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Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do drugs work

A

Mimic neurochemistry

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2
Q

Antagonist

A

Blocks neurotransmitter

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3
Q

Agonist

A

Increases neurotransmitter

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4
Q

How are drugs categorized

A

Predominant effect

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5
Q

What do stimulants do

A

Increased excitement, alertness, motor activity, and elevate mood

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6
Q

Ex of stimulant drugs

A

Amphetamines, cocaine, Ritalin, ecstasy, nicotine

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7
Q

Cocaine and amphetamines do what in the brain

A

Block dopamine transporters/reuptake

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8
Q

Ritalin blocks DA transporters/reuptake at a more _____ rate

A

Gradual

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9
Q

Why do hyperactive kids respond well to stimulants

A

It’s a way for their body to regulate activity
Needs more dopamine

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10
Q

What is nicotine’s receptor?

A

ACH

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11
Q

What does nicotine do in the brain

A

Causes nucleus accumbens to release more dopamine than normal

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12
Q

Opiate drugs:

A

Decrease sensitivity to pain/increase relaxation

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13
Q

Where do fentanyl and heroin work in the brain

A

Natural endorphin system

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14
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Androgynous peptides; indirect agonist of DA

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15
Q

What do endorphins do?

A

Inhibit GABA, flood of dopamine

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16
Q

What does GABA do?

A

Break down DA

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17
Q

What do hallucinogenic drugs do in the brain?

A

Distort perceptions by binding to and stimulating 5HT receptors for too long

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18
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Presynaptic receptors sensitive to the same neurotransmitter they release

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19
Q

What kind of reinforcement do autoreceptors provide? How?

A

Negative. Detect the amount of transmitter released and inhibit further synthesis and release

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20
Q

Synapse

A

Specialized gap between neurons

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21
Q

Placed rats in a Skinner Box that allowed self-stimulation of brain by pressing lever -

A

rats pressed over 2,000 time per hour to release DA in nucleus accumbens

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22
Q

What behaviors release DA

A

Sexual excitement
Gambling
Video games

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23
Q

Major depression ___________ response in the nucleus accumbens

A

Less than normal

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24
Q

Small parts of the nucleus accumbens respond to ______

A

Pleasure (liking)

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25
Q

______ parts of the nucleus accumbens respond to motivation/wanting

A

Larger

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26
Q

Affinity

A

How well drug binds to receptor

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27
Q

If a drug binds fast and strong it has a ____ affinity

A

High

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28
Q

Efficacy

A

Relationship between receptor occupancy and the ability to initiate a response

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29
Q

Affected by how well the drug can bind to a receptor, affinity, and how it is able to cause a reaction

A

Potency

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30
Q

Methylphenidate blocks

A

The reuptake of DA more gradually

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31
Q

Tetrahydocannabinol (THC)

A

Main active ingredient in marijuana

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32
Q

Endogenous cannabinols

A

Anandamide and 2-AG

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33
Q

Types of Hallucinogens

A

LSD MDMA (ecstasy)

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34
Q

What is long-term use of hallucinogenic drugs associated with

A

Impaired memory and learning and loss of 5HT (DA) receptors

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35
Q

MDMA is a _____ in small doses and a _____ in larger doses

A

Stimulant, hallucinogen

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36
Q

Alcoholism that has
Later onset
Gradual onset
Fewer genetic relatives with alcoholism

A

Type 1/Type A alcoholism

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37
Q

Type 2/Type B alcoholism

A

Earlier onset
More rapid onset
More genetic relatives

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38
Q

What does research on sons of alcoholic fathers conclude>

A

Less average intoxication after 1 drink
Stress decreased more than for the avg person after a drink
Smaller than normal amygdala

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39
Q

Do genes influence the likelihood alcoholism

A

Yes

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40
Q

How does Antabuse work?

A

Antagonizing the effects of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (it makes u throw up)

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41
Q

Methadone

A

Opiate Used to combat substance abuse, similar to heroin and morphine, satisfies cravings

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42
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

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43
Q

Ventral

A

Toward stomach

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44
Q

Towards the front

A

Anterior

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45
Q

Posterior

A

Toward rear

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46
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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47
Q

Superior

A

Above

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48
Q

Lateral

A

Toward side, away from midline

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49
Q

Toward midline, away from side

A
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50
Q

Proximal

A

Close to point of attachment

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51
Q

Distal

A

Far from point of origin/attachment

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52
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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53
Q

Contra lateral

A

Different side

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54
Q

Coronal plane

A

Shows sutures from front

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55
Q

Saggital plane

A

Plane that shows structures from sides

56
Q

Horizontal

A

Brain from above

57
Q

Lamina

A

Row/layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites

58
Q

Columns

A

Set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex with similar properties

59
Q

Tract

A

Neural pathways

60
Q

Nerve

A

Set of axons in the periphery, either from CNS to a muscle/gland, or from a sensory to the CNS

61
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside of the CNS

62
Q

Suculus

A

A fold or groove that separates gyri

63
Q

Fissure

A

A long, deep suculus

64
Q

Central nervous system CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

65
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves outside of CNS, 2 divisions

66
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves that convey messages from the sense perhaps to CNS and from the CNS to muscles and glance

67
Q

A set of neurons that control heart, intestines, and other organs

A

Autonomic nervous system

68
Q

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

69
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

“Fight or flight”
2 chains of ganglia connected by axons to spinal cord

70
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Cranial nerves, far from spinal cord, vegetative nonemergency system

