test 2 Flashcards
Discovery of New World- Native americans playing sports
1500’s
Settling the New World
1600’s
Colonies fight for independence/expansion
1700’s
Era of Good Feeling
1800’s
Colonial period
New England Colonies
Sports, Physical Education and Dance- Associated with religious ceremonies, festive celebrations and social relaxation
- Prominent in the life of Native Americans
Most popular sport was
baggataway (lax)
serves as a source of motivation and pride, preparation for war, pursuit of game animals and delivery of messages
footraces
Kicking a ball for 25 miles
footraces
women played this- similar to field hockey
Shinny
pulling a stick over frozen lakes
Snow Snake
Came in search of new life, adventure and religious freedom
Massachusetts (Pilgrims)
Puritan Work Ethic
all work no play, sunday was idle day
who followed a puritan work ethic
- Massachusetts (Pilgrims)
Prohibited sporting activities such as sledding, football, dancing, swimming, ninepins, shuffleboard
Massachusetts (Pilgrims)
Strong desire to set up schools
Massachusetts (Pilgrims)
1st public school (massachusetts)
Boston Latin School
First university
Harvard
Absolutely no Sunday amusements and Games for children had moral teachings
Massachusetts (Pilgrims)
were a major social center in Massachusetts
Taverns
led by dutch and german
New York (New Amsterdam)
Came to the New World with a strong commercial spirit – wealth seekers
New York (New Amsterdam)
Good food, drink & gambling – lots of festivals!
New York (New Amsterdam)
Bowling (ninepins), tennis, cricket, horseracing, ice skating
New York (New Amsterdam)
○ Had a strong family and community values as well as frugality and diligence
○ Set an early precedent for sport
New York (New Amsterdam)
Came in search of religious freedom
Pennsylvania
Quakers: Society of Friends (William Penn)
Pennsylvania
Quakers was owned by
William Penn
This territory welcomed settlers from several European countries (Sweden, Germany, France, Scotland, Ireland)
Pennsylvania
education of youth
- Wrote 2 books
Ben Franklin
Peace loving - ice skate, swim, hunt & fish
Pennsylvania
Economic opportunity rather than for religious freedom
Virginia
Tobacco main crop
Virginia
was most popular sport in Virginia
Horse racing
Physical activity embraced
Virginia
African slaves provided labor & were jockeys and boxers
Virginia
- Popular activities: foxhunting, horse racing, hunting, fishing, rowing, cock fighting, boxing, shooting matches, and dancing
○ Strongly influenced by the english
Virginia
These were the American version of English pubs, German beer halls and European inns.
taverns/ inns
American boxers were called [ ] – strongly influenced by the English; matches staged by slave owners
“pugilists”
Matches were between slaves of one land to another
“pugilists”
1st well known pugilist
Tom Molineaux
1st great american boxed
Tom Molineaux
○ Born a slave in 1784; won his freedom by fighting in 1809 (25 years old) but only if he won
○ He left for England and under Bill Richmond’s tutelage began serious training.
○ The British fighters often used adopted false names so that losses would not be so embarrassing.
○ Only ended when one fighter gave up
Tom Molineaux
Who did Tom Molineaux train under
Bill Richmond
Molineaux went to England in 1810 to fight the British champion [ ]
Tom Cribb
the world heavyweight champion in front of more than 20,000 fans. Billed as the “fight of the century.
Tom Cribb
The Era of Good Feeling
1800 to 1860
track and field was called
athletics
amateur sports were
rowing and boxing
ball games consisted of
cricket, baseball, football
Popular in established cities
Gambling made it controversial
Banned in many northern cities
Became more popular in the south
Rich horse owners
**Importing/breeding/training of horses for racing
Slave jockeys & trainers
Horse racing
Opened a national race horse in
washington DC
Even though legal before 1823, horse racing did not capture the hearts of Americans until the famous 1823 race between
Eclipse (North) and Sir Henry (South).
[ ] became popular when horse racing declined in the 1830’s (many people owned trotters while only the wealthy could afford thoroughbred racehorses).
