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Sectional Anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What muscle forms the superior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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2
Q

What is the name of the vertical white line that extends from the xiphoid to the symphysis pubis?

A

Linea alba

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3
Q

what horizontal plane marks the vertebral level L1?

A

Transpyloric plane

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4
Q

what are the two planes that dive the abdomen into quadrants?

A

Horizontal transumbilical plane and the vertical median plane

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5
Q

What bones form the skeleton of the abdomen?

A

Lumbar vertebrae

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6
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end in the adult?

A

L1-L2

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7
Q

What hiatus is in the central tendon of the diaphragm?

A

Caval hiatus

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8
Q

What muscle of the anterolateral abdominal wall has fibers that extend vertically from the symphysis pubis to the xiphoid?

A

Rectus abdominis muscle

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9
Q

What is the most medial muscle of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas muscle

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10
Q

Name the three unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery

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11
Q

Name the three paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Suprarenal, renal, and gonadal arteries

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12
Q

At L4 the abdominal aorta divides into what two vessels?

A

Right and left common iliac arteries

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13
Q

Through what opening and at what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava pass from the abdomen into the mediastinum?

A

Caval hiatus of the diaphragm at the T8 vertebral level

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14
Q

What two vessels join to form the inferior vena cava?

A

Right and left common iliac arteries

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15
Q

Superior to its formation, what veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava?

A

common iliac veins, lumbar veins, right gonadal vein, renal vein, right suprarenal vein, inferior phrenic, and hepatic veins

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16
Q

At the level of the origin of the superior mesenteric artery, what is the artery’s relationship to the splenic vein and left renal vein?

A

The splenic vein is anterior and the left renal vein is posterior

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17
Q

What is the difference between the mesentery and the omentum?

A

Mesentery is peritoneum that encloses the intestine and attaches it to the posterior abdominal wall. Omentum is peritoneum associated with the stomach

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18
Q

What term is used to describe the location of organs in the abdominal cavity that has peritoneum only on the anterior surface?

A

Retroperitoneal

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19
Q

What anatomical structure marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver on the anterior surface?

A

Falciform ligament

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20
Q

On the visceral surface of the liver, what separates the posterior caudate lobe from the more anterior caudate lobe?

A

Porta hepatis

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21
Q

What two vessels bring blood into the liver? Which has a higher oxygen content?

A

The hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein. The hepatic artery has a higher oxygen content

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22
Q

What lobe of the liver is marked on the right margin by the gallbladder?

A

Quadrate lobe

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23
Q

At what vertebral level does the esophagus penetrate the diaphragm?

A

T10

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24
Q

What region of the stomach typically is most superior?

A

Fundus

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25
Q

What peritoneal structure is attached to the left and inferior margins of the stomach?

A

Greater omentum

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26
Q

What portion of the small intestine encloses the head of the pancreas?

A

Duodenum

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27
Q

What regions of the small intestine are enclosed in the peritoneum and are highly mobile?

A

Jejunum and Ileum

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28
Q

What portions of the large intestine are retroperitoneal?

A

Ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum

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29
Q

The appendix is attached to what region of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

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30
Q

In which of the nine abdominal region is the spleen located?

A

Left hypochondriac region

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31
Q

What two veins join to form a single vein posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

A

Splenic and superior mesenteric vein

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32
Q

What three muscles are closely related to the posterior surface of the kidneys?

A

Diaphragm, quadratus lumborum, and the psoas muscles

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33
Q

What glandular structure is associated with the superior pole of the kidneys?

A

Suprarenal gland

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34
Q

In transverse sections through the upper abdomen, what vessel is anterior to the inferior vena cava?

A

Left hepatic vein

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35
Q

In transverse sections near the T10 vertebral level, what lobe of the liver is between the inferior vena cava and ligamentum venosum?

A

Caudate lobe

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36
Q

What are the relative positions of the vessels and the ducts in the porta hepatis?

A

Hepatic arteries and ducts are anterior to the portal vein. Hepatic ducts are to the right of the hepatic arteries

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37
Q

In transverse sections through the gallbladder, what is between it and the ligamentum teres?

A

Quadrate lobe

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38
Q

In transverse sections at the L1-L2 vertebral level, what vessel is along the anterior surface of the pancreas?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

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39
Q

In transverse sections through the head of the pancreas, what structure is adjacent to the pancreas on the right?

