test 1 Flashcards
What are sources of historical info?
primary, secondary
things that have been written about primary (books, pictures)
secondary
why study history
people are interpreting history differently
gives us the Depiction of athletic feet and Represents the culture of the time and how they value athleticism
Great works of literature such as The Iliad and The Odyssey
The thoughts and ideas of ancient philosophers like Socrates and Plato
The role they had in connection with sports/games/play
Great architectural monuments like the pyramids of Egypt, the Parthenon in Athens or the Colosseum in Rome
monuments
Sport is the larger domain
Game is under sport
Play is under game
All sport is play, but not all play is sport
In French, the word de(s)porter has its roots in the Latin word deportare, which mean
“to amuse oneself”
Modern term first used in England around A.D. 1440
Origin of the word is Latin and French
Grew throughout England referring to competition in the form of games, individual athletic exploits and hunting.
Sport
play Has three fundamental characteristics:
- Play is intrinsically motivated
-Play involves the temporary suspensions of normal/ typical reality
-Play involves internal locus of control
- Somewhat more organized effort at play, where the organized and playful elements of the activity become more evident; an occurrence
Game
“a play activity which has explicit rules…the element of opposition or contest, recognizable boundaries in time and sometimes in space, and a sequence of actions which is essentially “repeatable” every time the game is played”.
game
is a pattern
sport
○ Continuity: refers to the longevity of the game
○ Division of roles
○ Dynamic interaction with an audience
○ Supporting establishment( sponsors)
sport
the study of change, over time
History
the study of how sport has changed (or not) over time
Sport history
“just the facts”
Objective
Detailed account of what happened in the past
Descriptive
Provides the who, what, when and where of the past
Descriptive
Attempts to explain the how and the why of events of what happened in the past
Interpretive
Introduces the narrator’s perspective into the interpretation
Interpretive
explains and interprets the changes that took place in American sport more than a hundred years ago and continue to occur
Modernization theory
involves where ppl live
Urbanization and industrialism
Fine-tune knowledge of diet and exercise to
help achieve peak performance.
The scholarly study of sport and physical education will continue to investigate the link between
exercise and health (diet).
things in greece that are still common
- Continue to build monuments
-Athletes will continue their quest to achieve victory, sometimes no matter the cost.
-* Performances will inspire, entertain, and disappoint.
No other civilization embraced athletic competition and intellectual development as did the ancient [ ]
Greeks.
Various athletic contests and games were carried to mainland [ ] by merchant sailors from distant lands
Greece
And through military expeditions, the { ] adopted some of the ways of their conquered enemies, including games and sports that appealed to them.
Greeks
Two opposing ideas of thought (regarding physical education in Greece)
naturalistic and antinaturalistic
Man should have a balanced program – harmonious balance among spiritual, intellectual and physical
naturalistic
Both physical education and intellectual education should be incorporated
naturalistic
Held that physical education was a servant to the intellectual process – held the mind in higher esteem than the body
antinaturalistic
- Left no written material
- Formulated philosophy based on dualism (the separation of the mind and the body)
socrates
Socrates pupil; after Socrates death argued for a harmonious relationship between the mind and body; although harmonious does not imply equality.
plato
Wants only the best type of citizen – no patience for all physical and no intellect (dull and boring) and vice versa (soft and effeminate)
plato
Supported the need for modern physical education/kinesiology programs.
plato
studied with Plato for 20 years; tutored Alexander the Great when he was 13 years old
aristotle
aristotle Started his own school,
The Lyceum
Belief that the health of the soul/mind was contingent on a healthy body, that PE (gymnastics) was necessary as well as grammar, music and drawing.
aristotle
Ancient Greece:
The Birthplace of Western Civilization
776BC - 400AD
- Extremely advanced society.
First dominant culture in Europe.
ancient greece
greece Contributions to modern Western thought/society?
Thru literature and art and architecture
funeral games of Petroclus
Iliad
Odysseus proving self
Odyssey
What do these stories of iliad and odyssey tell us about Greece?
they had competitions
one who competes for a prize
athlete
unity of “man of action” and “man of wisdom.
greek ideal
all-around physical, mental, moral individual excellence one strove for.
arete
Military, discipline-oriented society.