Harness racing (or trotting)
horse racers used to run [ ] mile heats
4
Sir henry lost to
eclipse
- Greatest rider in American thoroughbred horse racing
- hand rider rather than a whip rider
- 1st victory in 1875; in 1884, won six races on four different horses, including the Kentucky Derby; in 1890, became the first rider to win three Kentucky Derbies
Isaac Murphy
died of heart failure in 1896 at age 35
Isaac Murphy
Latter part of 19th century, [ ] was both a popular pastime and a serious competitive sport
cycling
The first “superstar” of cycling
Marshall (Major) Taylor
educated on plantation, had a bicycle, performing stunts on it
Marshall (Major) Taylor
Moved from Indianapolis to Massachusetts because of racism when he was 17; however, the League of American Wheelmen (LAW) enacted a “whites only” rule – membership
Marshall (Major) Taylor
Story of how he had to race!–> had to race from start to finish in order to not be hit off his bike
Marshall (Major) Taylor
[ ] created baseball in 1839 in Cooperstown, NY – this story was created by Albert Spalding (former major league pitcher and sporting goods magnate)
Abner Doubleday
[ ] thought baseball should have an American pedigree and this would ultimately help his profit in his sporting goods store.
Spalding
1791 law in Pittsfield, MA prohibiting baseball within [ ] of town hall
80 yards
Establish rules for play
Moved their field to the Elysian Fields in Hoboken, NJ
Begins play as an “organized club”
Alexander Cartwright and his friends “The Knickerbockers”
Rules Alexander Cartwright and the Knickerbockers
Rules included:
* 9 players on the field
* Bases 90 feet apart
* Game consisted of 21 counts (outs)
with change after 3 outs
* Ball must be “pitched for the bat”
site of 1st organized baseball game
Elysian Fields
Teams form throughout NJ area
Adult recreational sport for “gentlemen”
1858: Games between “all star” teams (admission charged)
Players ran the league (no owners).
People began to pay to see
Prior to the Civil War: Baseball
- Known mostly in New England
Played by “gentlemen”
During the Civil War: Baseball
- Played by soldiers in both Union and Confederate Armies
Spontaneous games to pass time and some documented games between companies/regiments.
As a result of the Civil War: Baseball
- Was spread across the country
- Was spread to be played by all social classes (not only “gentlemen”)
Become recognized as “The National Pastime”
physically and socially
Reconstruction
electricity, telephone, printing press, radio, moving pictures
technology
Comes from a black face character who performed song and dance (derogatory)
Jim Crow Laws
Plessy vs. Ferguson
○ Homer Plessy sat in a white only train car
○ Ferguson put him in jail for 20 days
□ Plessy went to LA supreme court
□ Plessy then went to US supreme court
- Separate but equal
Baseball spread by [ ] during Civil War
soldiers
baseball was called [ ] after the civil war
the national pastime
An American professional baseball catcher who is credited with being one of the first black men to play in the MLB
Moses Fleetwood Walker
Walker played in the minor leagues until 1889, and was the last African-American to participate on the major league level before [ ] broke baseball color barrier in 1947.
Jackie Robinson
he became a successful businessman and inventor after his baseball career
Moses Fleetwood Walker
In 1871, National Association of Professional Base Ball Clubs is formed; became [ ] in 1876
National League
responsible for getting sport league of owned teams together; wanted to make money; signed players to contracts; had teams in the larger cities (philly, St. louis, NY); required a membership fee and rules if you forfeit a game, you are out of the league
W.A. Hulbert & A.G. Spalding
Tried to “clean up professional baseball”
WA Hulbert and AG Spalding
In 1882, American Association of Base Ball Clubs is formed; [ ] in 1901
American League
Difference between American League and National League
American League was a rougher, wilder league
Ned Cuthbert ran from 1st to 2nd without waiting for the batter to get a hit in 1863
Deadball era
Pitching changes in Deadball era
- Underhand pitching to make the batter miss
- Overhand pitching
threw the first curve ball
Candy Cummings
[ ] were not a part of the strategy in the deadball era
Bunts
Nicknamed the “Georgia Peach”
Ty Cobb
○ Defined the rough and tumble style of play
○ Baseball’s meanest player
○ Best of the Dead Ball Era
Ty Cobb
Denton True (real name)
Cy Young
○ Pitched for 5 different teams
In 1956, annual award created voted to most effective pitcher in each of the two leagues
Cy Young
Cy Young was nicknamed [ ] because of the speed of his fastball.