A

2nd part of duodenum

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40
Q

What is the most predominant organ seen in the sagittal section through the ascending colon?

A

Right lobe of the liver

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41
Q

In sagittal sections through the gallbladder, what structure is posterior to the gallbladder?

A

2nd part of duodenum

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42
Q

In sagittal sections through the head of the pancreas, what specific portion of the duodenum is superior to the pancreas, and what part is inferior?

A

1st is superior and 3rd is inferior

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43
Q

Is a sagittal section through the inferior vena cava on the right side or the left side of the midline?

A

Right side

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44
Q

Is the abdominal aorta typically to the right of the left of the inferior vena cava?

A

Left

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45
Q

In sagittal sections through the abdominal aorta, what are the relationships of the left renal vein to the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Left renal vein passes horizontally across the aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery, just inferior to where the superior mesenteric artery branches from the aorta

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46
Q

In the left parasagittal sections, what is the relationship of the spleen to the stomach and the left kidney?

A

Spleen is posterior to the stomach and superior to the left kidney

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47
Q

What organs are located most posteriorly in the abdomen, which makes them visible in posterior coronal sections through the vertebral canal?

A

Right lobe of liver, spleen, and kidneys

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48
Q

In coronal sections through the abdomen, what muscle is adjacent to the vertebral bodies?

A

Psoas muscles

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49
Q

In coronal sections through the abdomen, what blood vessels are usually located along the superior margin of the pancreas?

A

Splenic artery and vein

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50
Q

In coronal sections through the anterior abdomen, what organ is visualized on the left side?

A

Stomach

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51
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the pelvis major?

A

Pelvic brim

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52
Q

what articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum?

A

Ilium

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53
Q

What bones form the os coxa?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

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54
Q

Where do the three bones of the os coxa meet?

A

Acetabulum

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55
Q

What muscle forms the lateral wall of the pelvis minor?

A

Obturator internus

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56
Q

What muscle fills the greater sciatic notch?

A

Piriformis

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57
Q

What are the two muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Levator Ani and Coccygeus

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58
Q

What muscle of the perineum extends from the ischial tuberosity to the central tendon?

A

Transversus Perinea

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59
Q

What blood vessel provides drainage from the pelvic viscera?

A

Internal iliac veins

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60
Q

What branch of the sacral plexus innervates the perineum and external anal sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

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61
Q

In the male, the rectouterine pouch is a peritoneal cul-de-sac between what two organs?

A

Rectum and seminal vesicles

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62
Q

In the female, the urinary bladder rests on the pelvic floor, but in the male, another organ is between the bladder and the pelvic floor. What is this organ?

A

Prostate gland

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63
Q

What three openings form in the corners of the trigone in the urinary bladder?

A

Two for the ureters and one for the internal urethral orifice

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64
Q

What is the most proximal portion of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra

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65
Q

What is the largest peritoneal ligament that supports the uterus?

A

Broad ligament

66
Q

when the uterus is in a normal position, in what direction is the fundus pointed?

A

Anteriorly

67
Q

What portion of the uterus projects downward into the vagina?

A

Cervix

68
Q

Which of the two fornices of the vagina is closely related to the rectouterine pouch?

A

Posterior fornix

69
Q

what is another term for the vulva?

A

Pudenum

70
Q

What glands are included as vestibular glands?

A

Paraurethral glands and greater vestibule glands

71
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that surrounds the testes and extends inward to divide the testes into lobules?

A

Tunica albuginea

72
Q

What bundle of structures extends from the testes to the inguinal canal?

A

Spermatic cord

73
Q

What is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system?

A

prostate gland

74
Q

What erectile tissue forms the two dorsal cylinders in the body of the penis?

A

Corpus cavernosum

75
Q

What portion of the root of the penis is anchored to the urogenital diaphragm?

A

Bulb

76
Q

In transverse sections through the uterus, what is the space between the inferior vena cava and the rectum?

A

Rectouterine pouch

77
Q

In transverse sections through the sacroiliac joint, which is present: The inferior vena cava or the common iliac veins?

A

Common iliac veins

78
Q

In transverse sections through the urinary bladder in the female, what portion of the reproductive system may be present between the bladder and the rectum?

A

Cervix

79
Q

In a midsagittal section through the female pelvis, what structure is bent over the superior surface of the urinary bladder?

A

Uterus

80
Q

In coronal sections through the uterus, what is the space between the uterus and the urinary bladder?

