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Comparative Anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Unit of muscle structure that is composed of bundles of myofibrils, enclosed with a sarcolemma, and surrounded by endomysium is a

A

muscle fiber

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2
Q

muscle that assists the agonist is called the

A

synergist

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3
Q

Dome-shaped muscle contracts to increase the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity for inhalation

A

Diaphragm

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4
Q

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg:

A

dorsiflex and extend the toes

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5
Q

Which muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?

A

vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

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6
Q

Thumb opposition is caused by the contraction of

A

opponens pollicis

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7
Q

Which muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity and extend the thigh and flex the leg?

A

Hamstring muscles

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8
Q

Which muscle causes plantar flexion of the foot?

A

gastrocnemius

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9
Q

Which cerebral lobes is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?

A

parietal lobe

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10
Q

Which brain structure has pyramids and olives?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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11
Q

The tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is called the

A

Conus medullaris

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12
Q

What cerebellar peduncles connect the pons to the cerebellum?

A

Middle

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13
Q

The meningeal layer immediately deep to the subdural space is the

A

arachnoid mater

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14
Q

The radial nerve originates from which plexus?

A

Brachial

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15
Q

Gray Matter is primarily composed of

A

Cell Bodies and Dendrites

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16
Q

Where are tertiary (3rd order) neurons of spinal tracts typically found?

A

Extending between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

The lens is in which tunic of the eye?

A

Vasculosa

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18
Q

The functional muscle group that produces the most force during a joint action

A

Prime mover (agonist)

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19
Q

The functional muscle group that relaxes to give prime mover control of the action

A

Antagonist

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20
Q

Which functional group prevents movement of a bone?

A

Fixator

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21
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

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22
Q

Name the neuroglia of the CNS:

A

Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, Microglia, Astrocytes

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23
Q

What muscles comprise the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

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24
Q

Name the neuroglia of the PNS:

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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25
Q

The muscles of the erector spine

A

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

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26
Q

Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Lateral Ventricles -> interventricular foramen -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> central canal of spinal cord & subarachnoid space

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27
Q

Cranial Meninges

A

Dura Mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid Mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia Mater

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28
Q

What is unique about Cranial Dura Mater?

A

There are two layers to dura mater forming : falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli

29
Q

Cerebellum is connected to brainstem by :

A

Cerebellar Peduncles

30
Q

Superior peduncle connects the cerebellum to the

A

midbrain

31
Q

Middle peduncle connects the cerebellum to the

A

pons

32
Q

Inferior peduncle connects the cerebellum to the

A

medulla oblongata

33
Q

White matter mostly consists of

A

Bundles of axons and it forms tracts that connect parts of the brain

(projection tracts, commissural tracts and association tracts)

34
Q

What is often referred to as “the gateway to the cerebrum”?

A

The Thalamus (diencephalon)

35
Q

Parts of Basal Nuclei

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

36
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct, central gray area, cerebral peduncles, superior cerebellar peduncles, tegmentum, substantia nigra, tectum (2 superior & 2 inferior colliculi)

37
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

thick area of commissural tracts connecting right and left hemispheres

38
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central Sulcus

39
Q

The lateral sulcus/fissure separates the temporal lobe from which two lobes?

A

Frontal and parietal

40
Q

The longitudinal fissure separates what?

A

It divides the brain into right and left cerebral hemispheres

41
Q

Motor (Efferent) Nerves carry signals…

A

from CNS to muscles and glands

42
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Nerves carry signals…

A

from sensory receptors to CNS

43
Q

What are the direct pathways of the Descending Motor Nerve Tracts?

A

Corticospinal and Corticobulbar

44
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

Precise limb movements
Upper Motor: descend & decussate in spinal cord
Lower Motor: extends from spinal cord to periphery

45
Q

Corticobulbar Tract

A

Facial movements
Upper Motor: synapse with cranial nerve
Lower Motor: cranial nerves’ innervate facial muscles

46
Q

What are the indirect pathways of Descending Motor Nerve Tracts?

A

Tectospinal, Reticulospinal and Vestibulospinal

47
Q

What are the nerves of the Cervical Plexus?

A

Phrenic nerve

48
Q

What are the nerves of the Brachial Plexus?

A

Axillary, radial musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median

49
Q

What are the nerves of the Lumbar Plexus?

A

Obturator and Femoral

50
Q

What are the nerves of the Sacral Plexus?

A

Tibial & Common Fibular Nerve ( SCIATIC NERVE)

51
Q

What are the nerves of the Coccygeal Plexus?

A

Coccygeal Nerve

52
Q

The phrenic nerve innervates…

A

Diaphragm, skin of neck

53
Q

The axillary nerve innervates…

A

Teres minor and Deltoid muscles
skin of inferior lateral shoulder

54
Q

The musculocutaneous nerve innervates..

A

Biceps brachii, coracobrachalis, and brachialis muscles
Skin of forearm on thumbside

55
Q

The median nerve innervates…

A

Most of forearm muscles, thenar group & lateral 2 lumbricals
Skin of hand and fingers

56
Q

The radial nerve innervates…

A

Muscles of posterior arm and forearm
skin of posterior arm and forearm
2/3 of back of hand

57
Q

The ulnar nerve innervates…

A

Anterior forearm and hand muscles
skin of part of hand

58
Q

The obturator nerve innervates…

A

Medial thigh muscles and skin of inner thigh

59
Q

Femoral Nerve innervates…

A

Sartorius, quadriceps femoris, iliopsoas
skin of anterior and lateral thigh & medial leg and foot

60
Q

The tibial nerve (of sciatic nerve) innervates…

A

hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior & plantar flexors

61
Q

Common fibular nerve (of sciatic nerve) innervates…

A

biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, extensor leg muscles
lateral and anterior skin of leg and dorsum of foot (top of foot)

62
Q

Reflex arc

A

Stimulation -> Afferent nerve -> interneurons
-> efferent nerve -> response

63
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

Monosynaptic
Patella reflex/Knee Jerk
“reciprocal inhibition” prevents muscles from working against one another

64
Q

Golgi Tendon Reflex

A

produces sudden relaxation of muscles to prevent injury

65
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A

quick contraction of flexor muscles causing withdrawal of limb (so extensor muscle is relaxed by reciprocal innervation)
Crossed extensor reflex is only in lower limbs and is when one lower limb is reflexed, the other extends

66
Q

Outer ear

A

auricle, auditory meatus, tympanic membrane

67
Q

Middle ear

A

ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

68
Q

Inner ear

A

cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule

69
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis, masseter, medial & lateral pterygoids

Comparative Anatomy (3 decks)

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