“Education” focused on preparation of boys for military.
sparta
Characteristics of training? Did not prepare the girls for military; boys started military at age of 7 ; girls had physical training to have healthy children
sparta
personal trainer of child
Ephors
main sports in sparta
Boxing and wrestling
Embracers of the Greek Ideal
athens
Society reflected dual emphasis on intelligence and physical
athens
Liked what their soldiers looked like
athens
between soldiers as they trained or waited for battle, to pass time
informal contests
well organized contests held by warriors after the funeral of a man killed in battle. Earliest one 1250 BC in Greece
funeral games
Who is the goddess of victory?
Nike
What are the hellanodikai
judges
What are the statues that lined the entrance and were built from the money/fines of corrupt athletes called?
zanes
How did a wrestler/boxer signal defeat
1 finger up
What was the 1st day of the ancient games devoted to?
Mourning, religious day
Whats the pankration
combination of wrestling and boxing
What is the structure called where the chariot races were held?
hippodrome
What were the hand weights that were used to add momentum to the long jump called?
Halteras
What was the god of horses/ horse disturber?
Tersipis
What was zeus called?
God of thunder and lightning
1st olympic game date?
776 BC
what 4 games made up the wreath games
Olympia, Pythian, Nemean, Isthmian
initially held in over 300 cities primarily for entertainment
secular games
sacred site of the god Apollo
Delphi
wreath games that honored Zeus
Nemean
wreath games that honored Poseidon
Isthmian
Largest of a set of religious festivals
ancient olympics
purpose of ancient olympics
Honored Zeus
where was ancient olympics held
Held every 4 years, late summer, in Olympia
(religious holy place, rural)
why was ancient olympics important
National unity. Communication. Religion.
Greek god of horses
Poseidon
there would be no war for 3 months so the athletes and spectators could travel safetly to and from
truce to zeus
Greek males, trained, nude ( a lot came from Sparta)
participants of ancient olympics
ancient olympic rules
Had to take an oath of fair play that they trained for at least 10 months with other athletes; prove that they were citizens without a criminal record
Women? Werent allowed, then only married women could
If women were found in there, they would throw them off the cliff
Everyone went nude from there on so no women could be found
what did u win officially in ancient olympics
OFFICIALLY: Olive wreath
what did u win in practice in ancient olympics
IN PRACTICE: Fame and fortune
Stade race
stadion
first 13 olympics
Eventual 5-day program:
Horse races
Chariot races
Wrestling
Boxing
Pancration (Pankration)
Various footraces
Pentathlon
Changes in ancient Olympics
- Change in emphasis (religious - winning)
- Began to train specifically for event
- Development of potential future Olympians
- Increase in “professionalism”
Cheating, bribery, corruption
Rome ends pagan religious festivals
*400 AD
ordered the destruction of places dedicated to the greek gods (they were christian)
Diocletian and Constantine
composed of foot races for virgins
Heraean Games
winners of heraean games
- Winners would take part in sacrifices cows
contribution of ancient greece to sport
Appreciation of sport, athletic body, competition, health, beauty of movement
first to organize and make rules for games; developed the gymnasium; wrote the first code of sportsmanship and standards for fair play
concept of physical education in ancient greece
ancient greece and Physical education / Fitness as career
developed the first training methods
Because of Greeks we have Olympics today:
High level competition
Horse-related events
Hand-to-hand combat events
Track and field
when was the 1st modern olympics
1896
saw how sports was increasing and wanted to revive Olympic games,
Dr. William Penny Brookes
very well established physician in England, father of british physical education, captivated by mind and body and spirit of olympics
Dr. William Penny Brookes
in 1850, Brookes had a parade of athletes and officials. Attracted local athletes
Wenlock Olympics
Devoted his life to improving the national character of the youth of France; french were defeated in a war against Prussia; he thought the youth were too soft and that’s why they lost the war
Pierre de Coubertin
Organized the sports festival, got money to build a stadium
Pierre de Coubertin
students from princeton (track and field) competed in the 1st Olympiad
Boston athletic association
where and when was the 1st olympiad
athens in 1896
1st olympiad awards
only 1st and 2nd, no gold
1st got silver
2nd gets bronze
Crown of olives, diplomas for 1st
feats of fedipitis (athletic shoe store)
marathon
what is feats of fedipitis base don
a story that there was a messenger that was sent that the greek army had defeated the persian in a place called fedipitis
how long was the marathon in the beginning
25 miles
when and where was the 2nd olympiad
Paris, 1900
how long did the 2nd olympiad take
5 1/2 months
Side-show: athletic event
Non-official competition: balloon races, firefighter competition
1100 participants
side-show, women – croquet and tennis
2nd olympiad
what was different about the 2nd and 1st olympiad
3rd place was recognized
when and where was the 3rd olympiad
st. louis in 1904
**was supposed to be in Chicago
what was controversial about the 3rd olympiad
europeans didnt want to come
how long did the 3rd olympiad last
3 1/2 months with 500 ppl
carnival atmosphere
exposition of 3rd olympiad
the winner of the marathon in [ ] rode in a car for 11 miles
3rd olympiad
what did they use as supplements to get through race?