A

Vesicouterine pouch

81
Q

In transverse sections through the seminal vesicles, which is more medial: The uterus or the ductus deferens?

A

Ductus deferens

82
Q

In transverse sections through the prostate gland, what portion of the urinary tract is present?

A

Prostatic urethra

83
Q

In transverse sections through the root of the penis, what muscle is associated with the bulb?

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

84
Q

In midsagittal sections of the male pelvis, what glandular structure is posterior to the urinary bladder?

A

Seminal vesicles

85
Q

In coronal sections through the prostate gland and root of the penis, what portions of the root are on both sides of the bulb?

A

Crura of corpus cavernosum

86
Q

How many bones are in each upper extremity?

A

30

87
Q

What is the function of the muscle group that extends from the trunk to the scapula?

A

Move the scapula

88
Q

Muscles that adduct and abduct the arm insert on what bone?

A

Humerus

89
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the axilla?

A

Scapula and subscapularis muscle

90
Q

What blood vessels are located in the axilla?

A

Axillary artery and vein

91
Q

What is the primary function of the muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Extend at the elbow

92
Q

What is the largest muscle in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Biceps brachii

93
Q

What two nerves are associated with the brachial artery in the medial intermuscular septum of the arm?

A

Median and ulnar nerve

94
Q

Where is the cubital fossa located?

A

Anterior side of the elbow joint

95
Q

What is the most lateral structure within the cubital fossa?

A

Radial artery

96
Q

What significant vein is located in the superficial fascia that overlies the cubital fossa?

A

Median cubital artery

97
Q

In the forearm, what separates the muscles into the anterior and posterior compartments?

A

Radius, ulna, and the interosseous membrane

98
Q

In general, the muscles in the anterior compartment have what function?

A

flex hand and fingers

99
Q

What are the two major arteries in the forearm?

A

Radial and ulnar artery

100
Q

what is the largest nerve in the forearm?

A

Median nerve

101
Q

What fibrous connective tissue sheet forms a bridge over the carpal groove?

A

Flexor retinaculum

102
Q

What nerve is on the lateral side of the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve

103
Q

What muscle appears in the transverse sections through the proximal region of the arm but does not appear in the distal region?

A

Coracobrachialis

104
Q

What superficial vein is present in the medial intermuscular septum of the arm?

A

Basilic vein

105
Q

What muscles are present in the anterior muscle compartment of transverse sections through the distal regions of the arm?

A

Biceps brachii and brachialis

106
Q

In transverse section through the proximal forearm, what artery is superficial on the lateral side?

A

Radial artery

107
Q

In transverse sections through the distal forearm, what superficial vein is on the same side as the ulnar artery?

A

Basilic vein

108
Q

What are the four features of a “typical” synovial joint?

A

Synovial membrane, joint capsule, articular cartilage, and joint cavity with synovial fluid

109
Q

What structures form an arch over the shoulder joint to help prevent superior displacement?

A

Acromion and coracoid processes of the scapula and the coracoacromial ligament

110
Q

What are the three capsular ligaments that reinforce the joint capsule of the shoulder?

A

Transverse humeral ligament, coracohumeral ligament, and glenohumeral ligament

111
Q

Most shoulder dislocations occur in what direction: Superiorly, inferiorly, medially, or laterally? why?

A

Inferiorly because there is little support

112
Q

What tendon is located in the bicipital groove of the humerus?

A

Tendon for the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

113
Q

In transverse sections through the head of the humerus, what muscle occupies the space between the spine and the coracoid process of the scapula?

A

Supraspinatus muscle

114
Q

what types of movements are permitted by the radioulnar articulation?

A

Pronation and suonation

115
Q

In addition to the radioulnar articulation, what other two articulations are enclosed by the joint capsule of the elbow?

A

Humeroulnar and humeroradial

116
Q

The stability of the elbow joint depends on what two capsular ligaments?

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

117
Q

In sagittal sections through the medial portion of the elbow joint, what are the articulation surfaces?

A

Trochlear notch of the ulnar and humerus

118
Q

In sagittal sections through the medial portion of the elbow joint, what two muscles are evident in the anterior surface, and which one is superficial?

A

Brachialis and biceps brachii muscles. Biceps brachii is superficial

119
Q

In sagittal sections through the lateral portion of the elbow joint, what are the articulation surfaces?

A

Head of radius and capitulum of humerus

120
Q

In the adult, what bones provide the connection between the lower extremity and the axial skeletons?

