final Flashcards
[ ] wanted change to improve the lives of the growing urban population – often immigrant newcomers to America.
Progressive reformers
Campaigned against the manufacture and consumption of alcohol (prohibition); organized workers in labor unions
Often employed sport in a variety of programs to educate and assimilate immigrants and address the perceived social ills.
WASPS
Progressive reformers devised a 3-tier procedure designed to assimilate the working class – and sports factored into this process.
{humanitarian concerns – child labor laws (met with resistance from parents)}
1st step
Progressive reformers devised a 3-tier procedure designed to assimilate the working class – and sports factored into this process.
{passes mandatory education laws because unemployed children roamed the streets (joining gangs, crime)}
2nd step
Progressive reformers devised a 3-tier procedure designed to assimilate the working class – and sports factored into this process. {physical education in the schools; supervised games and sport taught deference to authority.}
3rd step
AN IMAGE, REPRESENTATION, OR SYMBOL. A REPRESENTATION OF SOMETHING SACRED, OR HELD IN HIGH REGARD
icon
Sports become an everyday part of American culture
Sports media and fan
Automobile, radio, TV bring sport to America
Increased sports participation (youth, interscholastic, college, adult rec)
Athletes become American icons
the golden age of sport
National Pastime is also called
baseball
how does babe ruth change the game
Strategy, Excitement, fan base
[ ] is America’s first and largest “media darling”, becomes the face of his sport, and a symbol of America
Babe Ruth
MLB match fixing incident in which eight members of the Chicago White Sox were accused of intentionally losing the Series
1919 World Series
who was white sox owner
Charles Comiskey
1920, [ ] helps organize National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs
Andrew “Rube” Foster
negro teams
Pittsburgh Crawfords
Homestead Grays
Birmingham Barons
Indianapolis Clowns
negro players
Josh Gibson
Cool Papa Bell
Satchell Paige
Few opportunities
Basketball, softball, tennis, dance
Beliefs about “negative health implications” of vigorous PA for women
Female PE leaders discourage interscholastic and competitive sports for girls
characteristics of female sports in the early 1900s
Intramural and minimal intercollegiate competition at all-girl colleges
Women swim in Olympics (1912)
1920s growth in amateur sports results in increased programs for girls and women (non-scholastic)
Girls’ high school basketball grows significantly (post-season tournaments)
all show the baby steps in female sports growth
The most significant female athlete of the first half of the 20th century
babe didrikson
Great at every sport (basketball, softball, tennis, Tr&Fd)
Babe Didrikson
As a secretary at the “Employers’ Casualty Company,” leads their teams to several championships
Babe Didrikson
Enters 1932 AAU Track & Field Championships as only member of the Employers’ Casualty Company team. Breaks 4 world records and wins team championship.
Babe Didrikson
Wins 2 gold and 1 silver medal at 1932 Olympics.
Makes decision to be a professional athlete.
Babe Didrikson
1932-1934
Travels promoting herself
Pitches against MLB teams at spring training
Plays for co-ed basketball team
Plays in exhibitions with men’s baseball team
Babe Didrickson
1933: Takes golf lessons (a ladylike game)
Wins Amateur golf tournaments; banned from playing because she is a professional
Qualifies for men’s PGA event
Amateur status restored; wins 17 consecutive women’s golf tournaments
1947: Helps found the LPGA; leading money winner and crowd draw
Babe Didrickson
Spread by the YMCA (so learned by kids)
Becomes associated with scholastic sport
basketball
By 1905, 80 colleges field teams
1904 – demonstration sport in Olympics
By WWI, [ ] is most popular HS sport and 2nd to FB at college level
basketball
1930:[ ] coaches 1st basketball game at Kentucky
Adolph Rupp
Coaches UK for 44 years, winning 874 games, 4 natl titles
Adolph Rupp
Black Chicago-based team formed by Abe Saperstein
Renames team “New York” to get games
Later renames team “Harlem Globetrotters” to let people know they are a black team (to draw a crowd)
The Savoy Big 5 (1928)
