Safety Committee

A

NRC

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18
Q

Who develops the Radiation Safety Program?

A

Radiation Safety Officer

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19
Q

The radiographic examination table must be

A

As radiolucent as possible

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20
Q

Cancer and genetic defects are examples of?

A

Stochastic effects

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21
Q

When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increase with advancing age in the population, the risk sis considered to be?

A

Relative

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22
Q

______ indicates that a radiation absorbed dose of any magnitude has the capability of producing a biologic effect.

A

Nonthreshold

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23
Q

Biologic response is not directly related to radiation dose.

A

Nonlinear

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24
Q

Most types of cancer have this type of dose-response relationship.

A

Nonlinear

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25
Q

Most types of cancer have this type of dose-response relationship.

A

Linear, nonthreshold

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26
Q

______ is currently the predominant x-ray beam limitation device.

A

Collimator

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27
Q

Which type of radiation is not useful for imaging?

A

Compton

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28
Q

This portion helps prevent electric shock.

A

Protective tube housing

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29
Q

The protective tube housing helps prevent what from leaking.

A

Off-focus radiation

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30
Q

This portion helps prevent excess radiation form reaching the patient.

A

X-ray tube window

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31
Q

This radiation is emitted from the tube after passing through an aperture

A

Primary useful beam

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32
Q

The code of standards for diagnostic x-ray equipment states that a machine must have which of the following?

A

Beam limitation devices for spot films on fluoroscopy

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33
Q

T/F: The control panel or console must have visible mA and kVp digital readouts that permits the operator to assess exposure conditions.

A

True

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34
Q

To minimize skin exposure using a standard x-ray unit, a patients skin should be at least ______ form the collimator.

A

15cm

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35
Q

Alignment differences between x-ray light and light beams must not exceed _______ of the SID.

A

2%

36
Q

“Indicates the ratio of the risk of stochastic effects attributable to irradiation of a given organ or tissue (T) to the total risk when the whole body is uniformly irradiated.”

A

Tissue weighting factor

37
Q

___________ restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam so it doesn’t exceed the size of the selected image receptor.

A

Positive beam limitation

38
Q

Grids

A

increase the energy of the beam

39
Q

Insulating oil surrounding the tube is an example of

A

inherent filtration

40
Q

T/F: Embryologic effects is an example of late effect ionizing radiation.

A

True

41
Q

The is a high probability that as single dose of approximately _____ will induce the formation of cataracts.

A

2.0 Gy

42
Q

_______ is a late tissue reaction.

A

Organ atrophy

43
Q

Radiation induced genetic abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to

A

DNA molecules on the sperm or ova of an adult

44
Q

This is an example of a late tissue reaction to ionizing radiation.

A

Cataract formation

45
Q

During Compton scattering, an incident x-ray photon strikes which type of electron?

A

Outer

46
Q

During Compton, after an incident x-ray interacts with an atom the x-ray then

A

Continues in a different direction

47
Q

In a collimator, one set of shutters are placed as close to the actual focal spot as possible reduction of?

A

Off-focus radiation

48
Q

No conclusive proof exists that low-level ionizing radiation exposure below _______ causes a significant increase in the risk of malignancy.

A

0.1 GY

49
Q

T/F: Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation.

A

True

50
Q

T/F: All tissues and organs have the same sensitivity to ionizing radiation.

A

False

51
Q

Radiation induced cataracts follow a _______ type of dose response.

A

Nonlinear, threshold

52
Q

T/F: If an organ has a higher tissue weighting factor, it means that organ is less sensitive to radiation.

A

False

53
Q

Inherent filtration provides the same amount of filtration as how many millimeters of aluminum?

A

0.5mm

54
Q

The collimator mirror is equal to how many millimeters of aluminum?

A

1.0mm

55
Q

T/F: Inherent and added filtration combine to meet required amount necessary, called total filtration.

A

True

56
Q

A minimum of _____ aluminum equivalent total filtration is required for fixed radiographic units operating at above 70 kVp.

