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Comparative Anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Unit of muscle structure that is composed of bundles of myofibrils, enclosed with a sarcolemma, and surrounded by endomysium is a

A

muscle fiber

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2
Q

muscle that assists the agonist is called the

A

synergist

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3
Q

Dome-shaped muscle contracts to increase the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity for inhalation

A

Diaphragm

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4
Q

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg:

A

dorsiflex and extend the toes

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5
Q

Which muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?

A

vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

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6
Q

Thumb opposition is caused by the contraction of

A

opponens pollicis

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7
Q

Which muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity and extend the thigh and flex the leg?

A

Hamstring muscles

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8
Q

Which muscle causes plantar flexion of the foot?

A

gastrocnemius

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9
Q

Which cerebral lobes is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?

A

parietal lobe

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10
Q

Which brain structure has pyramids and olives?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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11
Q

The tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is called the

A

Conus medullaris

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12
Q

What cerebellar peduncles connect the pons to the cerebellum?

A

Middle

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13
Q

The meningeal layer immediately deep to the subdural space is the

A

arachnoid mater

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14
Q

The radial nerve originates from which plexus?

A

Brachial

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15
Q

Gray Matter is primarily composed of

A

Cell Bodies and Dendrites

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16
Q

Where are tertiary (3rd order) neurons of spinal tracts typically found?

A

Extending between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

The lens is in which tunic of the eye?

A

Vasculosa

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18
Q

The functional muscle group that produces the most force during a joint action

A

Prime mover (agonist)

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19
Q

The functional muscle group that relaxes to give prime mover control of the action

A

Antagonist

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20
Q

Which functional group prevents movement of a bone?

A

Fixator

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21
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

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22
Q

Name the neuroglia of the CNS:

A

Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, Microglia, Astrocytes

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23
Q

What muscles comprise the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

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24
Q

Name the neuroglia of the PNS:

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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25
The muscles of the erector spine
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
26
Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Lateral Ventricles -> interventricular foramen -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> central canal of spinal cord & subarachnoid space
27
Cranial Meninges
Dura Mater Subdural space Arachnoid Mater Subarachnoid space Pia Mater
28
What is unique about Cranial Dura Mater?
There are two layers to dura mater forming : falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli
29
Cerebellum is connected to brainstem by :
Cerebellar Peduncles
30
Superior peduncle connects the cerebellum to the
midbrain
31
Middle peduncle connects the cerebellum to the
pons
32
Inferior peduncle connects the cerebellum to the
medulla oblongata
33
White matter mostly consists of
Bundles of axons and it forms tracts that connect parts of the brain (projection tracts, commissural tracts and association tracts)
34
What is often referred to as "the gateway to the cerebrum"?
The Thalamus (diencephalon)
35
Parts of Basal Nuclei
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
36
Parts of the midbrain
cerebral aqueduct, central gray area, cerebral peduncles, superior cerebellar peduncles, tegmentum, substantia nigra, tectum (2 superior & 2 inferior colliculi)
37
What is the corpus callosum
thick area of commissural tracts connecting right and left hemispheres
38
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central Sulcus
39
The lateral sulcus/fissure separates the temporal lobe from which two lobes?
Frontal and parietal
40
The longitudinal fissure separates what?
It divides the brain into right and left cerebral hemispheres
41
Motor (Efferent) Nerves carry signals...
from CNS to muscles and glands
42
Sensory (Afferent) Nerves carry signals...
from sensory receptors to CNS
43
What are the direct pathways of the Descending Motor Nerve Tracts?
Corticospinal and Corticobulbar
44
Corticospinal Tract
Precise limb movements Upper Motor: descend & decussate in spinal cord Lower Motor: extends from spinal cord to periphery
45
Corticobulbar Tract
Facial movements Upper Motor: synapse with cranial nerve Lower Motor: cranial nerves' innervate facial muscles
46
What are the indirect pathways of Descending Motor Nerve Tracts?
Tectospinal, Reticulospinal and Vestibulospinal
47
What are the nerves of the Cervical Plexus?
Phrenic nerve
48
What are the nerves of the Brachial Plexus?
Axillary, radial musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median
49
What are the nerves of the Lumbar Plexus?
Obturator and Femoral
50
What are the nerves of the Sacral Plexus?
Tibial & Common Fibular Nerve ( SCIATIC NERVE)
51
What are the nerves of the Coccygeal Plexus?
Coccygeal Nerve
52
The phrenic nerve innervates...
Diaphragm, skin of neck
53
The axillary nerve innervates...
Teres minor and Deltoid muscles skin of inferior lateral shoulder
54
The musculocutaneous nerve innervates..
Biceps brachii, coracobrachalis, and brachialis muscles Skin of forearm on thumbside
55
The median nerve innervates...
Most of forearm muscles, thenar group & lateral 2 lumbricals Skin of hand and fingers
56
The radial nerve innervates...
Muscles of posterior arm and forearm skin of posterior arm and forearm 2/3 of back of hand
57
The ulnar nerve innervates...
Anterior forearm and hand muscles skin of part of hand
58
The obturator nerve innervates...
Medial thigh muscles and skin of inner thigh
59
Femoral Nerve innervates...
Sartorius, quadriceps femoris, iliopsoas skin of anterior and lateral thigh & medial leg and foot
60
The tibial nerve (of sciatic nerve) innervates...
hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior & plantar flexors
61
Common fibular nerve (of sciatic nerve) innervates...
biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, extensor leg muscles lateral and anterior skin of leg and dorsum of foot (top of foot)
62
Reflex arc
Stimulation -> Afferent nerve -> interneurons -> efferent nerve -> response
63
Stretch Reflex
Monosynaptic Patella reflex/Knee Jerk "reciprocal inhibition" prevents muscles from working against one another
64
Golgi Tendon Reflex
produces sudden relaxation of muscles to prevent injury
65
Withdrawal Reflex
quick contraction of flexor muscles causing withdrawal of limb (so extensor muscle is relaxed by reciprocal innervation) Crossed extensor reflex is only in lower limbs and is when one lower limb is reflexed, the other extends
66
Outer ear
auricle, auditory meatus, tympanic membrane
67
Middle ear
ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
68
Inner ear
cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule
69
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
Temporalis, masseter, medial & lateral pterygoids

Comparative Anatomy (3 decks)

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