Play two exhibition games against George Mikan’s Minneapolis Lakers (NBA Champs)
The Savoy Big 5/ Harlem Globe Trotters
Ties world record as HS senior
Ohio State
1936 Olympics (Berlin, Germany)
The Nazi Olympics
100
200
Long jump
4 x 100 relay
Jesse owens
Heavyweight Champ
Hero to black youth
Quiet, polite, humble
1936 & 1938: Fights German Max Schmelling
Joe Louis
(The Brown Bomber)
Joe Louis is also called
The Brown Bomber
[ ] was affected by the Depression more than any other sport
Boxing
Many detractors
Born in South and migrated northward
Had to chase his fights all over the world
Took a not-so-secret delight in piquing white America with his white wives
Jack Johnson
No more than a handful of detractors
Born in Alabama and eventually settled in Detroit
Could try to get fights here at home in US
Heeded his counsel to avoid even being photographed alone with a white woman
Joe Louis
Surname was “Barrow” – born in 1914 in Alabama
Joe Louis/ The Brown Bomber
Family moved to Detroit after remarried
Incident with KKK in Alabama
Racial conflict
Joe Louis
Education:
Never cultivated an interest
Went to Bronson Trade School
In 1931, at age 17, was out of school and working in an automotive factory making $1/day
Began taking violin lessons
Joe Louis/ The brown bomber
Already flooded with hundreds of blacks before him
Radio broadcasts were in their infancy and sport sheets catered to fans everywhere
Louis said: “Dempsey was the one hero that I had when I was a kid”…didn’t realize he idolized a boxer who refused to fight blacks after winning the title
Joe Louis/ The brown bomber
Early Boxing Career:
Persuaded to give it a try – signed up at Brewster East Side gym
Dropped the name “Barrow”
After amateur career of 54 wins and 4 losses, he turned pro in 1934
Joe Louis/ The Brown Bomber
[ ] wanted a black manager – Detroit businessman, John Roxborough (king of the illegal numbers rackets in the city’s black neighborhoods)
Joe Louis
[ ] became Joe Louis trainer (forged a bond with Blackburn that became one of the strongest, warmest and most trusting in all of sports history)
Jack Blackburn
Told he needed to KO opponents rather than risk the judges decisions
Received lessons on personal hygiene and proper table manners
Was provided English lessons to improve diction
Joe Louis
Professional victories:
[ ] (German) - 1936
Lost in a controversial fight in the 12th round
Germany was jubilant over the victory
Earlier in year, Jesse Owens had won 4 gold medals
Max Schmelling
Symbolic Meaning – Black National Hero
2nd Fight: 70,000 fans Grossed $1,015,012
Won
Joe Louis
Donated money to armed forces (never understood this was still considered income)
Joe Louis
what was significant about 1920 – Antwerp olympics
Olympic flag flown for the first time
where was olympics held in 1920
Antwerp
what was significant about 1924 Paris Olympics
expulsion of tennis
where was 1924 olympics
Paris
where was 1928 olympics
amsterdam
what was significant about 1928 olympics in amsterdam
track and field events for women
where was 1932 olympics held
los angeles
what is significant about 1932 olympics in los angeles
photo-finish cameras and automatic timing devices
In junior high, he began organized sport, mainly basketball and track.
In 1930, he was in high school and accomplishing many feats on the track but not a single black college made an attempt to recruit him, so he wound up at Ohio State in the fall, 1933
On-campus housing was barred for Blacks
Only one movie theater was accessible – upstairs
No university restaurants would serve them
Jesse Owens
In May, 1935 at the National Intercollegiate Meet in Michigan, he broke three world records and tied another.
**the most superlative feat ever accomplished in the history of the sport
Jesse Owens
Hitler did not shake jesse owens hand and Jewish runners not allowed to run in the US relay
but Owens won four gold medals in 1936 Olympic Games
Hilter’s snub
flame burned in Los Angeles (site of 1932) during the time when the 1940 Olympiad was to have taken place
symbolic gesture during what would have been 1940 and 1944 games
Both years the Games were canceled because of WWII.
1940 and 1944
British agreed to host the Games even though much of the city was devastated by the German blitzkrieg.
German and Japanese athletes were excluded from the games because of their actions in WWII.