Cyclone “Cy”
Major concern of 19th century Americans was
health
Before then the physicians were the [ ]
physical educators
Foundation of the attitudes toward health was: “mens sana in corpore sano” translated as
“ a healthy mind resides in a healthy body”
immigrants>Turnverein >Jahn
Charles Follen and charles beck
created Harvard’s 1st gym
Charles Follen
Created round hill school
charles beck
Round Hill School, - Northhampton, MA, 1823
Fitness-based rationale
- Charles Beck (hired to teach Latin & gymnastics)
The start of school Physical Education
German immigrants in Mass and NY bring gymnastics/volksturnen to the US, form exercise groups
“Turner Societies”
Charles Follen Follower of Jahn and friend of Beck
- Hired to teach German at Harvard
- Opens turnplatz there, introduces German Gymnastics to Harvard students
- Boston opens first public gymnasium in US, hires Follen to run it
Gymnastics in colleges and public gymnasiums
□ Young men’s christian association
1st that began to train physical educators
YMCA Training School (Springfeild, MA)
□ Womens college to tulane
Beginning to specific kinds of training
Newcomb College (Tulane University)
Colleges/Universities get into the business of training PE teachers (shift away from liberal arts)
YMCA Training School (Springfield, MA)and Newcomb College (Tulane University)
The first “PE leaders/thinkers emerge”
Dudley Sargent and William Anderson
designs strength training equipment, founds “Harvard Fatigue Lab”)
Dudley Sargent
organizes meeting of college PE faculty to discuss the “Battle of the Systems”
William Anderson, M.D. in 1885
□ Owned his own school
□ Implementing this own training into his school
□ Recruited by harvard to head their physical education department
Dudley Sargent
□ Director of “Harvard Fatigue Lab”
First exercise physiology lab
Dudley Sargent
Father of Exercise Physiology
Dudley Sargent
Director of school
William Anderson
Organizes meeting for physical education faculty
William Anderson
□ Forms association AFORD
- Changes to SHAPE
Still alive today Maintained mission and growth
William Anderson
□ Director of another school
□ Hosted a conference - to share ideas
Debated different philosophers and what pe programs should look like for different ages
Amy Morris Homans
Society views discouraged [ ] from participating in physical education
women
Clothing women wore restricted movement
- Couldn’t show arm, had to wear skirts
women in athletics
Exercise (vigorous activity) would have negative impacts on [ ] for women
fertility
sports appropriate for women
croquet, doubles tennis
§ Teacher at colleges for women (female seminaries)–> Teaches her students calisthenics
□ Jumping jacks, squats, running in place
Catherine Beecher
Promotes exercise for women
Connects exercise to religious responsibility
She took up exercises because she had health problems
Physician told her to and it changed her life
Catherine Beecher
Became advocate of exercise for women
Catherine Beecher
Very first philosophy people had toward fitness
Changed over years
Catherine Beecher
Another seminary
Included daily walking into the routine
Exercise was a religious responsibility (Leon and Beecher)
Mary Leon
Responsible for popularizing the dance movement
Margret H’doubler
Appeal to youth through sport and exercise
YMCA
§ Through exercise and sport, youth can learn values, and hear
□ You can still learn values through sport and physical activities today
□ Teamwork, discipline, cooperation
YMCA
Public speaker, fitness promoter, exercise leader
Exercise classes using beanbags, dumbbells, calisthenics
1861: Opens “Boston Normal Institute for PE” (Boston)
(preparation of 1st PE teachers)
Dio Lewis (homeopathic physician)
Department of Hygiene and Physical Education
Edward Hitchcock, MD as first faculty member
Amherst College (MA)
no person could be excluded from any program receiving federal money
Title IX - 1972
PE made available to every child regardless of disability
PL 94-142 - 1975
USOC create programs for disabled
Amateur Sports Act - 1978
Muscular Christianity
YMCA