brandy, egg whites, poison sulfate
what was significant about the 3rd olympiad
US was basically competing against itself
what was significant about the 3rd olympiad
US was basically competing against itself
When and where were the Interim games held
Athens in 1906
where was the olympic game in 1908
london
*initially was supposed to be in Rome
When was the international sport federations created
1908
why was olympic game in 1908 moved from rome to london
financial hardship
why was international sport federations created
created bc if sport was not associated with ISF and you were not abiding by the rules, you could not participate
what sport pulled out because of the ISF
tennis
which countries were in political turmoil in 1908 olympics
Finland and Ireland
was under russia control
finland
was under great britain control
ireland
what did finland and ireland want at the olympics
to fly their own flags, but were not allowed
US flag bearer was supposed to dip flag in 1908, but did not because
he was an irish immigrant and was mad ireland did not get their own glad so said
“ this flag dips below no earthly king”
why did marathon distance change in 1908 olympics
bc the king of england wanted to watch the race from the palace
26.2 miles to the palace from start
what olympic was the last olympic russia competed in until 1952
1912- stockholm
USA team was run by ___ in the 1912 olympics
AAU (amateur athletics union)
appointed to be representation for USA in helping manage the games
James E. Sullivan
introduced 1st truly representative US team
James E. Sullivan
what was significant about 1912 olympics for women
women competed in swimming
high school athlete, african american; qualified in 100m dash and in 1st heat he pulled hamstring in 1912 olympics
H.P. Drew
7 events, won 6 golds and 1 bronze in 1912 olympics
Jim Thorpe
USOC stripped him from his metals bc he was not an amateur athlete
Jim Thorpe
Jim Thorpe was an indian who never competed before and wins 1st
skipped athletic trials and got stripped of metals bc he played baseball over the summer and received money
distance runners from Finland; given to them by the media; very successful in distance (1912 olympics)
Flying Finns
1912 olympics introduced
introduction of pentathlon- cross country, fencing, swam, pistol shooting, and 4k race
5 events and held over 5 days
why were the games cancelled in 1916?
WWI
“trailed” Greece by around 700 years.
Rome
Attackers rather than being attacked
rome
Eventually ruled most of Europe and N. Africa.
rome
what was the class based society in rome
patricians,
plebians- worked for patricians (crafters, farmers), slaves
Rome was governed by
senate
who elected senate
by the patricians and later EMPERORS (Julius Caesar the first)- KING
Rome had gladiator contests at the
colosseum
Chariot races at the ___ in rome
Circus Maximus
Track in greece was called
hippodrome
- Had the equivalent of skyboxes with reserved seating for the Emperor, senators, financial backers of the race, those who presided over the competition, and the jury that awarded the prizes.
- 300,000 seats
Chariot Racing at the Circus Maximus
Origins in religious traditions
funeral ceremonies
funerals or ceremonies to remember the death of a significant person
Became part of Roman traditions
the preferred vehicle to gain public support and political influence.