1948- London olympics
decathlon in the 1948 games
Bob Mathias
high jump in the 1948 games
Alice Coachman
The 1st African American woman to capture Olympic gold medal in 1948 in London
alice coachman
Growing up in Georgia (segregated South) – did not allow her many opportunities to participate in organized sport or even at YMCA’s; was also discouraged because of her gender
She created her own training routine on dirt and in fields and practiced her jumping barefoot at a neighborhood playground
Alice Coachman
In 1939, she was invited to attend Tuskegee Institute – a big step academically and athletically
She broke the AAU high school and college high jump records – barefoot; she also played on the basketball team
Went to Albany State College; earned a degree in dress making in 1946 at Tuskegee and a B.A. in home economics from Albany in 1949
Alice Coachman
She was a dominant high jumper and sprinter for a decade
Qualified for the 1948 Olympic Games in London (would have probably qualified for 1940 and 1944 Games but they were cancelled because of WWII)
Coachman jumped 5’6 1/8” to win the GOLD!
Story about the event: rival from Great Britain
Retired from competition after Olympics at 25
Alice Coachman
Coachman’s teammate ( ) was the first African American woman to win a medal at the Olympic Games – the bronze
Audrey Patterson
In 1952, she became the first African American female athletic champion to sign a product endorsement for a multinational corporation, Coca Cola
Alice Coachman
She began teaching and coaching and set up the Coachman Track & Field Foundation (nonprofit that provides assistance to young athletes and helps former Olympic athletes adjust to life after the Games)
At the 1996 in Atlanta, she was honored as one of the 100 greatest Olympic athletes in history
Alice Coachman
Strongly believed in the maintenance of strict amateur rules
Held idealistic view about separation of sports and politics
1968 Olympics (Mexico City)
1972 Olympics (Munich)
Arab terrorists killed Israeli athletes
Avery Brundage
1st African American woman to win 3 gold medals
Wilma Rudolph
where was 1960 olympics held
Rome
Diagnosed with polio at a very young age – was no cure and the doctors said she would never walk; eventually wore a leg brace
At 7, she attended a segregated school and age 12, she was able to walk normally without a brace or corrective shoes
Played basketball in high school – was noticed by Tennessee State track coach (Ed Temple)
Wilma Rudolph
who was Wilma Rudolphs’ track coach
Ed Temple
In 1956, at age 16 – earned a spot on the U.S. Olympic team in Melbourne (won bronze in relay)
In 1960 at Olympics in Rome, she became the first American woman to win 3 gold medals (because of her success, gender barriers began to fall)
Upon return from Olympics – victory parade
In 1962, retired from track – later taught, married and had four children; became a sports commentator on national television and co-hosted a network radio show
Wilma Rudolph
won gold in heavyweight division in 1960 olympics games in rome
Muhammad Ali (
(won silver medal in decathlon in Melbourne) had the honor of carrying the American flag during the opening ceremonies in Rome
Rafer Johnson
Set a new Olympic record in the decathlon (won gold in Rome)
Was with presidential candidate, Robert Kennedy when he was assassinated in Los Angeles – grabbed the pistol
1984 Olympics was accorded the honor of lighting the torch above the Coliseum
Rafer Johnson
The Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) was formed by sociologist [ ]
Harry Edwards
This group fully endorsed a boycott of the 1968 Olympics
The reaction to this proposed boycott was loud and diverse:
Black athletes were by no means totally supportive
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR)
In 1968 - Mexico City
This Olympiad is remembered principally for two events:
[ ]’s new world record in the long jump
Victory stand demonstration by Tommie Smith and John Carlos
Bob Beamon
In 1968 - Mexico City
This Olympiad is remembered principally for two events:
Bob Beamon’s new world record in the long jump
Victory stand demonstration by [ ]
Tommie Smith and John Carlos
During the playing of the national anthem, Smith raised his right black-gloved fist and straight above his head, and Carlos raised his left black-gloved fist as well (unity and power). Smith wore a knotted black scarf around his neck ( black pride), string of black beads around neck (those that had been lynched) and both wore long black socks and no shoes (black poverty in the U.S.). Both stood with heads bowed, eyes closed, not saying a word.