A

2.5mm

57
Q

A mathematical equation is done to find the cumulative effective dose for a radiation worker, what is that equation?

A

Age x 10 mSv

58
Q

The the embryo receives a high-dose of radiation during the first 12 weeks to equivalent doses above _____, fetal death or severe congenital abnormalities may occur.

A

200 mSv

59
Q

What defines beam quality numerically?

A

Half value layer

60
Q

Radiation induced cancer may take ______ or more years to develop in humans.

A

5

61
Q

T/F: The physical appearance of cancer induced by ionizing radiation does not appear different than a cancer caused by other agents.

A

True

62
Q

When using a compensating filter such as a wedge filter, do you put the thicker end of the filter towards the less dense or more dense portion of the part?

A

Less dense

63
Q

Leukemia occurs approximately _____ years after exposure to ionizing radiation.

A

2

64
Q

The ALARA concept adopts an extremely conservative middle concerning the relationship between

A

Ionizing radiation and potential risk

65
Q

If a certain dose of radiation produces a skin burn, a higher dose of radiation will cause the skin to burn more severely, however; a dose below the threshold level for skin burn will

A

Not demonstrate the effect

66
Q

Radiation workers annual occupational effective dose limit is ______ in any given year.

A

50 mSv

67
Q

When looking at SI numbers, a low SI number out of range indicates?

A

The image is overexposed

68
Q

In a fluoro unit, the input phosphor does what?

A

converts x-rays to light

69
Q

In a fluoro unit, what receives electrons from the photocathode?

A

Output phosphor

70
Q

In magnification mode on a fluoro unit the voltage on the electrostatic lens is _______.

A

Increased

71
Q

________ is the ratio of input area to the output area of the image intensifier.

A

Minification gain

72
Q

During a fluoro exam the radiologist uses pulsed fluoroscopy, this will of what to patient dose?

A

Decrease patient dose

73
Q

What is the limit for nonoccupational exposed personnel per year?

A

5 mSv

74
Q

Grids with higher ratios contain more lead strips, they also _____ patient dose and ______ scatter.

A

Increase; Decrease

75
Q

For an 8:1 grid, the conversion factor used is?

A

4

76
Q

What is the minimum SSD for a mobile radiography unit?

A

30 cm

77
Q

Aliasing is an image artifact that

A

has a jagged or sawtooth appearance of curved or diagonal lines

78
Q

This is made of amorphous silicon, converts x-ray energy into visible light.

A

Scintillator

79
Q

T/F: When using a CR reader, the x-ray beam passes through the patient and deposited onto a PSP and then the absorbed energy produces a latent image composed of PSP molecules and excited electrons.

A

True

80
Q

For non-digital fluoroscopic unit a HVL of 3 to 4.5 mm aluminum is considered acceptable when kVp ranges from _______.

A

80-100

81
Q

Pregnant female radiation workers can not exceed ______ per month and no more than ______ throughout the entire pregnancy.

A

0.5 mSv, 5.0 mSv

82
Q

During fluoro procedures with extended time, the FDA has recommended that a notation can be placed on the patient’s record if a skin dose in the range of _______ is received.

A

1-2 Gy

83
Q

A Fluoro unit must have this type of switch

A

Deadman switch

84
Q

For fluoroscopic units the current federal standard limit for entrance skin exposure rates have a maximum of _________.

A

88 mGy/min

85
Q

According to the Health Effects article on Deterministic and Stochastic effects, deterministic effects occur after a _______ dose is reached, meaning that a dose below this are not expected to cause the particular effect.

A

Threshold

86
Q

According to the Health Effects article on deterministic and stochastcis effects “the severity of the effect does not depend on the dose. It has an all-or-none response”

A

Stochastic

87
Q

In 1929 a US Department of Labor study reported 33 cases of radium poisoning among this job. These worker put bristles in their mouths to bring the bristles to a point for painting.

A

Radium dial painters

Principles (6 decks)

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