Had the vision to make american land National parks to preserve them for centuries
-College football just started up during his presidency
- Lots of death and injuries
-Got people together to make football safer
President Theodore Roosevelt
1st employee of Amherst COllege
Edward Hitckcock MD
Youth programs with Educators and religious leaders supported health and social values
YMCA’s , Boys club , Pee Wee
Youth programs with Educators and religious leaders supported health and social values
YMCA’s , Boys club , Pee Wee
1st ever football game
Princeton vs. Rutgers (1869)
football Teams were called
“campus clubs”
Father of American Football
Walter Camp
how many players used to be on a football team
25
how many players are on a football team now
11
Marking the field
Grid Iron
one big thing about football rules
no passing ball
Flying wedge strategy
hitting as hard as you can
Baseball originated in [ ], but it was more recreational before college/pro
New york
Football originates in [ ]and then spreads out to pro/youth sports
colleges
1st association of football
Intercollegiate association for football (4 years after 1st game)
1st big rivalry in football
Harvard vs Yale
faculty coach became obsolete fairly quickly
Mens athletics
LSU coach taught Kinesiology and coached women’s basketball and volleyball
Women’s athletics
1st college athletic conference
League of IV
1st bowl game
Rose Bowl (1902)
President Theodore Roosevelt intervened in football in
1906
urged to examine football and make changes, money-making potential
Meeting of universities with FB (1906)
Intercollegiate Athletic Association formed in 1906 becomes the
NCAA (1910)
eally good recruiter, started a national T&F field at Notre Dame
Amos Alonzo Stagg-
risky pass bc if touched and not caught it would be a fumble, if dropped it would be an immediate turnover
Forward pass
why was passing not used much
“fat” football was hard to throw and it was a high risk play
if you drop pass it is
incomplete pass
if you drop ball it is a
fumble
if you kick ball it is a
turnover
football is established as the
college sport
[ ] becomes America’s team
Notre Dame
travels across the US to play and promotes Notre Dame via the press
Knute Rockne
American Professional Football League forms in
1920
was a big name, ppl knew him, legitimizes professional football
Jim Thorpe
George Halas buys Decatur team, moves it to Chicago
Harold “Red” Grange (The Galloping Ghost)
what is so significant about Harold “Red” Grange (The Galloping Ghost))
-Stars at University of Illinois; best known college player of the time
-Signs with Bears
-Barnstorming tour; Grange gets ½ of the gate
-Thousands attend
-Pro FB legitimized
organized first tournament
James Dwight
Father of American Tennis
James Dwight
Davis cup is named after
Dwight Davis
an american tennis player who created the challenge with the Davis cup
Dwight Davis
french called tennis
tenez
where did french play tennis
inside
brought tennis to America in 1874
Mary Outerbridge
who invented basketball
James Naismith
when was basketball created
1891
what were the baskets used for basketball
peach baskets
how many ppl used to play basketball
9 on each team
how long was a basketball game
2 15 minute halves
if ball went out of bounds, who got it
whoever went and got it
Introduced basketball to women and modified rules
3 zones
6 or 9 players on a team
Stealing not allowed
Senda Berenson, Smith College
netting that extended from ceiling that kept ball in play
cagers
how was basketball spread
How the game was spread:
(1) Visitors to YMCA Training School
(2) YMCA Newsletter
(3) YMCA graduates
the 2nd sport of YMCA
volleyball
when was volleyball founded
1895
who founded volleyball
William Morgan, Holyoke MA YMCA
what was volleyball called
Minonette (or mintonette)
how tall was the volleyball net
6’6” net
who invented the set and spike
Philippines
The Filipinos developed the “bomba” or kill, and called the hitter a [ ]
“bomberino”
who introduced Smith College to basketball
Senda Berenson
was there a limit on how many hits volleyball could hit before they hit it over
no