Tommie Smith and John Carlos
Tommie Smith/John Carlos
2008 Arthur Ashe Courage Award
[ ] performed the most superlative accomplishment in the history of recorded sports
Broke the world record for the long jump by more than two feet – he jumped 29’ 2-1/2 “
Story of completing and measuring the jump
Bob beamon
Student activism had declined while political terrorism has increased.
This Olympics is remembered for the massacre of eleven Israeli Olympians by their Palestinian kidnappers and a record seven gold medals in swimming won by Mark Spitz; Olga Korbut – Russian gymnast – became a fan favorite
Avery Brundage resigned during these Olympic Games
1972 Olympics- Munich
swimming in Munich 1972
Mark Spitz
Russian gymnast in 1972 olympics in Munich
Olga Korbut
resigned during these 1972 Olympic Games in Munich
Avery Brundage
This Olympics coincided with the 40th anniversary of the 1936 Games at Berlin. Organizers spent over $1 billion – first-class facilities and over $100 million on security.
The stars of this Olympiad was Edwin Moses (400-meter hurdles); Bruce Jenner won the decathlon; Nadia Comaneci – Romanian gymnast (see PP); Sugar Ray Leonard – boxing; Americans returned to dominance in men’s basketball (in Munich they lost the gold to the Russians).
1976 Montreal olympics
Was forced to withdraw from the Moscow Olympics by President Jimmy Carter because of the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 – athletes were political pawns.
Japan, West Germany and Canada also withdrew as a measure of protest.
1980 olympics in moscow
1st Corporate Olympiad in history – “Spartan Olympics”
- Very Successful Monetarily (showed profit for 1st time)
Permanent sponsorships
Television revenues-$300 million
Team sponsorship
1984 los angeles games
The Soviet Union and its allies boycotted in retaliation (8 weeks before Games)
Among other reasons – one was because the U.S. had in the past assisted in defections
1984- Los Angeles olympics
[ ] was unquestionably the star of this Olympiad in 1984 los Angeles
Received more pre-Olympic publicity than any other athlete had ever experienced before, and he lived up to expectations
First Olympic performer since Jesse Owens in 1936, to win four track and field gold medals in one Olympiad
Carl Lewis
Security Concerns: North Korea threatened to launch a campaign of terrorism
Controversy with NBC, South Korean boxer and fans
Tennis was back and table tennis was introduced
Amateurism was no longer an issue – endorsement money
1988 Seoul Olympics
This Olympiad was marked by a major scandal in the men’s 100-meters: Ben Johnson, a Jamaican (lived in Canada since 14) was disqualified from the gold medal after failing a drug test (steroids) and the gold medal went to Carl Lewis
Several stirring performances: by a females Flo-Jo and her sister-in-law Jackie Joyner-Kersee - track, Greg Louganis – diving, men’s volleyball won gold
1988 Seoul Olympics
This decade witnesses monumental events in the world and the Olympics
Fall of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union collapsed and the Iron Curtain fell
So, politics significantly declined as a result of the end of the Cold War (the Olympic flame was again became a symbol of peace and international goodwill) but new problems arose within the Olympic community
Use of drugs by Olympic athletes
Ben Johnson – Canadian sprinter
Commercialization of the Olympics
decade of the 1990s
Canadian sprinter who got caught using drugs in 1990s
Ben Johnson
[ ] did have a social theme – it was declared “smoke-free” ( a 1st time in history of modern Olympics)
Barcelona Olympiad
Inspiring moment in the women’s 10,000m when a South African and Ethiopian ran together for most of the race and kept running together once they finished
1992- Barcelona olympics
[ ] carried the Olympic flame up a flight of stairs and ignited the torch in 1996 Atlanta
Muhammad Ali
what is the big thing that started in 1996 Atlanta
commercialization
These [ ] Games were marred by a bomb attack in Centennial Olympic Park
1996 Atlanta
competed in gymnastics in 1996 Atlanta
Kerri Strug
Romanian retired gymnast
1st gymnast - perfect 10 in 1976 (total 7 perfect 10’s)
Married to Bart Conner
Nadia Comaneci
Soviet gymnast was Nadia Comaneci’s main rival ( ); took the spotlight from Olga Korbut (the darling of the 1972 Munich Games)
Nellie Kim
Youngest Olympic gymnastics all-around champion (14 yrs. old)
Nadia Comaneci
Uneven parallel bars – 4 of the 7
23 second performance – burst of energy
Balance beam – 3 of the 7
On this piece of apparatus – seems more representative of her unbelievable skill
Nadia comaneci
The 12-year-old, 89-pound Cassius Clay vowed “I’m gonna whup whoever stole my bike!” A policeman, Joe Martin, told young Cassius Clay that he better learn how to fight before he challenged anyone.