Shows (with gladiators as main attraction)
rudus
Wooden sword
Flavion ampien theatre
name before called colliseum
Most were slaves (prisoners of war)
Gladiators
fought in late afternoon
elite gladiators
gladiators fought ____ matches per year
few
T/F gladiators could become wealthy and earn freedom from games
TRUE
owned the gladiators and ran the training schools
Lanista
Training schools were called
Ludus/Lodus
gladitor training schools used to be
owned by private citizens
Government took gladiator training out of hands of private citizens
in order to prevent overthrown government
representative of overthrown cultures
Armor and fighting styles
gladiators fight animals
Morning “bestiarii”
burning and crucifiction
Noontime executions
Afternoon gladiator fighting
elite gladiators fought
man who used a net to trip or trap opponent and used trident (spear) to injure opponent
Retiarius
helmets that had visors over them and used particular sword (short) and shield
Samnites
carried small round shield and curved dagger
Thracians
- Pop star, folk hero
- Praised by poets
- Likeness on objects
- Sought by women
Gladiators place in Roman society
Immigrants settled in ________ and brought their own traditions
homogeneous communities
upper class sports in britian
cricket, hockey, rugby
lower class in Britain played
cockfighting, boxing, soccer
what did british believe
sport builds character
british believed that amateur sport as
clean
british saw professional sport as
dirty
how did sports spread in britian
colonies
how did sports spread in america
YMCA
in the 1400s, GOLFE was played in
scotland
Why did scotland ban golf
they were abt to go to war and needed to be working on shooting arrows
when was gold popularized by ruling class
1500s
St Andrews Royal and Ancient Golf club was introduced to US in 1700s at
South Carolina
well educated middle class that believed that a free society could be achieved so that each person be allowed to create a life in the manner they saw fit
bourgeoisie
the philosophers had several positions
- They used their faith in nature as the guide by which humans should live
- The view that children should be allowed childlike activities
18th Century in Germany introduced
gymnastics
Great contributions to modern education, Educational process should be as “natural” as possible,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The education process for both boys and girls
- Should start at birth and go through all of adulthood
- Thought development of child health was important
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Emphasized the use of senses in the learning process
Johann Basedow
a religious activist, controversial
Johann Basedow
The Philanthropinum in 1774 created by
Johann Basedow
Rousseau made the idea,
Basedow acted on it
Basedow hires
Johann Simon
becomes 1st modern physical educator
Johann Simon
Engaged in Greek gymnastics - Running, jumping, wrestling, apparatus (young)
Engaged in “knightly exercises” such as dancing, fencing, riding and vaulting on live horses
Johann Simon
Accepted today: specialists in physical education, outdoor activities and specialized equipment
Johann Simon
legitimized profession of PE with the quality of his work
Johann GutsMuths
worried and focused on physical layout of the school
Johann GutsMuths
- Writes two books about his physical education program (ppl copy and it spreads)
Johann GutsMuths
- Stresses about physical layout of school (covered area so they could still participate in activities)
Johann GutsMuths
The Turnvater – “Father of Gymnastics”
Friedrich Jahn
Gymnastics as a vehicle for national pride, healthy nation
Friedrich Jahn
inspired by pierre de cuopton
Friedrich Jahn
In 1811, beginning of the German turnverein movement emphasized apparatus (balance beams, bars, pole vaulting, horse)
Friedrich Jahn
gymnastic place
Turnplatz
the gymnastic movement
Turnverein
people’s gymnastics
Volksturnen
a gymnastics/physical education society with a patriotic/political agenda
Turners
Followed Jahn after he gets impriosned and became pioneers
Charles Follen and Charles Beck
lawyer and political refugee
Charles Follen
Fled to the U.S. and secured a teaching position at Harvard where he taught German
Follen
Requested permission to build turnplatz on campus – interest high then tailed off
Follen
theologian
Charles Beck
Secured a teaching position at the Round Hill School in Northhampton, MA
Beck
1st school with mandatory PE in the form of German gymnastics thanks to Beck
Round Hill
Credited with being the 1st physical education teacher in America
Beck
From Denmark, Inspired by GutsMuth’s gymnastics (natural setting)
Franz Nachtegall
Opened private gymnasium and provided instruction in public and private schools
- Equipment included hanging ladders, climbing poles, balance beams , vaulting horses and rope ladders
- Trained in a command response
Franz Nachtegall
- Participated in Nachtegall’s gymnastic program
- Used fencing as therapy which imporved his use of his arm
Per Henrik Ling
Fencing had a therapeutic effect on his arthritic arm thus his lifelong interest in the medical effects of exercise
* Working out relieves stress
Per Henrik Ling
considered boring and never gained the popularity that German gymnastics did
Swedish gymnastics