A

Os coxae

121
Q

What are the boundaries of the gluteal regions?

A

Iliac crest and lower margin of the gluteus maximus muscle

122
Q

What is the most lateral muscle in the gluteal region?

A

Tensor fasciae latae

123
Q

What muscles in the gluteal region originates in the pelvis and then passes through the greater sciatic notch to insert on the femur?

A

Piriformis muscle

124
Q

What is the osseous component of the thigh?

A

Femur

125
Q

What are the four muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris

126
Q

What are the general functions for the muscles in the medial component of the thigh?

A

Adduct the thigh

127
Q

What is the most lateral muscle in the hamstring group?

A

Biceps femoris

128
Q

What provides most of the arterial blood supply to the thigh?

A

Femoral artery

129
Q

What are the two major nerves in the thigh?

A

Femoral and sciatic nerve

130
Q

What structures form the boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament, adductor longus muscle, and sartorius muscle

131
Q

What two bones provide the osseous structure of the leg?

A

Tibia and fibula

132
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the toes

133
Q

Name two muscles in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastoscnemius and soleus muscles

134
Q

What artery and nerve descend through the leg between the tibialis posterior and soleus muscles?

A

Posterior tibial artery and tibial nerve

135
Q

Where is the popliteal fossa located?

A

Behind the knee

136
Q

What structures form the margins of the popliteal fossa?

A

diverging tendons of the hamstrings and the lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius muscle

137
Q

What is the largest bone in the tarsus?

A

Calcaneus

138
Q

How many bones form the instep of the foot?

A

5

139
Q

What is the hallux?

A

big toe

140
Q

In transverse sections through the proximal femur, what is the most superficial muscle in the medial compartment?

A

Gracilis muscle

141
Q

Describe how the position of the sartorius muscle changes in the proximal and distal regions?

A

In proximal regions, the sartorius muscle is in the anterior compartment but crosses obliquely as it descends, and is on the medial side with the gracilis in distal regions

142
Q

In transverse sections through the proximal leg, near the popliteal fossa, what osseous elements are present?

A

Lateral and medial condyle of the tibia and head of the fibula

143
Q

In transverse sections through the midcalf region, what two muscles are anterior to the interosseous membrane?

A

Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles

144
Q

what are the two osseous components of the coxal joint?

A

Acetabulum and head of femur

145
Q

What is the small depression of the head of the femur where the ligamentum teres femoris attaches?

A

Fovea capitis

146
Q

What structure closes the acetabular notch?

A

Transverse acetabulur ligament

147
Q

What type of membrane lines the fibrous joint capsule of the hip?

A

Synovial membrane

148
Q

Name three ligaments that reinforce the fibrous joint capsule of the hip?

A

Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral

149
Q

What two nerves are visible in the sections of the hip?

A

Femoral nerve and sciatic nerve

150
Q

In transverse sections through the acetabulum, what muscle is closely related to the sciatic nerve in the sciatic notch?

A

Piriformis muscle

151
Q

In sagittal sections through the acetabulum, what is the superior to inferior arrangement of the deep lateral rotator muscles?

A

Piriformis muscle, gemellus muscle, quadratus femoris

152
Q

In coronal sections through the acetabulum, what two muscles close the gap of the obturator foramen?

A

Obturator externus and obturator internus

153
Q

In coronal sections through the acetabulum, which is more medial, the pectineus muscle or the gracilis muscle?

A

Gracilis muscle

154
Q

What type of cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the knee joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage

155
Q

Where are the menisci located in the knee?

A

Between the femoral condyles and the tibial plateaus

156
Q

What ligament of the knee are intracapsular?

A

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

157
Q

In addition to stabilizing the joint, muscular support associated with the knee has what junction?

A

Move leg at knee joint

158
Q

In sagittal sections through the lateral region of the knee joint, what ligament extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity?

A

Patellar ligament

159
Q

In coronal sections through the knee joint, what ligaments are located in the space between the lateral and medial condyles of the femur?

A

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

160
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the talocrural articulation?

A

Trochlea and the talus with the distal tibia, talus with the medial malleolus of the fibula, and talus with the medial malleolus of the tibia

161
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the subtalar joint of the ankle?

A

Three facets of the talus with the calcaneus

162
Q

What musculotendinosus structure provides support to the popliteal region of the ankle?

A

Achilles tendon

Sectional Anatomy (4 decks)

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