Muhammad Ali’s story
When [ ] refused to enter the Vietnam War draft he was stripped of his championship titles, passport, and boxing licenses. He lost an initial court battle and was facing a 5-year prison term.
Muhammad Ali
In 1984, Muhammad Ali publicly announced that he had [ ], a degenerative neurological condition.
Parkinson’s disease
Destination City
Highlights of the Games:
Olympic Spirit – North and South Korea
Australian Olympic team
But Not Without Problems:
Terrorist Threats
Tape-Delayed Olympics – NBC
Technology
2000- Sydney, Australia
Concerns over safety
War in the Middle East
Political and ethical dilemmas
Social, humanitarian and civic issues
Security concerns
2004- Athens, Greece
Second time games held in Communist country
Human rights and social justice concerns
Media
Protests
Cost of the Olympics
Venues
New Sports – BMX biking; marathon swimming
NBC coverage
2008- Beijing, Chine
Third time London had hosted (1912, 1948)
Opening and Closing ceremonies
Most watched sport – swimming
Scandal in badminton
2012 – London, England
Postponed because of COVID pandemic
Dates: July 23, 2021 to August 8, 2021
Also includes to Paralympic Games
2020- Tokyo, Japan
when did title IX become a piece of legislature
June 23rd, 1972
NCAA argues that athletics be excluded from the law (they lose the argument)
1972 Title IX Timeline
:OCR published legal clarifications after receiving 10,000 comments, questions and complaints
1975 title IX timeline
Colleges required to be in full compliance (they are not)
1978 title IX timeline
OCR established three legal tests to assess compliance – did not eliminate resistance to Title IX, but it gave women a legal basis for filing lawsuits
1979 title IX timeline
opponents to Title IX lobbied President Reagan to overturn the law
1984 title IX timeline
sport opportunities for male and female students at the institution are “substantially proportionate” to their respective full-time undergraduate enrollments;
proportionality test
the institution is “fully and effectively” accommodating the interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex
accommodation of interest test
the institution has a “history and continuing practice of program expansion” for the underrepresented sex
history of progress test
ruled that Title IX applied only to programs that directly received money from the federal government; 1984
Grove City College vs. Bell
Title IX was not enforced between
1984-1987
Congress passed the [ ] declared that sports programs were a part of the overall educational program at schools
Civil Rights Restoration Act
plaintiffs awarded punitive damages for failure of schools to comply; 1992
Franklin vs Gwinnet County Public Schools
schools must provide athletic positions that match the male/female proportion of the student body; 1997
Cohen vs Brown University
Coach has right to sue school after being fired for reporting Title IX violations ; 2005
protects “whistle-blowers” who identify inequities
a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that retaliation against a person because that person has complained of sex discrimination is a form of intentional sex discrimination encompassed by Title IX
Jackson vs. Birmingham BOE
In 1994, female students at Louisiana State University sued their school for refusing to offer them athletic participation opportunities equal to those it offers its male students. Specifically, the women wanted LSU to field fast pitch softball and soccer teams.The court held that LSU discriminated against its female students in violation of Title IX, and the University added the two women’s teams.
Pedersen vs. LSU
Peter Press Maravich was known as the
Pistol Pete
During his ten-year career in the NBA, Maravich played in 658 games, averaging 24.2 points and 5.4 assists per contest. In 1987, he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, and his No. 7 jersey has been retired by both the Jazz and the New Orleans Pelicans, as well as his No. 44 jersey by the Atlanta Hawks.
Pete Maravich