71
Q

What does the spinal cord communicate with

A

Sense organs and muscles below the level of head

72
Q

BellMagendie law

A

Dorsal roots enter the spinal cord carrying info from sensory organs; ventral roots exit the spinal cord carrying motor info to muscles and glands

73
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Clusters of sensory neuron cell bodies located outside the spinal cord

74
Q

Gray matter

A

Lies in the center of spinal cord, packed with cell bodies and dendrites

75
Q

White matter

A

Lies in the periphery of spinal cord, made of myelinated axons

76
Q

Hindbrain

A

Posterior part of the brain
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

77
Q

Brain stem

A

Medulla pins mid brain and certain central structures of forebrain

78
Q

Medulla

A

Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing, and vital reflexes through cranial nerves

79
Q

Pons

A

Anterior and ventral to medulla, contain nuclei Nero several cranial nerves; axons cross from one side to other SLEEP BREATHING

80
Q

Reticular formation and Raphe system

A

Lie in both pons and medulla
Effect attention anf arousal

81
Q

Cerebellum

A

Sensory information that guides movement

82
Q

Midbrain

A

Middle of brain

83
Q

Tectum

A

Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus; both processing sensory information

84
Q

Tegmentum

A

III and IV cranial nerve nuclei; part of reticular formation

85
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Contains dopamine neurons

86
Q

Forebrain

A

Most prominent; 2 hemispheres

87
Q

Outer part of forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex

88
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Important for movement

89
Q

Lambic system

A

Motivation and emotional behaviors

90
Q

Thalamus

A

Most sensory info processed here before going to the cerebral cortex

91
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Sends messages to pituitary glands important for motivated behavior, and temp control

92
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Produces hormones

93
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Nucleus basalis, key part of arousal system

94
Q

Hippocampus

A

Structure important for new memory storage and memory consolidation

95
Q

Ventricles

A

Four fluid-filled cavities within brain

96
Q

Central canal

A

Fluid filled channel in center of spinal cord

97
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

In ventricles and central canal, cushions brain, reservoir of hormones and nutrients for brain and spinal cord

98
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that surrounds brain and spinal cord, brain’s pain receptors

99
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Sensory info, planning, language, reasoning

100
Q

Corpus collosum and anterior commissure

A

Two bundles of axons that allow the two brain hemispheres to communicate with one another.The cerebral cortex constitutes a higher percentage of the brain in primates

101
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Posterior (caudal) portion of the cerebral cortex; part of the visual pathway system.

102
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

The most posterior region of the occipital lobe. Destruction of any part of the striate cortex causes cortical blindness.

103
Q

Cortical blindness

A

Cortical blindness is the total or partial loss of vision in a normal-appearing eye caused by damage to the brain’s occipital cortex.

104
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Lies between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus (one of the deepest grooves in the surface of the cortex)
Monitors all info abt eye,head,and body positions

105
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Primary touch sensations and information from stretch receptors and joint receptors

106
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Primary target for auditory information
Comprehension of spoken language
Emotional and motivated behaviors

107
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

Set of behaviors after damage to temporal lobe
Innappropriate sexual behaviors and mouthing of objects

108
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Most anterior area of cerebral cortex and extends so central sulcus contains prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex

109
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Primary motor complex
Fine motor movements
Moving one finger at a time
Primary contra lateral side of body

110
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Receives all sensory info

111
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A

Disconnecting prefrontal cortex from rest of brain to cure mental illness

112
Q

Functions of prefrontal cortex

A

Working memory

113
Q

What is working memory

A

Ability to remember recent stimuli and events

114
Q

Delayed response task

A

Subject must remember stimulus hidden prior to introduction of time delay

115
Q

Binding problem

A

How visual, auditory, and others influence one another to produce a combined perceptions

116
Q

Examine effects of brain damage
Effects Of brain damage
Record brain activity during behavior
Correlate anatomy with behavior

A

Research methods

117
Q

What is Broca’s area? Who discovered it?

A

Area that when damaged led to the loss of speech
Paul Broca

118
Q

What research method involves describing brain damage under a microscope after someone dies or through bran scan?
Why is it problematic?

A

Effects of brain damage
No two people will have the same brain injury

119
Q

What is an ablation?

A

Removal of brain area

120
Q

Gene knockout approach

A

Direct a mutation to a gene that is important for certain cells, transmitters or receptors

121
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

Temporarily interrupt brain activity

122
Q

Effects of brain stimulation

A

Brain stimulation through brief electirical stimulation to implanted electrodes

123
Q

What is the stimulation research method good for? What is it not?

A

Understanding behaviors solely mediated by a single area
Complex behaviors

124
Q

Recording brain activity in humans

A

Electroencephalograph EEG
Can record spontaneous brain activity in response to stimulation (evoked potentials/response)

125
Q

MEG

A

Measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity

126
Q

PET scan

A

Used to measure brain activity or the binding of a drug to different areas

127
Q

FMRI

A

Measures changes in blood
Recording brain during comparison tasks and then subtracting activity
Interpretation is hard

128
Q

Phrenology

A

Franz Joseph Gall - skull anatomy to behavioral capacities

129
Q

CAT

A

And x-ray technique that can construct brain images

130
Q

MRI

A

Measures released energy and forms image of brain

131
Q

Raphe system

A

Modifying brains readiness to respond

132
Q

Lamine

A

Cells in a given horizontal layer have similar composition

133
Q

Columns

A

Similar functions

134
Q

What makes up the cerebral cortex

A

Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe

135
Q

Lesion

A

Damage done to brain area for research

BioPsych (5 decks)

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